Musings on Quinoa Flavor Smell Test on October 09, 2013
Musings at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor – Quinoa Plant Discovered the Recipe for the Odor of Human Semen Long Before the Origin of Man. Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility. The seeds (Flakes) when boiled release Seminous odor and it is very remarkable coincidence between the odor generated by a plant and the glands of human male reproductive systemMusings at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor – Quinoa Plant Discovered the Recipe for the Odor of Human Semen Long Before the Origin of Man. Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility. The seeds (Flakes) when boiled release Seminous odor and it is very remarkable coincidence between the odor generated by a plant and the glands of human male reproductive system
Phytochemistry is the branch of Chemistry dealing with the chemical processes associated with plant life and the chemical compounds produced by plants.
Musings at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor – Quinoa Plant Discovered the Recipe for the Odor of Human Semen Long Before the Origin of Man. Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility. The seeds (Flakes) when boiled release Seminous odor and it is very remarkable coincidence between the odor generated by a plant and the glands of human male reproductive system
The Magic of Creation can be interpreted from an understanding of Photochemistry and Phytochemistry. Photochemistry provides information about light and matter interactions in the material world where the living things survive using directly, or indirectly the energy trapped by photosynthetic organisms. Phytochemistry provides information about the creation, or the synthesis of chemical molecules by plants which are not endowed with organs of special sensation.
Musings at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor – Quinoa Plant Discovered the Recipe for the Odor of Human Semen Long Before the Origin of Man. Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility. The seeds (Flakes) when boiled release Seminous odor and it is very remarkable coincidence between the odor generated by a plant and the glands of human male reproductive systemSpiritual Optics. The Designing of Chemical Molecules by Plants. The Magic of Creation. Take the Smell Test.
The Magic of Creation is experienced by man who has the faculties of special sensation such as vision, olfaction (smell), and taste. Plants create chemical molecules that have the ability to provide the stimulus to cause a sensation that man can easily recognize. The fact of Creation can be recognized by knowing the color, the odor, the smell, the scent, the fragrance, the aroma, the flavor, and the taste of chemical molecules synthesized by plants.
Musings at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor – Quinoa Plant Discovered the Recipe for the Odor of Human Semen Long Before the Origin of Man. Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility. The seeds (Flakes) when boiled release Seminous odor and it is very remarkable coincidence between the odor generated by a plant and the glands of human male reproductive system
Plants create a combination of colors, smells, odors, fragrances, and aromas by synthesizing a variety of chemical molecules even while they lack the specific sensory abilities to recognize the characteristics of those molecules.
The Magic of Creation discovered at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor – The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating. The Designing of Unchanging Chemical Molecules. The role of Quinoa as an Aphrodisiac. The Birth of Venus, by Sandro Botticelli, depicts the goddess of love floating on a giant scallop shell. The word aphrodisiac derives from her Greek name, Aphrodite.Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: The seeds of Chenopodium quinoa. These seeds contain the same chemical compounds found in Seminal Plasma or Semen, a complex fluid created by the male, human reproductive system.
In this blog post, I explore the connection between the chemical compounds made by Chenopodium quinoa and the male human reproductive system. I am totally amazed for my Whole Discovery of a plant that creates the same chemical compounds in the precise concentration and combination to generate the same odor, smell, flavor, scent, or aroma that is produced by a freshly voided sample of human male Semen, the biological fluid that contains seeds called Spermatozoa. Apparently, Quinoa Plant knows the Recipe to generate this Primary Odor long before the Origin of Man. In my entire food experience with a wide variety of plant, and animal products, I have never encountered a similar observation where I see convergence in chemical processes to generate unique, unmistakable and distinctive odor by two entirely different organisms. Both plants and man may synthesize similar chemical compounds using similar enzymatic pathways, still it would be very exceptional to generate an odor that man can easily recognize as his own. The mechanisms that operate the phenomenon of Evolution cannot bring about this kind of convergence. In my interpretation, it is the evidence of an artistic Unit created by the Whole Designer, or Whole Architect, and a Master Planner.
Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Chenopodium quinoa synthesizes several amino chemical compounds called Polyamines such as Putrescine, Spermine, and Spermidine which are also present in the human, male reproductive secretion called Seminal Plasma or Semen. But to generate a specific, identical odor, or smell, both the seeds and Semen must have a similar concentration, combination, and mixture of volatile, odor generating airborne molecules.
Quinoa (Spanish – Quinua, Quechua, Kinwa) is a member of the Goosefoot family and belongs to the genus called Chenopodium. These are weedy plants with small green flowers and scruffy foliage. These plants are cultivated by the Incas in the Altiplano of Bolivia, and Peru for the last 7,000 years challenging highly different environmental conditions. Quinoa is not a true cereal and is sometimes called pseudocereal as it does not belong to the Grass family like the true cereals such as Wheat and Rice. Quinoa plants produce fruits and seeds used as flour for making bread, pasta, breakfast flakes, and other staples.
Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Chenopodium quinoa belongs to the Goosefoot family called Chenopodiaceae, Order Caryophyllales, dicotyledonous plants including Chard, Spinach, and Beets. The leaf may have some resemblance to a Goose Foot. This plant makes polyamines and the seeds have similar combination, and concentration of these chemicals to produce the same odor or smell that is given off by a freshly voided sample of human, male Semen.
Quinoa is one of the staple foods of the people of the Andes region of South America. It is described as complete food because of its protein quality; the balance between protein, fat, and carbohydrates. Unlike Wheat, and Rice, it is a good source of amino acid Lysine. It is a good source of minerals like iron, calcium, potassium, sodium, and zinc. The chemical analysis of Chenopodium quinoa seeds reveals the presence of several chemical compounds such as Phenols, Sterols, Terpens, Saponins, Amides, and Alkaloids. However, I emphasize about the presence of Polyamines, a class of chemical compounds found in all plant, and animal cells. The presence of Saponins in the outer layers of Quinoa seeds imparts a bitter taste to the food preparations and often people refuse to use Quinoa because of its taste, and smell.
Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Incas have been continuously cultivating Quinoa for the last 7,000 years. They may not be aware of the chemical compounds made by these plants. However, they should be able to very easily recognize the smell, the odor, the scent, the aroma, and the flavor of the plant products that they use. A ‘Smell Test’ can accurately detect the presence of some odoriferous chemical molecules and man will be able to describe the odor without being a Chemist, or a Biochemist.
What are Polyamines?
Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Biosynthetic pathways of Polyamines. There are three important sources for the human body Polyamine Pool; 1. The biosynthesis within the body, 2. Production by microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, and 3. Dietary contribution.Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Diamine, any of a group of chemical compounds containing two NH2 radicals, or double amino groups. Putrescine, 1,4-Diaminobutane is a foul-smelling organic chemical compound often produced by the breakdown of amino acids. Its name describes its connection with putrid substances such as rotten meat or decaying organic matter.Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Cadaverine is a foul-smelling diamine compound produced by protein hydrolysis. Compounds such as 1,5-Pentanediamine/Pentamethylenediamine impart putrid odor to dead and decaying animal matter.Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Spermidine is a Triamine or Polyamine and it is the precursor of a polyamine called Spermine. It is associated with the smell and flavor of Semen, the thick, whitish fluid secreted by the human male reproductive organs.Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility:TETRAMINE-POLYAMINE- SPERMINE – This amino compound was first found in human Semen several centuries ago. It is a basic substance associated with Nucleic Acids such as DNA and RNA, and cell membranes. It is found in nearly all animal, and plant cells. Its presence imparts smell and flavor to human Semen.Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Spermine imparts odor to human Semen. To be odorous, a substance must be sufficiently volatile for its molecules to be given off and carried into the nostrils where the Olfactory epithelium recognizes the presence of odoriferous molecules when they fit into functioning groups and specific receptors according to molecular size and shape.
Polyamines are described as small aliphatic amines found in all animal, and plant cells. They are the major components which are not only involved in fundamental cellular processes, for example, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and programmed cell death, but also in adaptive responses to environmental stresses.The human body Polyamine Pool has three major sources; 1. Synthesis within the body, 2. Production by microbes that inhabit the intestinal tract, and 3. dietary uptake of Polyamines. According to a study, the concentration levels of these chemical compounds in human male Semen are, 1. Putrescine ranged from 0 to 1.96 mmol/L (mean value= 0.10mmol/L), 2. Spermidine ranged from 0.017 to 0.96 mmol/L (mean value= 0.16mmol/L), and 3. Spermine ranged from 0.13 to 20.80 mmol/L (mean value= 2.43mmol/L). It must be noted that the odor sensation is influenced by both the arrangement of atoms within the molecule as well as the particular chemical groups that comprise the molecule. Olfaction is 10,000 times more sensitive than taste.
To describe the role of Polyamines in Plant and Human Physiology, I would like to quote from the abstract prepared by Lefevre PL, Palin MF, and Murphy BD in their article titled ‘Polyamines on the reproductive landscape’, and its full text may be viewed at:
The polyamines are ubiquitous polycationic compounds. Some of these namely spermine, spermidine, and putrescine are essential to male and female reproductive processes and to embryo/fetal development. Indeed their absence is characterized by infertility and arrest in embryogenesis. Mammals synthesize polyamines de novo from amino acids or import these compounds from the diet. They are essential regulators of cell growth and gene expression and they are implicated in both mitosis and meiosis. In male reproduction, polyamine expression correlates with stages of spermatogenesis and they function to promote sperm motility. Polyamines are involved in ovarian follicle development and ovulation in female mammals. Polyamine synthesis is required for steroidogenesis in the ovary. Polyamines play the role in embryo implantation. Elimination of polyamine synthesis abrogate embryo development at gastrulation. Polyamines play the role in implantation, in decidualization, in placenta formation and function. Polyamine deprivation during gestation results in intrauterine growth retardation. Dietary arginine and dietary polyamines act as nutritional regulators of fertility.
Similarly, I can quote several other research papers that describe the physiology of natural polyamines and their significance in performing a variety of metabolic functions. Please read the articles cited as references.
Quinoa’s Phytochemistry – A Natural Aphrodisiac Formulated Before the Creation of Man:
Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Greek mythology describes Adonis as a youth of remarkable beauty. He is the chosen favorite of Greek goddess Aphrodite. The name ‘Aphrodisiac’ describes any agent that can increase, arouse, and enhance male sexual excitement, sexual performance or stimulate sexual desire. I would like to carefully describe Quinoa as an Aphrodisiac that should be used by both young men, and women who are sexually active and have concerns about fertility. The scent, the odor, the smell, or aroma of Quinoa preparation gives me the clue that it could be a source of dietary polyamines which are nutritional regulators of fertility.
It is important to recognize the significance of Polyamine compounds such as Putrescine, Spermidine, and Spermine in Reproductive Biology. Animals derive essential amino acids and other organic compounds from their diet. Nutrition plays an important role in the reproductive success of an organism. Since scientific literature supports the view that dietary polyamines act as nutritional regulators of fertility, they can be easily incorporated into human dietary regimen, particularly of those young men and women who are sexually active and plan for reproductive success that ensures the birth of healthy babies. I am recommending the use of Quinoa as it is easy to verify the presence of nutritional polyamines by conducting a simple ‘Smell Test’. Its easy and takes only 90 seconds.
The Quinoa Challenge: The Proof of Pudding is in the Eating:
Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: The strong, penetrating odor of freshly voided Semen is very distinctive, and is easily recognized by people of all Cultures. The smell, the odor, the scent, the flavor, or the aroma of Semen is attributed to the presence of amino compounds such as Putrescine, Cadaverine, Spermidine, and Spermine. Semen is a fluid of complex composition and it is produced by the secretions from several glands of the male reproductive system such as the Testes, Epididymis, the Ampulla of Ductus Deferens, the Seminal Vesicles, the Prostate, the Bulbourethral and Urethral Glands (Cowper & Littre glands).
I am asking my readers to take the ‘Quinoa Challenge’, which is a simple ‘Smell Test’ to discover the presence of Polyamines Putrescine, Spermidine, and Spermine in the breakfast cereal of Quinoa Flakes made by Ancient Harvest. In 90 seconds, you will find the dietary polyamines without conducting a time-consuming chemical analysis. If your Quinoa porridge has Semen-like smell, it most certainly contains those Polyamines. As the saying goes: “The Proof of Pudding is in the Eating.”
Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: The Sensation of Olfaction or Odor Quality is 10,000 times more sensitive than Taste sensation. Olfaction involves the detection of airborne chemical molecules. The Quinoa Challenge involves the detection of odor of Quinoa Flakes after heating them with water for just 90 seconds. Without conducting a chemical analysis, I can prove that Human Semen and Quinoa Flakes when cooked have nearly identical Polyamine composition that impart the unmistakable Semen odor or smell. For my study, I purchased Ancient Harvest Quinoa Flakes sold by Whole Foods Market, Ann Arbor. The box is priced at $5.99.Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: The seeds of Chenopodium album – Lambsquarters or Pigweed are chewed or used in Inca traditional medicine in the treatment of urinary problems and for the problem of semen discharge during urination.Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Chenopodium vulvaria, Stinking Goosefoot, Notchweed, is a foul-smelling, or rank-smelling plant. The term ‘rank-smelling’ is used to describe strong, offensive smells like the smell of deer in sexual heat. The leaves of this plant are used in traditional Inca medicine for the treatment of hysteria and nervous trouble among women.Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Polyamines are important for the production of Sperm cells in the Testes of males. Polyamines are equally important in human female reproductive system. Polyamines are involved in Ovarian follicle development, ovulation, the production of sex hormones in the Ovary and for female fertility, the ability to give birth to a baby.
The Magic of Creation – Take the Smell Test:
WholeDude – WholeDesigner – WholeMagic: The Water Molecule can exist in three different physical conditions such as liquid, solid, and gas. But, it maintains the same chemical composition, and displays unchanging behavior without being influenced by changing times. In essence, it is the same chemical compound that existed in all living things of the past, and the present.
The Theory of Evolution tries to explain changes in the morphological appearances of organisms which exist under the influence of time. But, the fact of existence of life can only be explained by the unchanging creative mechanisms that operate the Laws of Phytochemistry. We have witnessed changes in the appearances of organisms while the nature, and composition of chemical molecules essentially remains the same, and the same oxidative-reduction chemical reactions operate during the life and death of organisms. For example, the unchanging chemical composition of water molecule makes possible the creation of a wide variety of other chemical molecules to establish biodiversity.
WholeDude – WholeDesigner – WholeMagic: The chemical equations for operation of life, and death are essentially the same and have not changed under the influence of time.
The detection of chemical molecules that stimulate the smell or olfaction sensation plays an important role in the survival of most animals. Smell is used for identifying and evaluating food, finding predators or prey, marking territory, and to stimulate reproductive activity. In several human traditions, the importance of smell, scent, odor, fragrance, and aroma is recognized and is glorified.
WholeDude – WholeDesigner – WholeMagic: In Roman mythology, Goddess Flora is recognized as the Goddess of Flowers and the Floral Fragrance.
Seven odors such as sweaty, spermous, fishy, malty, urinous, and musky have been described as primary odors. The genetic and molecular analysis of the mechanisms of olfaction are researched by Linda Brown Buck, and Richard Axel who published a paper identifying 1,000 G-protein coupled receptors used for olfaction.
WholeDude – WholeDesigner – WholeMagic: Linda Brown Buck (born-1947), American scientist received the 2004 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for her work on Olfactory Receptors.WholeDude – WholeDesigner – WholeMagic: Richard Axel(born {1946), American scientist received the 2004 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his research on Olfactory receptors.
There could be 1,000 genes for Olfactory receptors which may detect the size, and shape of molecules and compose information for further recognition as a specific smell or odor. The word smell, or odor can be used as a general term to describe the quality or the characteristic perceived through the olfactory sense. Smell or odor suggests the presence or existence of something. The term scent refers to the emanation from the thing that is smelled. Scent could be faint, but it is a pervasive smell that gives a clue that could be tracked or followed. Odor is a heavier emanation and is often more clearly recognized. Smell or odor could be pleasant or unpleasant. Several descriptive terms are used to make the distinction between sensations that are appealing or offending. Fragrance is an agreeable, sweet smell, or pleasant odor. Aroma is a pleasant spicy odor. Perfume is relatively strong but usually pleasant smell that is natural, or manufactured. Bouquet is the fragrance of wine or brandy, and is also used to describe the characteristic aroma of a bunch of cut flowers. The term Redolence describes rich, pleasant combination of smells The term stink, or stench describe offending, or repulsive odors emanated by decaying organic materials. The term musty odor describes stale, moldy smell, and denotes the lack of freshness.
Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: The photo image of human embryo at 6 days. Polyamines play a role in embryo implantation. Polyamines are important for placenta formation and function. Polyamines help in intrauterine growth of embryo and fetus. During pregnancy, maternal nutrition is important and it must include dietary sources of proteins, polyamines, vitamins, and minerals to ensure the birth of a healthy baby.
References:
1. Polyamines and the integrity of the plant body. Galston AW
Plants synthesize chemical molecules that can be recognized by their smell, scent, odor, fragrance, aroma, and flavor. The sensory recognition or perception of smell or odor indicates the presence of something; the something that I recognize is that of the operation of Divine Providence called Mercy, Grace, and Compassion.
Musings at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor – Quinoa Plant Discovered the Recipe for the Odor of Human Semen Long Before the Origin of Man. Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility. The seeds (Flakes) when boiled release Seminous odor and it is very remarkable coincidence between the odor generated by a plant and the glands of human male reproductive system. Spiritual Optics. The Designing of Chemical Molecules by Plants.
The Magic of Creation – The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating – Discovery reported in 2013
Whole Foods-Whole Inspiration-Whole LanguageWhole Foods, Whole People and Whole Planet inspire Whole Dude to invent Whole Phrases: Whole Linguistics – Whole Language. The concept of Whole Cookie and Whole Love. Whole Dude uses the phrase Whole Linguistics to describe three entities; 1. Language User, 2. Language Interpreter and 3. Language Creator. Image Credit: Agenda Publications, Ann Arbor District Library, Issue Dates, December 1997 and February 1998.Griffin James Quinoa Challenge Award at Whole Foods Market Inc., Ann Arbor promotes the idea of improving Product Knowledge. Currently, there are no laws to include Nutrition Information about Dietary Polyamine Content of Food Products sold by Retail Food Industry.
James Griffin is an expert in Food Retail Industry. To promote knowledge of food products, in 2014, he announced the “James Griffin Quinoa Challenge Award” and the same was presented to me at Whole Foods Market Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA on Sunday, May 18, 2014. This award describes importance of the development of a food database that food consumers can easily use to make important decisions about the food products they purchase to promote their health and to prevent diseases like cancer. I ask my readers to acknowledge the creative use of putrid smelling Nitrogen containing unchanging biomolecules that operate the creation of life and the dissolution of life. The fact of Creation is simply revealed by knowing the Smell, the Scent, the Aroma, the Flavor and the Odor of Polyamine Molecules that declare their presence in the performance of human Reproduction as well as the nature of Mortal Existence making it extremely difficult to conceal the forensic evidence of Death.
Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility: Quinoa seeds are Gluten-Free. It is also Cholesterol-free, low-fat, and high in protein. Throughout the ages many foods have been considered sexual stimulants. Quinoa has a special reason to be recognized as an Aphrodisiac, a chemical agent that can enhance sexual performance. Such a claim can be based upon the study of Polyamines found in its leaves and seeds. Polyamines are now thought of as the nutritional regulators of human fertility.
Incas have been continuously cultivating Quinoa for the last 7,000 years. They may not be aware of the chemical compounds made by these plants. However, they should be able to very easily recognize the smell, the odor, the scent, the aroma, and the flavor of the plant products that they use. A ‘Smell Test’ can accurately detect presence of some odoriferous chemical molecules and man will be able to describe the odor without being a Chemist, or a Biochemist. Spermine imparts odor to human Semen. To be odorous, a substance must be sufficiently volatile for its molecules to be given off and carried into the nostrils where the Olfactory epithelium recognizes the presence of odoriferous molecules when they fit into functioning groups and specific receptors according to molecular size and shape. The strong, penetrating odor of freshly voided Semen is very distinctive, and is easily recognized by people of all Cultures. The smell, the odor, the scent, the flavor, or the aroma of Semen is attributed to presence of amino compounds such as Putrescine, Spermidine, and Spermine. Semen is a fluid of complex composition and it is produced by the secretions from several glands of the male reproductive system such as the Testes, Epididymis, the Ampulla of Ductus Deferens, the Seminal Vesicles, the Prostate, the Bulbourethral and Urethral Glands (Cowper & Littre glands).
I am asking my readers to take the ‘Quinoa Challenge’, which is a simple ‘Smell Test’ to discover the presence of Polyamines Putrescine, Spermidine, and Spermine in the breakfast cereal of Quinoa Flakes made by Ancient Harvest. In 90 seconds, you will find the dietary polyamines without conducting a time-consuming chemical analysis.Musings at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor – Quinoa Plant Discovered the Recipe for the Odor of Human Semen Long Before the Origin of Man. Phytochemistry of Chenopodium Quinoa. The Nutritional Regulators of Human Fertility. The seeds (Flakes) when boiled release Seminous odor and it is very remarkable coincidence between the odor generated by a plant and the glands of human male reproductive system
I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man
Excerpt: The Michigan Medicine AHEAD study is examining the efficacy of a medication aimed at preventing Alzheimer’s Disease in individuals at increased risk of developing the disease. The study has, however, faced criticism regarding its focus on years of schooling and its lack of a research protocol to verify the identity and individuality of the human organism. Critics assert that biological processes like the flow of biological information and protein synthesis are not influenced by education level and that individuality should not be tied to factors such as race and ethnicity. The conceptualization of “life as knowledge in action” and that it is an interplay of cellular function and knowledge must be explored.
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.
The AHEAD Study is researching the safety and effectiveness of an investigational medication in people who might be at increased risk for developing memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. The study is looking for participants age 55-80 years old, who have generally normal memory function in daily life, and who are not being treated for memory problems. For individuals age 55-64 years old, an additional risk factor is required, such as a parent or sibling with Alzheimer’s Disease or previous biomarker testing showing increased risk for developing Alzheimer’s Disease. This study sees participants in Ann Arbor. Contact Lauren Mackenzie at spearsl@med.umich.edu or 734-232-2415.
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.
On Tuesday, December 05, 2023, at the Michigan Clinical Research Unit (MCRU) at the Cardiovascular Center (CVC), I was interviewed for participating in the AHEAD Study and I completed the Stage 1A of the Screening process. I am asked to provide information about the most important occupation of my life, my sexual orientation, my race and ethnicity in the context of my place of birth and the country of origin, the total number of years I spent in the School to register my personal identity for participation in the Medical Research Project.
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.
The AHEAD Study Research Protocol has not identified the basis for discovering the identity of a multicellular human organism. I can answer the questions I am asked. Do I have the ability to communicate my answers to the cells of my own body and reflect that identity in the living functions they perform to keep me alive?
Theory of Man precedes Theory of Health
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species
In my analysis, there can be no ‘Theory of Health’ without sharing a ‘Theory of Man’. The question, “What is health?” cannot be asked without raising the question, “What is man?”
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species
In my view, ‘ the existence of a man always precedes the essence of the man’. For that reason, the biological basis of the man’s existence must be identified to define the living entity called man. The natural event called ‘death’ precedes the natural event called ‘birth’ which heralds the arrival of newborn Life. The newborn always arrives after several programmed cellular death events.
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species
The man’s existence in any condition, good health or ill-health, at any age, at any given time and place, depends upon Divine Providence characterized as Mercy, Grace, and Compassion (Sanskrit. Krupa) of LORD God Creator. The man does not exist in the natural world because of his physical and mental work. The man needs input of matter and energy, from an external source, from the moment of conception to the conclusion of his entire life journey. The man’s existence is always conditioned as he cannot regulate, control, operate, rule, or govern either internal, or external factors that determine the fact of his existence.
The Medical Science fails to define the term ‘health’ for it fails to define the term ‘man’. To attach meaning to health, I must attach meaning to the word called ‘man’. I categorically inform Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan not to withhold their educational experience as a professional secret.
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species
The man represents a biological or biotic community of trillions of individuals; independent, living cells with individuality. The Man is also a natural host to trillions of microbes. Human life must be defined in terms of biotic interactions; both intraspecific, and interspecific biotic interactions.
I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to apply the principles of Clinical Medicine not only to diagnose ill health but also to diagnose good and perfect or ‘Whole Health’ for the man is created by entity called God who is always Perfect and Whole.
Theory of Man–The Spectrum of Seven Colors
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species
My ‘Theory of Man’ defines the Man as the ‘Spectrum of Seven Colors’. Isaac Newton could easily verify his ‘Theory of Light’ by conducting his critical experiment in which he used two prisms to breakdown and to reconstitute white light rays. In case of Man, such experimental verification is not possible as Science does not have the capability to breakdown the man and reconstitute him. However, Science provides verified information about the building blocks of life and about basic living functions such as ‘Metabolism’ which essentially involve making, breaking, and repairing ‘Molecules of Life’.
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species
Man – The Spectrum of Seven Colors
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species
For purposes of defining Man the concept of Light Spectrum is useful. Light Spectrum appears continuous with no distinct boundaries.
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species
The ‘Singularity’ called Man can be easily witnessed at conception at the stage of Single, fertilized Egg Cell.
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species.Theory of Man precedes the Theory of Health. Spirituality Science. Spiritual Functions of Human Ovum or Egg Cell. Is it conscious?
The study of Man during all stages of his physical existence provides information about Man’s Seven Dimensions or Seven Colors. These are, 1. The Physical, Mortal Being, 2. The Mental Being, 3. The Social Being, 4. The Moral Being, 5. The Spiritual Being, 6. The Created Being, and 7. The Rational Being. Science called Cell & Molecular Biology can account for biomolecules of life and yet do not explain or account for the constitution of Man as a Rational Being.
Whole Dude – Whole Education: Michigan Medicine asks, “How many years you have spent in the School?” I ask Michigan Medicine and University of Michigan to share its educational experience and publish its Theory of Man.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species.Theory of Man precedes the Theory of Health.
Whole Dude – Whole Species: Michigan Medicine asks, What is your Race and What is your Ethnicity?
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection rejects the concept of race and ethnicity to identify the Anatomically Modern Man called Homo sapiens sapiens
Whole Dude – Whole Species: Michigan Medicine asks, What is your Race and What is your Ethnicity?
Excerpt: The Michigan Medicine AHEAD study is examining the efficacy of a medication aimed at preventing Alzheimer’s Disease in individuals at increased risk of developing the disease. The study has, however, faced criticism regarding its focus on years of schooling and its lack of a research protocol to verify the identity and individuality of the human organism. Critics assert that biological processes like the flow of biological information and protein synthesis are not influenced by education level and that individuality should not be tied to factors such as race and ethnicity. The conceptualization of “life as knowledge in action” and that it is an interplay of cellular function and knowledge must be explored.
Whole Dude – Whole Species: Michigan Medicine asks, What is your Race and What is your Ethnicity?
The AHEAD Study is researching the safety and effectiveness of an investigational medication in people who might be at increased risk for developing memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. The study is looking for participants age 55-80 years old, who have generally normal memory function in daily life, and who are not being treated for memory problems. For individuals age 55-64 years old, an additional risk factor is required, such as a parent or sibling with Alzheimer’s Disease or previous biomarker testing showing increased risk for developing Alzheimer’s Disease. This study sees participants in Ann Arbor. Contact Lauren Mackenzie at spearsl@med.umich.edu or 734-232-2415.
Whole Dude – Whole Species: Michigan Medicine asks, What is your Race and What is your Ethnicity?
On Tuesday, December 05, 2023, at the Michigan Clinical Research Unit (MCRU) at the Cardiovascular Center (CVC), I was interviewed for participating in the AHEAD Study and I completed the Stage 1A of the Screening process. I am asked to provide information about the most important occupation of my life, my sexual orientation, my race and ethnicity in the context of my place of birth and the country of origin, the total number of years I spent in the School to register my personal identity for participation in the Medical Research Project. The Research Protocol has not identified the basis for discovering the identity of a multicellular human organism. I can answer the questions I am asked. Do I have the ability to communicate my answers to the cells of my own body and reflect that identity in the living functions they perform to keep me alive?
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species and rejects the concept of race and ethnicity to identify the Anatomically Modern Man called Homo sapiens sapiens
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species
Yes indeed, Life is complicated. The phenomenon of Life demands the interdependence, interconnectedness, and interrelatedness of a varied range of immutable species. Today, some anthropologists entirely reject the concept of “RACE.” However, they stress the heterogeneity of world population. In Biology, the term ‘race’ is used to describe a subspecies, or variety, or breed.At the same time the present Identification Technology such as the Fingerprints, Iris Scans, Facial Recognition Technology, Skin Surface Texture Recognition Technology allows the recognition of each member of the Human Species as a specific Individual with Individuality.
Spirituality Science – The Human Species:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: Carolus Linnaeus. Taxonomist, was the founder of the binomial system of nomenclature and the originator of modern scientific classification of plants and animals. The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species is the branch of Natural Science that deals with systematic categorization of organisms.
Carolus Linnaeus also known as Carl Linnaeus, (b. May 23, 1707, d. January 10, 1778) Swedish botanist, a doctor of medicine, and explorer was the first to frame principles for defining genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them. The static concept of species or the morphological concept of species was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus. As per Linnaeus, species are fixed and immutable entities, there is no change in the species and do not vary in form, size or shape.
Linnaeus published his Systema Naturae in 1735 and Genera Plantarum in 1737. He presented and explained his classification system that was based mainly on flower parts which tend to remain unchanged from generation to generation.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: LINNAEUS DIVIDED ORGANISMS INTO TWO KINGDOMS – 1. ANIMALIA (ANIMALS), AND 2. PLANTAE (PLANTS). THE KINGDOMS ARE DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: PHYLUM OR DIVISION, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, AND SPECIES USING TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS THAT CAN BE OBSERVED.
Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae gives a very precise description of man, placing him among the Class – Mammals, in the Order of Primates which includes the apes. Further, Linnaeus describes the varieties of man such as The Asian, The African, and The European. He depends only on external characteristics to place objects into a rational set of categories. Thus Linnaeus formulates a Static Taxonomy in which Species of living things appear to be immutable in type throughout the ages. The Species, the fundamental unit of Classification, consists of populations of morphologically similar individuals that share the similar collection of characteristics whose combination is unique to the Species. In other words, Species is distinguished by its ability to maintain its stability from generation to generation. Since Species is self-perpetuating, they maintain the stability of all other groupings like the genera, phyla, and families which remain fixed from generation to generation. Apart from the observed stability of all recognized Species, the chemical molecules that are essential to compose the Living Matter, Material, or Substance called Protoplasm have always maintained their stability. For example, water molecule is the most important of all the biomolecules of Life and its chemical composition and properties are held stable over billions of years.
The Natural Law of Propagation:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE FRENCH NATURALIST GEORGES LOUIS LECLERC COMTE DE BUFFON (1707-1788) DETERMINED SPECIES NOT BY THEIR PHYSICAL APPEARANCES BUT BY THEIR REPRODUCTIVE HISTORY. IN HIS VIEW, THE APES AND OTHER ANIMALS LACK THE ABILITY TO SPEAK; “THE STYLE IS THE MAN HIMSELF.”
The French naturalist Buffon in his monumental compendium on Natural History (44 Volumes), Histoire Naturelle General et Particuliere – 1749-1804, describes man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. Two individual animals or plants are of the same Species if they can produce fertile offspring. Species are known only through the history of its natural propagation. By the law of natural propagation, offspring will always be of the same species as the parent organism. A Species always breeds true. Its members always generate organisms which can be classified as belonging to the same Species, however much they vary among themselves as individuals within the group. The sub-groups, the races or varieties of Species are able to breed with one another, but diverse Species cannot interbreed. Organisms different in Species cannot reproduce productively and if crossbred, like the horse and the ass, they produce a sterile hybrid like the mule.
The Natural Law of Propagation can be described as “The Law of Creation and Individuality.” Each kind of living thing always arrives as an original, distinctive, unique, and one of its own kind of object. No living thing has an independent choice of its own and there is no choice other than that of existing as a created object that can be identified as a specific individual thing with Individuality. Even with the use of the latest reproductive technology such as cloning, man cannot use the reproductive process to cause the existence of two identical living things.
The term ‘Species’ must be used for purposes of ease and convenience as they are trillions of Individual living things with Individuality. In my view, the French naturalist Buffon had defined the term ‘Species’ correctly using the Natural Law of Propagation.
The Natural History of Man:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE STUDY OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN WAS STIMULATED BY THE ENCOUNTERS WITH THE GREAT ANTHROPOID APES OF AFRICA AND ASIA.
When man is viewed as the subject of scientific investigation, the empirical knowledge of man is provided by observations of his structure (ANATOMY), functions (PHYSIOLOGY), his behavior (PSYCHOLOGY), his culture (ANTHROPOLOGY), and his past (ARCHAEOLOGY).
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE DISCOVERY OF THE CHIMPANZEE AND THE ORANGUTAN (MAN OF THE WOODS IN MALAY LANGUAGE) RAISED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE STATUS OF APES AND THEIR RELATION TO MAN.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: DR. EDWARD TYSON, M.D., CONDUCTED STUDIES (1699) SPONSORED BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON TO ANALYZE IN GREAT DETAIL THE SIMILARITIES AND DISSIMILARITIES BETWEEN A CHIMPANZEE AND A MAN.
The study of the Natural History of Man was stimulated by the encounters with the great anthropoid Apes of Africa and Asia at the beginning of the 16th century. The discovery of the Chimpanzee and the Orangutan (meaning “Man of the Woods” in Malay language) raised questions about the status of Apes and their relation to Man. Dr. Edward Tyson, M.D., conducted studies (1699) sponsored by the Royal Society of London to analyze in great detail the similarities and the dissimilarities between a Chimpanzee and a man. For Tyson, the Chimpanzee was the missing link between animal and Man. But, Tyson and Darwin have no evidence to show that Chimpanzee or any other intermediate Species can actually transform its genome by gradual modification and appear in the physical world as a brand new Human Species.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE GERMAN PHYSIOLOGIST, COMPARATIVE ANATOMIST, AND SCHOLAR, JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH (1752-1840) IS RECOGNIZED AS THE FATHER OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. HE SHOWED THE VALUE OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY IN THE STUDY OF MAN’S HISTORY.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: BLUMENBACH HAD A COLLECTION OF 60 HUMAN SKULLS AND HE PROPOSED ONE OF THE EARLIEST CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE RACES OF MANKIND USING COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach is recognized as the Father of Physical Anthropology for his work De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa (1775-76). His research in the measurement of human skulls led him to divide mankind into five great families; Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, Ethiopian, and American. Human Species may include varieties that can be grouped into Races by using some common morphological traits.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: Modern Facial Recognition and Identification Technology allows the identification of each member of the Human Species as a specific Individual with Individuality. Two human faces are never alike and the variation can be detected.
At the same time the present Identification Technology such as the Fingerprints, Iris Scans, Facial Recognition Technology, Skin Surface Texture Recognition Technology allows the recognition of each member of the Human Species as a specific Individual with Individuality.
The Origin of Species – The Theory of Evolution:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: CHARLES DARWIN’S ORIGIN OF SPECIES (1859) PROPOSED A MECHANISTIC, NONPURPOSIVE ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION AS THE PRODUCT OF THE NATURAL SELECTION OF RANDOMLY PRODUCED GENETIC MUTATIONS.
Charles Darwin had no particular problem with the term ‘Species’ and in his view, Species is the term used to signify “a set of individuals closely resembling each other” – a class of plants or animals having certain characteristics. However, he wanted to seek a genealogical relationship among the various forms of life. His ideas demand a dynamic or genealogical classification of living things. While holding that new Species originate in the course of time, Darwin formulated a view about the Origin of Species and their differentiation, and the factors or circumstances under which some life forms cease to have the status of species or become extinct.
But, Darwin fails to fully account for the reality called existence. There is no Natural Law or Principle that can fully account for the existence of Life on planet Earth.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES HAS TO BE CAREFULLY EXAMINED TO INVESTIGATE THE DESCENT OF MODERN MAN OR THE HUMAN SPECIES FROM THE MEMBERS OF THE HOMINID FAMILY. IN THE GENUS CALLED HOMO, THE HUMAN SPECIES HAS ALONE SURVIVED AFTER IT EMERGED AS A BRAND NEW SPECIES THAT NEVER EXISTED BEFORE.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: TO EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES, THE HOMINID TIMELINE MUST BE STUDIED TO ASCERTAIN THE POSSIBILITY OF THE DESCENT OF MODERN MAN FROM ANY OF THE SPECIES OF THE PREHISTORIC MAN. THE ARRIVAL OF THE BRAND NEW HUMAN SPECIES IS ACCOMPANIED BY AN UNEXPLAINED LOSS OF ALL OTHER HOMINID SPECIES.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION HAS TO EXPLAIN THE NATURAL BASIS OR MECHANISM OF THE ORIGIN OF THE HUMAN SPECIES. DARWIN HAD FAILED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE NATURAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS THE CLIMATE, FOOD AVAILABILITY, AND HABITAT THAT FAVOR THE EXISTENCE OF THE BRAND NEW HUMAN SPECIES WHILE OTHER MEMBERS OF THE HOMO GENUS HAD NO CHANCE TO KEEP THEIR EXISTENCESPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE HUMAN FAMILY COMPRISING OF DIFFERENT SPECIES MUST BE STUDIED TO KNOW IF RANDOM, UNGUIDED, PURPOSELESS MUTATIONS OR CHANGES IN GENES CAN BRING ABOUT THE SPECIFIC CHANGES THAT ESTABLISH THE MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS THAT ARE OBSERVED. IF THE NATURAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND OTHER FACTORS CAN SUPPORT THE EXISTENCE OF THE HUMAN SPECIES, IT MUST BE EXPLAINED AS THE CAUSE OF THE EXTINCTION OF ALL OTHER SPECIES OF THE HOMO GENUS.
Evolutionary Biology describes Man as a direct descendant of nonhuman Primates. From the interpretation of fossils have arisen concepts of mutation (the process by which the genetic material of a cell is altered), transformism (the theory that one Species is changed into another) and Evolution through mechanistic, unguided, purposeless and random events.
At a fundamental level, The Great Chain of Living Beings has to be explained as a Continuity while the individual Species of Living Beings arrive as a sequence of discrete, creative steps. The precise physical form of Man as a special form or as a Human Species has to be explained by describing the role of natural factors and natural conditions of climate or environment that may determine the actual characteristics of a given Species. The morphological variations among the various members of the Homo Genus have to be related to the variations in diet, physical activity, and physical climatic conditions and the observed variations must explain the reproductive success or failure of the Species.
In my view, the substance or material called the Living Matter always exists with the same chemical composition resisting any influence of changing Time. Because of this Unchanging Principle, the Principle of Unity, the observed phenomenon of Biodiversity is manifested in the natural world.The forms assumed by the Living Matter have always varied to demonstrate the operation of a creative mechanism that maintains the stability of each Species while generating variations among members of the same Species and between different Species.
I would further seek to explain the arrival of the Human Species as a Creative Event as other member Species of the Genus Homo disappeared simultaneously without any specific contribution made by the Nature or the natural living conditions that prevail on planet Earth.
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection. The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection is not supported by the Cell Theory
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
Yes indeed, Life is complicated. If Life is a discussion about the Living Things, the conversation pertains to the two basic principles about the constitution of the Living Things. The principles are, 1. Form, and 2. Matter. The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection tries to account for the phenomenon of biodiversity without giving attention to the Unchanging Nature, Composition, and Functions of the Living Matter described by Science as Protoplasm or Cytoplasm, a gelatinous Substance common to all Living Things. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection for there is no evolutionary change in the building blocks of Life.
Spirituality Science – Human Evolution:
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Charles Darwin’s great contributions to Biology: “The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection: Or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle of Life”(1859), The Descent of Man (1871), The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution involves the notion of a common ancestor for both man and the anthropoid apes. “In The Descent of Man” (1871), Charles Darwin shared a view of man’s origin by a process of natural variation from an ancestral type. We have yet to discover a common ancestor for both the anthropoid apes such as the Gorilla and the Anatomically Modern Man. Both Gorilla and Chimpanzee are natives of Africa and they exist with 48 chromosomes as compared to man’s genome that consists of 46 chromosomes.
Evolution by Natural Selection
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
Rudolf Virchow believed the idea that humans were the descendants of apes was an attack on society’s moral foundations. In 1858, Darwin and Wallace’s theory of evolution by natural selection was unleashed on an unsuspecting world.
In its early years the theory of evolution was highly controversial and was fiercely debated. Virchow opposed the theory from the beginning and never relented in his opposition.
When Charles Darwin published his On the Origin of Species in 1858, Virchow was already publicly speaking out against the naturalist’s views on evolution.
In fact, in 1877, he said the idea that man had descended from apes was an attack on society’s moral foundations. He voiced his opinion that teaching the theory of evolution should not be permitted in Germany’s public schools.
Even after Darwin published his groundbreaking report, Virchow continued to speak against him and insisted that evolution was simply a hypothesis and subject to change. He was so adamant in his decision that he succeeded in getting natural history removed from school curriculum in favor of alternate hypotheses. Until he died, he insisted evolution was merely one of the multiple theories to explain human existence and required further evidence.
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
Virchow continued to research and write about the human body as a microcosm for society at large. Perhaps the most well-known contribution Rudolf Virchow made to the medical field was his research on cell theory. Virchow asserted that living cells do not spontaneously occur, but instead come from another living cell by way of cell division. He referred to the body as a “cell state in which each cell is a citizen.” Diseases, therefore, were just “conflict[s] between the citizens of the state, caused by outer forces.”
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: “IN THE DESCENT OF MAN”(1871), CHARLES DARWIN SHARED A VIEW OF MAN’S ORIGIN BY A PROCESS OF NATURAL VARIATION FROM AN ANCESTRAL TYPE. WE HAVE YET TO DISCOVER A COMMON ANCESTOR FOR BOTH THE ANTHROPOID APES SUCH AS THE GORILLA AND THE MAN.
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGISTS CLAIM THAT MAN HAS ARRIVED OR DESCENDED FROM AN ANCESTOR WITH 48 CHROMOSOMES AND CLAIM THAT ANCESTOR IS VERY LIKELY TO HAVE A GENOME SIMILAR TO THAT OF APES SUCH AS CHIMPANZEE AND BONOBO.
Human Chromosome #2 attracted a lot of attention for the nearest ape relative bonobo has near identical DNA sequences . But, the problem is that of the separation of these DNA sequences into two chromosomes called #2 a, and #2 b giving the apes a genome with 48 chromosomes.
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: Chromosome #2 IS THE SECOND LARGEST HUMAN CHROMOSOME. IT CONTAINS 1,491 GENES AND MILLIONS OF BASE PAIRS.
It would be very easy to speculate that the Human Chromosome #2 can result from an end to end fusion of two ancestral chromosomes such as the Chromosome #2 a, and Chromosome #2 b.
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: IT IS NOT LIKELY TO PRODUCE HUMAN CHROMOSOME #2 FROM FUSION OF CHROMOSOMES #2 a and #2 b. APES DO NOT HAVE A FUSED CHROMOSOME.
Man and apes exist with genomes that are almost identical and yet man cannot directly descend from the anthropoid apes. The fusion of Chromosomes #2 a, and #2 b would cause the production of a non-viable mutant or an individual who may not produce any offspring. Firstly, we need a male and a female with this fused chromosome in their gametes; the sperm and the egg to produce an offspring with a unique set of 46 chromosomes; 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of (XY or XX) of Sex Chromosomes X,Y. It requires two identical, rare, mutant, male and female to produce offspring and to establish an entirely new population. The Theory of Evolution proposes that random, unguided, mutations lead to changes in a Species and eventually lead to its descent as a new Species. If fusion of two, distinct, separate chromosomes such as #2 a, and #2 b is required, the fusion event must happen in a Hominid population about 10,000 years ago and this population would have no relationship with the living apes.
The Origin of Human Races:
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN EVOLUTION HAS TO DEAL WITH TWO BASIC ISSUES; 1. THE DISCOVERY OF HUMAN ANCESTORS, AND 2. THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN RACES.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: AMONG ANTHROPOLOGISTS THERE ARE TWO VIEWS ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF HUMAN RACES; 1.MONOGENY, AND 2. POLYGENY.
The term “RACE” describes any of the different varieties or populations of human beings distinguished by physical traits such as hair, eyes, skin color, shape of body and head, facial features, and blood traits. These physical traits or characteristics are transmitted by heredity. However, it must be noted that such traits are highly variable, not every member of a race will exhibit all distinguishing traits. But, it is very clear that Human Races or varieties arose in response to inbreeding and not on account of interbreeding of different subspecies.
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: ANTHROPOLOGISTS HAD INITIALLY DESCRIBED THREE PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF PEOPLE; 1. CAUCASOID, 2. MONGOLOID, AND 3. NEGROID. MEMBERS OF HUMAN SPECIES SHARE A COMMON HUMAN NATURE WHILE THERE IS VARIATION IN MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCES.
Anthropologists had initially described three primary divisions of people, 1. Caucasoid, 2. Mongoloid, and 3. Negroid. Thomas Huxley in his paper titled “On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind” (1870), had described racial varieties such as Bushman, Africoid, Negritoes, Melanochroi, Australoids, Xanthochroi, Polynesians, Mongoloids A, B, & C, and Esquimaux.
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THOMAS HUXLEY DURING 1870 DESCRIBED THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS RACIAL VARIETIES. JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH (1775/76) DIVIDED MANKIND INTO FIVE GREAT FAMILIES – CAUCASIAN, MONGOLIAN, MALAYAN, ETHIOPIAN, AND AMERICAN.
It is of no surprise to note the controversy regarding the terms used to identify the varieties of mankind. As such there is no agreement and the word ‘Species’ has no defined meaning. There are two schools of thought to account for the apparent variations among the members of the Human Species. Monogeny describes a view that all human races came from a common ancestor. Polygeny is a view that asserts the separate creation of races.
The Biological Basis for Human Races:
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods.Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE VARIATIONS AMONG MEMBERS OF THE SAME SPECIES AND OF DIFFERENT SPECIES CANNOT BE IGNORED. WHILE ALL LIVING BEINGS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY ALIKE FOR THE LIVING MATTER OR LIVING SUBSTANCE IS THE SAME. THE VARIATIONS IN FORM DEMANDS THE OPERATION OF A MOST CREATIVE PROCESS.
Today, some anthropologists entirely reject the concept of “RACE.” However, they stress the heterogeneity of world population. In Biology, the term ‘race’ is used to describe a subspecies, or variety, or breed. The search for a common ancestor for the entire Human Species is not yet over. In recent times, the techniques of DNA extraction and genomic sequencing have advanced. Evolutionary geneticists are describing their findings with a degree of boldness by simply studying the DNA and using the finding to predict the behavior and nature of the Homo Species members.
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO FLORESIENSIS, ABOUT 3 FEET TALL, DISCOVERED IN LIANG BUA CAVE, ON THE ISLAND FLORES, INDONESIA. THE FLORES MAN HAS A FOSSIL RECORD THAT EXTENDS FROM 38,000 YEARS TO 12,000 YEARS AGO AND MYSTERIOUSLY DISAPPEARED.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU HAS BROW RIDGES, PROMINENT JAW AND GLOBULAR HEAD, WITH SLOPING FOREHEAD. THE SKULLS of 160,000 YEARS OLD IDALTU MAN DISCOVERED IN ETHIOPIA.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE IDALTU MAN, ANATOMICALLY SPEAKING WAS AT THE THRESHOLD OF MODERN HUMAN SPECIES BUT WAS NOT FULLY A MODERN HUMAN BEING.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection,SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THIS REPLICA MAY REPRESENT A DENISOVAN GIRL WHOSE FINGER BONE CALLED PHALANX WAS DISCOVERED IN DENISOVA CAVE, ALTAI MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN SIBERIA. THE DENISOVA WAS MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTALS THAN TO MODERN HUMANS.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO SAPIENS RED DEER DISCOVERED IN MALUDONG OR RED DEER CAVE, YUNNAN PROVINCE, SOUTHERN CHINA HAD LIVED FROM 14,500 TO 11,500 YEARS AGO. RED DEER CAVE PEOPLE ARE NOT CLASSIFIED AS MODERN HUMANS.
To resolve the problems about finding the biological basis for human races, we may have to take the help of the Science called Immunology that deals with man’s ability to defend his own existence by recognizing Self and Non-Self marker proteins (antigens), the protein molecules that cover the surfaces of every cell in the human body.
The Law of Creation and Individuality:
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection at Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) IS THE HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA) GENE CLUSTER ON CHROMOSOME 6. HUMAN ORGANS AND TISSUES CANNOT BE TRANSPLANTED OR GRAFTED INTO THE BODIES OF UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS. HUMAN IDENTITY MUST BE DISCOVERED AT MOLECULAR LEVEL TO ESTABLISH THE AFFINITY BETWEEN TWO HUMAN INDIVIDUALS.The Rudolf-Rudi Connection a Whole Foods. Rudolf-Rudi refute the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HUMAN IDENTITY INVOLVES THE SURFACE MARKER PROTEINS FOUND ON EVERY CELL. TRANSPLANTED ORGANS AND TISSUES COULD BE REJECTED AS FOREIGN(NON-SELF) BY A HOST OR RECIPIENT FOR THE ANTIGENS ARE RECOGNIZED AS NON-SELF. SIMILARLY, INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PATHOGENS ARE RECOGNIZED GIVING THE BODY THE ABILITY TO RESIST INFECTIONS.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HUMAN IDENTITY INVOLVES THE SURFACE MARKER PROTEINS FOUND ON EVERY CELL. TRANSPLANTED ORGANS AND TISSUES COULD BE REJECTED AS FOREIGN (NON-SELF) BY A HOST OR RECIPIENT FOR THE ANTIGENS ARE RECOGNIZED AS NON-SELF. SIMILARLY, INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PATHOGENS ARE RECOGNIZED GIVING THE BODY THE ABILITY TO RESIST INFECTIONS.
The many aspects of immunological recognition is more important than that of the recognition of ancestral Species from which the Human Species may have arrived or descended. The HLA antigens are very remarkable for the extensive degree of genetic polymorphism; that is the variability between individuals is very great and there could be no two identical individuals as unrelated individuals have different HLA antigens. Histocompatibility is a condition of compatibility between the tissues of a graft or transplant and the tissues of the body receiving the graft or transplant. The understanding of histocompatibility is important for the success of organ transplantation and it clearly demonstrates that the Human Species has no choice other than that of existing as Specific Individuals with Individuality.
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species and rejects the concept of race and ethnicity to identify the Anatomically Modern Man called Homo sapiens sapiens. The Text Book of Cellular Pathology published by German Pathologist Rudolf Virchow.
The concept of descent from another Species cannot account for immunological recognition which formulates the basis for histocompatibility and Immunity from infections.
The Rudolf-Rudi Connection Supports the Doctrine of Static Taxonomy of Immutable Species and rejects the concept of race and ethnicity to identify the Anatomically Modern Man called Homo sapiens sapiens
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE Vs HUMAN EVOLUTION WHOLE MENDELISM #WholeMendelism Vs DARWINISM:
The origin of Man, or the Beginning of Man as a new form of Life may have a basis that lies outside operation of natural causes. Mendelism, ‘The Theory of Heredity’ formulated by Gregor Mendel provides insights to the problem of man’s origin. on the basis of Mendelism, it can be said that man did not descend from Primates and is not truly related to other members of Hominid Family. Man’s relationship with other zoological species has to be explained on the basis of reproductive history and inheritance of biological traits. I coined the phrase “Whole Mendelism” #WholeMendelism to claim that man had arrived on planet Earth due to a special act of creation. There are no natural conditions, no natural factors, no natural mechanisms, no natural processes and no natural causes to transform any of previously existing members of Hominid Family to establish the reality of anatomically modern man. To make transition from an old species to a new species which is often called ‘EVOLUTION’ or ‘DARWINISM’, the breeding interactions of species involved must operate according to the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Gregor Johann Mendel, the Father of Genetics. In this article, I would like to describe the Laws of Inheritance and the problems that I encounter to verify Darwinism while using the Mendelian Principles of Heredity and Variation. For example, if evolutionary biologists or anthropologists claim that anatomically modern human species or its immediate ancestral species had reproduced with archaic hominids such as Neanderthals, the human genome has to include one complete ‘Haploid’ set of chromosomes normally occurring in the mature germ cell called egg or sperm which means 22 chromosomes(Autosomes), and 1 X or Y chromosome(Sex chromosome) derived exclusively from Neanderthal genome. Secondly, human population must include a few members that can be clearly identified as Neanderthal.
THE ORIGIN AND EXTINCTION OF SPECIES:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AFTER THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH FOR A VERY, VERY LONG TIME( ABOUT 3.5 BILLION YEARS) IT COMPRISED OF SIMPLER FORMS OF LIFE . SUDDENLY, ABOUT 600 MILLION YEARS AGO NUMEROUS MARINE CREATURES ARRIVED TO CAUSE AN “EXPLOSION OF LIFE.”
It will be interesting to note that a vast majority of species found on Earth have emerged suddenly and have disappeared suddenly. For example, Cambrian, first geologic Period in the Paleozoic Era witnessed sudden emergence of a great variety of marine animals especially trilobites and brachiopods about 600 million years ago. This “Explosion of Life” is aptly named ‘Cambrian Explosion’. Similarly, towards the end of Cretaceous Period, third geologic Period of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era, about 65 million years ago, a global extinction event called K-T Event was responsible for eliminating approximately 80 percent of all species of animals. Dinosaurs which reached maximum development became extinct while new forms of life appeared with new hereditary traits.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THESE DEEP SEA CREATURES OF ATLANTIC OCEAN, LAMELLIBRACHIA LUYMESI, TUBE WORMS, INVERTEBRATES BELONG TO PHYLUM ANNELIDA LIVE ON THE OCEAN FLOOR ALONG HYDROCARBON VENTS. TUBE WORMS TAKE 170 TO 250 YEARS TO GROW AND HAVE SURVIVED AS A SPECIES WITHOUT CONCERN FOR CHANGING TIMES SINCE PRECAMBRIAN ERA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR SUDDEN APPEARANCE OF A VARIETY OF MARINE LIFE FORMS IN AN EVENT CALLED ‘CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION’ ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . PANOPEA GENEROSA, GEODUCK(NATIVE AMERICAN CHINOOK NAME), BIVALVE, WORLD’S LARGEST BURROWING SALT WATER CLAMS FOUND IN THE US PUGET SOUND ARE AMONG THE OLDEST ANIMALS IN THE WORLD WITH LIFESPANS OF ABOUT 146 TO 160 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY EXTINCTION EVENT ABOUT 65 MILLION YEARS AGO WIPED OUT APPROXIMATELY 80 PERCENT OF ALL SPECIES OF ANIMALS INCLUDING A GREAT VARIETY OF DINOSAURS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT EXPLAIN EITHER THE EMERGENCE OF NEW SPECIES OR EXTINCTION OF OLD SPECIES. NATURAL FACTORS, NATURAL CONDITIONS, NATURAL MECHANISMS , AND NATURAL CAUSES CANNOT FULLY ACCOUNT FOR EXTINCTION OF THE LARGE-BODIED ICE AGE MAMMALS SUCH AS WOOLLY RHINOCEROS, WOOLY MAMMOTHS, MASTODONS, AND SABERTOOTH CARNIVORES .
In Darwinism, new species arise when, among the varieties of an existing species, certain intermediate forms become extinct, and the other circumstances are such that the surviving varieties now become more sharply separated from one another in type, and are able to reproduce their kind, and , in the course of many generations of interbreeding, also tend to breed true. This ‘Theory of Evolution’ is not consistent with Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance and Variation. The Unit Character called ‘GENE’ conserves its identity during the process of reproduction which could be either ‘Inbreeding’, or ‘Interbreeding’. A species is always known by its reproductive history for the Unit Characters or Genes get propagated to the next generation during both inbreeding and interbreeding process.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL(1822-1884), THE FATHER OF GENETICS . AT THE AUGUSTINIAN MONASTERY IN BRNO(1843-1868), HE CONDUCTED OVER 29,000 BREEDING EXPERIMENTS CHIEFLY ON GARDEN PEAS(PISUM SATIVUM).
Gregor Johann Mendel(1822-1884), Austrian monk noted for his experimental work on Heredity. At the Augustinian monastery in Brno(1843-1868) he conducted experiments chiefly on Garden Peas(Pisum sativum) using a controlled pollination technique and a careful statistical analysis of his results. He produced the first accurate and scientific explanation of ‘Hybridization’. Some evolutionary geneticists and evolutionary anthropology scholars have shared opinions claiming that the ‘hybridization’ of unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens with other species of the genus Homo such as Neanderthals, and Denisova hominids may have resulted in production of anatomically modern humans(Homo sapiens sapiens). Their views on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. The hypothesis of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans is fundamentally inconsistent with the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Mendel. If modern man is a product of Hybridization, the present, surviving human population would include a few surviving members of Neanderthals, Denisova, and other ancestral hominids who successfully reproduced with an unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens species which got transformed into ‘HAM’ humans.
THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DIPLOID SET OF HUMAN CHROMOSOMES AND HUMAN GENOTYPE . MAN REPRODUCES AND FURTHER PROPAGATES HIS CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION . HUMAN OFFSPRING WILL ALWAYS BE OF THE SAME SPECIES AS THE PARENT ORGANISM . THE TERM GENOME DESCRIBES THE SET OF GENES CHARACTERISTIC OF EACH SPECIES .
The term ‘Generation’ means to produce offspring. The term ‘Propagation’ means to transmit hereditary characteristics by reproduction. The Law of Biogenesis states the Principle that living organisms originate only from other living organisms closely similar to themselves. It is ‘The Law of Like Generating Like’. A species always breeds true to its own species. Its members always generate organisms which are classified as belonging to the same species, however much they vary among themselves as individuals within the group. The sub-groups, the races, or varieties of species are able to breed with one another, but diverse species cannot interbreed. By the Law of Natural Generation, offspring will always be of the same species as the parent organism. Hence, species is self-perpetuating and maintain stability of all other groupings like the genera, phyla, and families which remain as fixed from generation to generation. In Plant and Animal Kingdom, a species distinguishes itself by its ability to maintain its stability from generation to generation. The Mendelian System of Heredity states that an inherited characteristic is determined by the combination of two hereditary units(now called genes), one from each of the parental reproductive cells or gametes(Sperm and Egg Cell). The term genome describes the complete haploid set of chromosomes of a sexually reproducing organism normally occurring in mature germ cell called egg or sperm. This number of chromosomes is characteristic of each species. Every human being arrives on planet Earth with an original, unique, distinctive, and one of its own kind of genome that has never, ever existed in the past, and would never exist again in the future. Sexual reproduction is a creative process which involves a type of cell division called ‘MEIOSIS’ that results in production of Sperm or Egg Cell. Fertilization of egg cell by sperm always creates a new kind of genome while the number of chromosomes(Diploid set) that is the chief attribute of species is held constant.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN BIRTH REQUIRES THE UNION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS, ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES (SPERM AND EGG CELL) . MEIOSIS OR HAPLOID DIVISION IS A HIGHLY CREATIVE PROCESS AS IT GENERATES A UNIQUE , ORIGINAL, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME, A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES WHILE THE DIPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES AFTER FERTILIZATION OR CONCEPTION IS CONSTANT .
THE ORIGIN OR THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS:
To explain the Origin of Man, The Beginning of Man on the basis of Darwinism, demands presence of two, identical, rare, mutant individuals(a male, and a female) to produce offspring and to establish an entirely new, modern human population in all geographical regions of the Old World. About 10, 000 years ago, modern humans may have shared the planet with a few surviving members of Neanderthals and other hominid species. Techniques of DNA extraction and genomic sequencing have advanced and find application in the understanding of the genus Homo. The claims about Hybridization of archaic humans such as Neanderthals with Homo sapiens finds support from DNA studies of the current, members of human population as compared to DNA sequences extracted from Neanderthal fossils. But those shared genetic traits are not of major significance and do not account for the morphological appearance of either Neanderthal or modern man. At the same time, it may be noted that 30 – 35, 000 years ago, Neanderthals disappeared from the fossil record. Similarly, Hominid Denisova, discovered in Altai Mountains, Southern Siberia lived 41, 000 years ago. Homo sapiens floresiensis(Flores Man) of Indonesia suddenly disappeared 12, 000 years ago. Hominid Red Deer discovered in China lived 14.5 to 11.5 thousand years ago. To make a credible claim about interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, we need to demonstrate presence of traits characteristic of Homo sapiens in the DNA extracted from Neanderthal fossil specimens. It will be correct to claim that from Holocene Epoch or Series, approximately for the last 10, 000 years, modern humans constitute the only surviving members of the Hominid Family found on planet Earth.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY CAN EASILY ESTABLISH THE FACT THAT THIS HUMAN BABY HAS TWO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN PARENTS . EVERY BABY ARRIVES WITH ORIGINAL, UNIQUE, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME( A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES, OR 23 CHROMOSOMES FROM EACH PARENT) THAT NEVER EXISTED IN THE PAST AND WILL NEVER EXIST AGAIN IN FUTURE WHILE ALL HUMANS ARE BORN WITH A DIPLOID SET THAT HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES .
Charles Darwin uses the term species to signify “a set of individuals closely resembling each other” – a class of plants or animals having certain characteristics. The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon(1707-1788) in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle General et Particuliere, 44 Volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. Two individual animals or plants are of the same species if they can produce fertile offspring. According to Buffon, a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon opened the way to development of Paleontology to discover lost species. The status of Anatomically Modern Humans as a distinct species is verified as human populations consist of members that are genetically similar, interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals that share the same collection of inherited characteristics, whose combination is unique to our species. Diverse species cannot interbreed. Organisms different in species cannot reproduce productively and if crossbred, like the horse and the ass, they produce a sterile hybrid like the mule. Hybrid is the term for the offspring of a cross between two different subspecies or species. In Genetics, hybrid is the term for the offspring of parents differing in any genetic characteristic.Interbreeding or Hybridization means to produce offspring by crossing two individuals of unlike genetic constitution. The offspring of different races, varieties, species, etc., are called ‘hybrids’. If Neanderthal is one of the parents of Anatomically Modern Humans, identity of the second Hominid parent has to be ascertained, and the characteristics of that parent are accounted for using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. The social and cultural behavior of anatomically modern man consistently displays a tendency that prefers and encourages ‘inbreeding’. The prevailing social and cultural norms of human society in general tend to oppose sexual behavior that may be identified as ‘interbreeding’. In selection of a mate for breeding, anatomically modern man prefers an individual who closely resembles the members of his/her own stock.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : A SPECIES IS RECOGNIZED BY ITS HISTORY OF PROPAGATION . MULE, A PRODUCT OF CROSSBREEDING , OR HYBRIDIZATION CANNOT FURTHER REPRODUCE PRODUCTIVELY WITH OTHER MULES, OR WITH HORSE , OR ASS FOR IT IS BORN STERILE . HYBRIDIZATION WILL NOT HELP TO TRANSFORM A SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES IF ITS PARENTS BELONG TO DIFFERENT SPECIES .
The concept of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans cannot be verified in absence of any surviving members of Neanderthal, Denisova, or other Hominid population with whom modern man may have reproduced about 10, 000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : IT WILL BE IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS ARE NOT HEREDITARY AND THERE IS NO INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MENDEL DEMONSTRATED INHERITANCE PATTERNS THROUGH BREEDING EXPERIMENTATION. THE IMAGE SHOWS SOME OF THE HEREDITARY TRAITS OR CHARACTERS INVESTIGATED BY MENDEL WHILE EXPERIMENTING ON GARDEN PEA PLANTS WITH WHITE OR VIOLET FLOWERS.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FOR UNIT CHARACTERS NAMED R(DOMINANT), r(RECESSIVE), Y(DOMINANT), AND y(RECESSIVE), THE DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE OPERATION OF MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY STATES THAN AN INHERITED CHARACTERISTIC IS DETERMINED BY THE COMBINATION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS( NOW CALLED GENES ), ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AS PER THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY , IF MODERN HUMANS INTERBREED WITH NEANDERTHALS , IN EACH GENERATION OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED , THREE INDIVIDUALS COULD BE MODERN HUMANS ( DOMINANT TRAIT ) AND ONE INDIVIDUAL WOULD BE NEANDERTHAL ( RECESSIVE TRAIT ). SUCH INTERBREEDING WOULD IN REALITY SAVE NEANDERTHAL POPULATION FROM TOTAL EXTINCTION .
Mendel demonstrated the inheritance patterns through breeding experimentations. He discovered in 1866 hereditary factors or “genes” whose existence he deduced without seeing them. Mendel’s statistical analysis of his data provided the mathematical basis for modern Genetics. There are four principles of hereditary phenomenon discovered and formulated by Mendel :
1. The Law of Independent Unit Characters which states that characters such as height, color, etc., are inherited separately as Units,
2. The Law of Segregation which states that body cells and primordial germ cells contain pairs of such Unit Characters and that when gametes(Sperm or Egg Cell) are produced, each gamete receives only one member of each such pair,
3. The Law of Dominance which states that in every individual there is a pair of determining factors for each Unit Character, one from each parent, if these factors are different(heterozygous), one Character( the Dominant) appears in the organism, the other( Recessive) being latent; the Recessive Character can appear in the organism only when the Dominant is absent; hence in all crossbred generations, Unit Characters are shown in varying combinations, each appearing in a definite proportion of the total number of offspring, and
4. The Law of Independent Assortment which states that any one pair of Characters is inherited independently, not withstanding the simultaneous transmission of other traits. This Law is modified by the discovery of Linkage and Pleiotropy. Linkage describes the tendency of some genes to remain together and act as a Unit or Linkage Group. In Inheritance, the Linkage Group of genes are generally found in the same chromosome. Pleiotropy is the condition in which a single gene exerts simultaneous effects on more than one character in the offspring.
ABOUT GENETICS AND THE CONSTANCY OF GENETIC CODE :
Genetics is an important aspect of many areas of Biology. Genetics helps in the study and identification of specific types of organisms; research in Molecular Genetics involves studies on chemical structure and functions of genes at molecular level; Cyto Genetics studies location of genetic material in cells and the role of genes in cell division; Developmental Genetics studies the genetic function in embryological phenomena; Behavior Genetics studies the role of gene in regulating behavior; Population Genetics studies genetics in relation to the “evolutionary” process. Medical Genetics involves application of genetic principles to the practice of Medicine such as the study of inheritance of diseases in families. Genetic factors cause many health disorders affecting man. Some human diseases are entirely genetic in origin and environmental factors play little if any part. This group of genetic disorders includes chromosomal abnormalities, and so-called “Unifactorial Disorders” which are due to single gene defects or Mendelian factors. There are over 3 thousand of such unifactorial disorders. The mode of inheritance of such disorders is straight forward and follows Mendelian Principles. Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance have their practical applications in Medical Genetics. However, the use of Mendel’s Principles in Population Genetics to verify The Theory of Evolution is highly controversial because of the speculative postulates about transformation of old species into a new species . Several single-celled Blue-Green algae, plankton, microbes, viruses, protozoans, insects, crocodiles, turtles, sharks and other organisms are known to be existing upon Earth from billions to several millions of years. The unchanging genetic code in all past and present members of these long-lived species permit the genes to have the same effects on their carriers from generation to generation. Because of constancy of the genetic code, we can identify existence of individual species which maintain their species-specific traits as per Mendelian Principles. There are numerous kinds of longest living species on Earth and their identification is possible because of their genetic codes have essentially remained unchanged.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE . BLUE-GREEN ALGAE, CYANOBACTERIA MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS SINCE PRECAMBRIAN TIME, 3,800 TO 700 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPONGES ARE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF THE PHYLUM PORIFERA . SPONGES ARE AMONG THE LONGEST LIVING ANIMAL SPECIES OF EARTH . THEY APPEARED IN CAMBRIAN PERIOD ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . ANTARCTIC SPONGE CAN LIVE FOR CENTURIES . OLDEST KNOWN SPONGE ESTIMATED AGE 1, 550 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE PERMIT THE GENES TO HAVE THE SAME EFFECTS ON THEIR CARRIERS FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION . AMERICAN COCKROACH IS EXISTING ON EARTH BASICALLY UNCHANGED FOR 300 MILLION YEARS . MOST ABUNDANT DURING THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD DURING WHICH A VARIETY OF INSECTS APPEARED .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARCTICA ISLANDICA . OCEAN QUAHOG OR CLAM . MOLLUSKS ARE ORGANISMS WITH SHELLS DATE BACK TO THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD, 500 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE GIVES THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE EXISTENCE OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES WHICH MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS . OVER 350 MILLION YEARS, SINCE THE END OF DEVONIAN PERIOD SHARKS HAVE MAINTAINED THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPHENODON TUATARA . THIS LIZARDLIKE REPTILE OF NEW ZEALAND IS KNOWN AS A LIVING FOSSIL . THIS SPECIES IS IN EXISTENCE FOR ABOUT 200-225 MILLION YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : BASED UPON THEIR UNIQUE GENETIC CODES, ORGANISMS ARE KNOWN TO BE EXISTING UPON EARTH FOR SEVERAL MILLIONS OF YEARS . CROCODILES LIVED ALONG WITH DINOSAURS . ORIGINATED DURING THE LATE TRIASSIC PERIOD 200 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN OF THE GENETIC CODE IS UNKNOWN . THE VAST MAJORITY OF ORGANISMS BREED WITH OTHER MEMBERS OF THEIR OWN SPECIES PROPAGATING THEIR OWN UNIQUE GENETIC CODES . WE KNOW ABOUT LONG-LIVED ORGANISMS LIKE SEA TURTLES BECAUSE OF THE CONSTANCY OF THEIR GENETIC CODES . TURTLES ARE IN EXISTENCE FROM THE TRIASSIC PERIOD, 200 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ALASKA BOWHEAD WHALE . WHALES ORIGINATED IN THE EARLY TERTIARY OR UPPER CRETACEOUS ABOUT 70 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MONOTREMES . DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS ORNITHO RHYNCHUS ANATINUS IS A SPECIES SURVIVING SINCE AUSTRALIAN PLEISTOCENE ABOUT 2 MILLION YEARS AGO.
While describing Genetics as the area of Biology concerned with the study of inheritance, the process by which certain characteristics or traits of organisms are handed down from parent to offspring, I would like to suggest that a creative mechanism, a creative process or a creative operation could be at work when Genetics accounts for variations in similar or related animals and plants. I would like to emphasize the fact of all organisms existing as Individuals with Individuality. In Nature, living things have no choice other than that of existence as Individuals with Individuality. Even a mob of genetically identical(“CLONES”) colony of bacteria of E. coli are experimentally proved to behave as Individuals with Individuality.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DOUBLE – HELIX DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID OR DNA IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, THE STRUCTURES FOUND INSIDE THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS. THE DNA MOLECULE ALWAYS EXHIBITS INDIVIDUALISTIC VARIATION IN ITS BEHAVIOR .
In higher organisms with cells that contain a Nucleus, the genetic material called DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is carried by structures known as Chromosomes in the Nucleus, and the cytoplasmic structures known as Mitochondria. The genetic material called RNA(ribonucleic acid) is found in the Nucleolus(present inside the Nucleus) and structures called Ribosomes found in the Cytoplasm.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CELL IS THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF LIVING THINGS . THE UNITS OF INHERITANCE ARE KNOWN AS GENES. THE GENES ARE FOUND INSIDE CHROMOSOMES THAT ARE PRESENT IN THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS . DNA, IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, MITOCHONDRIA, AND RNA IS FOUND IN THE NUCLEOLUS AND RIBOSOMES .
The Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis present in the Cytoplasm. DNA interacts with ‘transfer RNA'(t-RNA), ‘Messenger RNA'(m-RNA), and Ribosomal RNA in the process of protein synthesis. The Chromosome is divided into Units called Genes. Each Gene is responsible for a particular trait and hence Gene is the Unit of inheritance. The term ‘allele’ describes either of a pair of genes at the same position on both members of a pair of chromosomes and conveying traits that are inherited by Mendelian Laws.There could be small chemical differences in genes that are expressed as different versions of the same trait (‘alleles’). Each gene is responsible for the manufacture of a particular protein which is involved in development of a trait associated with it. Each chromosome of each species of higher organisms has a definite number and arrangement of genes which govern the structure and functions of the cells. It is important to note that, while genes are located inside the Nucleus of the cell, the actual protein synthesis occurs in structures called Ribosomes present in the Cytoplasm outside the Nucleus. While we appreciate the role of genes as Units of Inheritance, we should give equal importance to the Living Substance, the Living Material, or the Living Matter called Cytoplasm that is found inside the living cells, outside the Nucleus of the cell. There are basically three classes of Genes: 1. Structural genes which determine the sequences of amino acids that go to makeup proteins or the smaller chain of molecules known as polypeptides, 2. Coding genes which specify molecules that function in the processes involved in protein synthesis, and 3. Regulatory genes which are called Noncoding genes for they act solely as “Recognition” sites for enzymes and other proteins involved in controlling protein synthesis.
THE GENETIC CODE AND THE ROLE OF MUTATIONS:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GENETIC CODE DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMPOSITION OF DNA AND THAT OF PROTEINS PRODUCED BY GENES .
The Genetic Code describes the relationship between composition of DNA and that of proteins produced by genes. Genetic Code is the chemical equation by which hereditary information is translated from genes into proteins. Changes in the genetic code are called Mutations. Mutations can cause a change in protein synthesis. In higher organisms, when mutation involves the germ-line cells that eventually develop into sperm or egg cells, the mutation and its consequence of altered protein synthesis is inherited by offspring. A mutation can be minor and relatively insignificant, or it can cause serious deformity or metabolic deficiency in the organism. Most mutations tend to be harmful. Fortunately, a typical gene in higher organisms is segmented and the entire genetic information of a gene is not contained in a single, unbroken strand of DNA molecule. The value of having the genetic code in segments is to reduce the chances of mutations causing harmful changes in protein synthesis. Certain self-repair mechanisms also exist to deal with the damage done to DNA. Very often, the damaged DNA is repaired or the cell carrying the damaged DNA is killed and destroyed. For this reason, it is important to recognize the simple fact of DNA damage associated with mutations irrespective of its cause. The Theory of Evolution proposes that random, unguided, and apparently purposeless mutations lead to gradual changes in a species and eventually lead to its descent as a new species. As per the Theory of Evolution, mutations may bring about three kinds of changes; 1. Changes in the morphological appearance of an organism, 2. Changes in the skeletal and other anatomical structures of an organism, and 3. Changes in the behavior displayed by an organism.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MUSCLE TWITCH IN FROG MUSCLE EXPERIMENT . MUTATIONS CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR GUIDED, SEQUENTIAL, AND PURPOSEFUL NATURE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS WHICH HAVE SEVERAL CREATIVE APPLICATIONS IN THE NATURAL WORLD .
In higher organisms, the cells are differentiated to perform special functions. For example, muscle cells have ability of contraction. This physiological function of contraction is easily demonstrated by applying an electrical stimulus to muscle as done in Muscle Twitch in Frog Experiment. Animals have different abilities of locomotion; some crawl or creep, or slide on a surface, some swim, or move in water, some fly or glide in air, and others walk, run, climb, and swing in a variety of amazing manners. Whatever may be the mode of locomotion, all animal muscle cells display the same physiological function of contraction. While the physiology remains the same, the muscles of each animal species display individualistic functional characteristics. For mutations are random, unguided, and purposeless, they cannot account for guided, sequential and purposeful nature of muscle contractions which have several creative applications in the natural world.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE AND OTHER APES HAVE 48 CHROMOSOMES WHEREAS MAN HAS ONLY 46 CHROMOSOMES . CHROMOSOMES 2 a AND 2 b FOUND IN APES ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION THAT CAN FUSE CHROMOSOME 2 a AND 2 b TO ASSEMBLE CHROMOSOME # 2 FOUND IN MAN .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : WHAT IS GENETIC DRIFT ???? CAN IT ACCOUNT FOR THE ARRIVAL OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS ??? CAN WE EXPLAIN MAN AS A PRODUCT OF HYBRIDIZATION AND THE PHENOMENON CALLED GENETIC DRIFT ????
In ‘Evolution’ the term ‘Genetic Drift is used to describe a random change in gene frequency within a small population, resulting in mutations which regardless of their adaptive value, become fixed within the group. Variations in diet, variations in physical activity, variations in reproductive behavior, and variations in external environmental conditions may contribute to minor variations in ‘allele’ frequencies without transforming an old species into a new species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND THE MISSING LINK :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : TAXONOMY IS A BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT FORMULATES THE BASIS FOR SYSTEMATIC CATEGORIZATION OF ORGANISMS INTO CATEGORIES SUCH AS PHYLUM(OR DIVISION), CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, SUB-FAMILY, GENUS, AND SPECIES . WITHIN THE GENUS HOMO SAPIENS, ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN IS UNIQUE, AND DISTINCT FOR HUMAN NATURE STANDS BY ITSELF .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . CHIMPANZEES ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MOUNTAIN GORILLA IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . GORILLAS ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NO EXTINCT OR LIVING SPECIES IS ABLE TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN MODERN MAN(HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS) AND HIS NEAREST ALLIES AMONG HOMINID FAMILY . WHO IS THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMALS LIKE CHIMPANZEE AND GORILLA ????
The above image reveals a fundamental problem faced by Darwinism when it attempts to account for Human Evolution. No extinct or living species is able to bridge the gap between modern man(Homo sapiens sapiens) and his nearest allies among Hominid Family and other Primates such as Chimpanzee and Gorilla.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SOME EVOLUTIONARY GENTICISTS CLAIM THAT MODERN HUMANS HAVE DESCENDED BY INTERBREEDING AND REPRODUCING WITH OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS HOMO . INTERBREEDING OR INBREEDING CANNOT TRANSFORM AN OLD SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM, NO NATURAL PROCESS, NO NATURAL CONDITION, OR NATURAL CAUSE THAT CAN TRANSFORM NEANDERTHAL SPECIES INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS. ANATOMICAL TRAITS PECULIAR TO NEANDERTHALS WILL NOT BE WIPED OUT BY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DENISOVA HOMINIDS DISCOVERED IN DENISOVA CAVE , ALTAI MOUNTAINS , SOUTHERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA . DENISOVA MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHALS AS COMPARED TO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . THEY LIVED 41, 000 YEARS AGO . CAN ONLY BREED TRUE TO THEIR OWN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARTISTIC RENDITION OF DENISOVA CHILD . DNA EXTRACTED FROM A FRAGMENT OF PHALANX OF HAND AND A MOLAR (TOOTH). THIS DENISOVA GIRL IN APPEARANCE IS MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHAL THAN TO MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHALS LIVED FOR ABOUT 300, 000 YEARS . NEANDERTHAL BELONGS TO MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . NEANDERTHAL HAD A PRECISION GRIP SIMILAR TO THAT OF MODERN HUMANS BUT DID NOT DISPLAY WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHAL HAD POWER GRIP AND PRECISION GRIP LIKE ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . BUT HIS ANATOMICAL TRAITS WERE NOT ENOUGH FOR HIM TO ADVANCE INTO MESOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . THIS SPECIES LIVED FOR A LONG TIME WITHOUT THE POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS NICKNAMED “TOUMAI.”
NATURAL HISTORY OF HOMINID FAMILY :
Senckenberg Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Germany prepared replicas of Hominid species using the fossils discovered at different geographical locations. Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived 6.8 million years ago. It is one of the oldest Hominid specimens, found in 2003 in Djurab desert in Chad, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS, AFRICAN HOMINID LIVED 3.2 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus afarensis discovered in Afar region of Ethiopia, Africa in 1975. This Hominid lived 3.2 million years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMINID AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus africanus ,this Hominid replica nicknamed “Mrs Ples” lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered in 1947, at Sterfontein, South Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS AETHIOPICUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus aethiopicus lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered near Lake Turkana in Kenya, Africa, in 1985.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS BOISEI LIVED 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus boisei, nicknamed “Zinz” lived 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1959 in the Olduvai Gorge of Tanzania, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO RUDOLFENSIS LIVED ABOUT 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo Rudolfensis lived about 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1972 in Koobi Fora, Kenya, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER . LIVED ABOUT 1.5 MILLION YEARS AGO. NICKNAMED “TURKANA BOY.”
“TURKANA BOY” Homo ergaster lived about 1.5 million years ago. Initially thought to be an important “missing link” in Human Evolution.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER IS RELATED TO HOMO ERECTUS SPECIES THAT LIVED IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA FROM ABOUT 1.89 MILLION YEARS AGO .
In Africa, Homo ergaster and Homo erectus are viewed as relatives and thought to be the ancestral forms of later Hominids such as Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. But, African Homo erectus is not related to Asian species of Homo erectus like Java Man, and Peking Man.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS(AFRICA), ERECT MAN, VERTICAL GAIT, LIVED ABOUT 1.8 TO 0.3 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo erectus of Africa had prominent brow ridges, projecting face, and a brain volume of about a litre as compared to modern man’s average brain volume of about 1,360 cubic centimetres. Some evolutionary biologists suggested that Homo erectus migrated to Asia, and Southern Europe.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS ALSO NAMED HOMO RHODESIENSIS LIVED ABOUT 500, 000 TO 350, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo heidelbergensis or Homo rhodesiensis. This replica is made from the fossils found in Sima de los Huesos, Spain in 1993. He lived about 500,000 to 350,000 years ago. Fossils also found in other places like Italy, France, and Greece. Homo sapiens may have appeared 300,000 years ago. Heidelbergensis could be the ancestor of Neanderthals which is often described as a subspecies of Sapiens species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS, HOMINID THAT LIVED 1.5 MILLION TO 300, 000 YEARS AGO.
Homo erectus lived 1, 500, 000 to 300, 000 years ago. Homo erectus discovered in Republic of Georgia, China, and Indonesia lived until about 70,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION PILTDOWN MAN OF SUSSEX, ENGLAND. HOMINID SPECIES OF THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OR OLD STONE AGE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS , HOMO ERECTUS . THE REPLICA OF “JAVA MAN.”
Pithecanthropus, “JAVA MAN” discovered in 1891 could be the first to use fire. He used stone tools and belongs to the Lower Pleistocene Period.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : RHODESIAN MAN HAD A BRAIN LARGER THAN THAT OF MODERN HUMANS.
It could be of interest to note that Rhodesian Man( Heidelberg Man – Germany) had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, a chinless jaw, a brain larger than that of modern man. The height was about five feet(152 cm) or slightly over.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERECTUS PEKINENSIS . SINANTHROPUS OR PEKING MAN .
Sinanthropus, Homo erectus pekinensis, or PEKING MAN belonged to the Middle Pleistocene.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS . THIS REPLICA IS NICKNAMED “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE .” HE LIVED 56, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived 56,000 years ago. The above is the replica nicknamed “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE” found near La Chapelle aux-Saints in France in 1908.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS . NICKNAMED “HOBBIT. ” LIVED ABOUT 18, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens floresiensis, the FLORES MAN discovered in Liang Bua Cave, Flores, Indonesia in 2003. Lived about 18,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS – FLORES MAN OF INDONESIA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FLORES MAN . HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS. IT COULD BE OF INTEREST TO NOTE THAT FLORES MAN WAS ONLY ABOUT 3 FEET IN HEIGHT. Initially thought to be a subspecies of Sapiens and now considered as a separate species. This Hominid species disappeared without any trace for unknown reasons.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS. LIVED BETWEEN 100, 000 TO 90, 000 YEARS AGO BUT NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
The above is a replica of Homo sapiens found in a cave in Israel in 1969. He lived between 100,000 to 90, 000 years ago. It is important to note that it is not representative of true, modern humans called Homo sapiens sapiens.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU . IDALTU MAN LIVED ABOUT 160, 000 YEARS AGO . NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU OR “HERTO MAN ” DISCOVERED IN 1997 AT HERTO, ETHIOPIA , AFRICA .
Homo sapiens idaltu lived about 160, 000 years ago in Pleistocene Period(Middle Paleolithic), in Ethiopia, Africa, may mark the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens, making distinction between Homo erectus species and Homo sapiens species. They were at the threshold of modern anatomy but not fully modern humans.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS RED DEER , SOUTHERN CHINA LIVED 11, 500 TO 14, 500 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens Red Deer represents “Red Deer Cave” people who lived 11, 500 to 14, 500 years ago in Maludong, Yunnan Province, Southern China. Red Deer Man had high domed braincase, small eyebrow ridges, lower jaw ended in a prominent chin, with a body less muscular than those of earlier Hominids.
THE ORIGIN OF MAN – MONOGENISM VS POLYGENISM :
The term “RACE” is used to describe any of the different varieties or populations of human beings distinguished by physical traits such as hair, eyes, skin color, shape of body, head, facial features, and blood groups. These characteristics are transmitted by heredity but they are highly variable; not every member of a race will exhibit all distinguishing traits. It is apparent to claim that races arose in response to inbreeding. Across majority of human cultures prevalent in Old World, inbreeding is the established cultural norm. In his ‘Systema Naturae'(1735) Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist, gave a very precise description of man placing him among the Mammals in the order of Primates along the apes and the bat. Linnaeus presented a summary of the diverse varieties of human species. He described varieties such as The Asian, The African, and The European. Linnaeus created a system of classification that depended only on external characteristics to place objects into a rational set of categories.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN VARIETIES OR RACES AROSE IN RESPONSE TO INBREEDING . CAROLUS LINNAEUS DESCRIBED HUMAN VARIETIES SUCH AS THE ASIAN, THE AFRICAN, AND THE EUROPEAN .
The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc comte de Buffon in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle general et particuliere, 44 volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. He held the view that a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon claimed that it is absurd to use the same principles for classifying living and nonliving things. Most important, apes and other animals lack the ability to speak. Buffon saw the rise of human intelligence as a product of development of an articulated language. For animals may lack the ability to attach meaning to their articulated sounds, human language can be used as a basis to define human species and its varieties. Monogenism is the theory that all human beings are descended from a single pair of ancestors. Polygenism is the theory that each race of people has descended from distinct, ultimate ancestors and hence asserts that races are created separately. If anatomically modern humans are products of interbreeding between different Hominid Family members, it would be difficult to suggest that hybridized humans stopped interbreeding and preferred inbreeding to establish the races or varieties that can be observed today. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach(1752-1840), Father of Physical Anthropology known for his work ‘De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa(1775-76), did his research in measurement of craniums. He divided mankind into five great families – Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, and Ethiopian. Physical anthropologists initially described three primary divisions of people, 1. Caucasoid, 2. Mongoloid, and 3. Negroid. Thomas Huxley in his paper titled “On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind” (1870) described racial varieties such as 1. Bushmen, 2. Africoid, 3. Negritoes, 4. Melanochroi, 5. Australoids, 6. Xanthochroi, 7. Polynesians, 8. Mongoloids A, B, & C, and 9. Esquimaux. Today, some anthropologists entirely reject the concept of “RACE.” The apparent variations among members of human population have to be explained using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance which alone can account for breeding behavioral patterns.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN AND THE EXTINCTION OF DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF HOMINID SPECIES CANNOT BE ACCOUNTED ON THE BASIS OF NATURAL CAUSES, NATURAL MECHANISMS , OR NATURAL CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE LIFE AND DEATH OF LIVING ORGANISMS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE : JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH(1752-1840), FATHER OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY DIVIDED MANKIND INTO FIVE GREAT FAMILIES – CAUCASIAN, MONGOLIAN, MALAYAN, AND ETHIOPIAN .
CHARLES DARWIN – DARWINISM – THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859):
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1892) . HIS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDE THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859), AND THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871).
Charles Darwin claimed that new species originate in the course of time. In his view, one species is transformed into another as a product of ‘Natural Selection’ of randomly produced genetic mutations. He formulated an opinion about the factors or circumstances under which some forms of life cease to have the status of species or become extinct. Darwin states, “The Origin of Species, like their extinction, is entirely a natural process which requires no factors other than those at work everyday in the life, death, and breeding of plants and animals.” To make transition from an old species to a new species, certain intermediate forms become extinct combined with the survival of one or more of the extreme varieties. Darwin further attests, “If my theory be true, numberless intermediate varieties, linking closely together all the species of the same group, must assuredly have existed, but the very process of natural selection constantly tends as has been so often remarked to exterminate the parent forms and the intermediate links.” As per Darwin’s analysis, anatomically modern human species may have to be viewed as a variety of one of the Hominid species that simply survived while this ancestral species and all other Hominid species perished towards the end of Pleistocene(Ice Age).
Darwin’s theory of ‘The Origin of Species’ depends on causes that can be divided into two sets of factors:
1. Mechanism of Survival that includes causes or factors which determine the extinction or survival of organisms, and with their survival, their opportunities for mating and reproduction, and
2. Mechanism of Heredity that includes causes or factors which determine transmission of characteristics from one generation to another and variation of offspring from their ancestors and from each other.
In Darwin’s estimate, the factors of ‘Natural Selection’ operate on genetic variations that cause a range of differences within a group. At the same time it may be noted that the variations generated in the breeding process are never enough to change the basic criteria applied in identification of any given species. For perpetuation of group characteristics in organisms which manage to survive and reproduce, inheritance of ancestral traits is of utmost importance. Darwin’s view on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. If anatomically modern human species appeared suddenly due to abrupt mutations in a single generation of as yet unknown Hominid species, it will not validate Darwin’s view that new forms of life arise gradually as the result of a continuous accumulation of slight and imperceptible variations. According to Darwin, environment acts as a selective agency and it acts upon variations produced entirely by causes operating in the breeding process. During the period of the Great Ice Age, Pleistocene Series or Epoch, 1.8 million to 10, 000 years ago, 28 percent of Earth’s land area was covered by ice. Continental glaciers covered much of N. North America and NW Europe. Holocene Epoch or Series that began 10, 000 years ago witnessed a dramatic change in land area that is covered by ice. Now, about 10 percent of land area is covered by ice and continental glaciers are restricted to Antarctica and Greenland. In other words, areas of Earth’s surface have become more hospitable for all kinds of Hominid population. There was no geographical catastrophe and there was no environmental change of cataclysmic proportion with serious consequences for the survival of any variety of Hominid species. To adapt to changed environment was easy, food supply became abundant and there is nothing to suggest that Hominid Family members were preying upon one another in a bitter struggle of existence.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY WILL DEMOLISH DARWINISM :
According to Geologic Time Chart which records the physical nature and history of planet Earth, we are living in the Cenozoic Era the beginning of which was marked by the K-T extinction. Most of the major and minor extinction events were the result of causes that are not natural to Earth or terrestrial factors. The exposure of living things to consequences such as collisions with asteroids, comets, or exposure to ionizing radiation do not belong to a category of circumstances that can be called ‘natural’. I would prefer to use the term ‘supernatural’ to describe extinction events initiated by extraterrestrial factors. The origin, the beginning, appearance of anatomically modern man during Holocene Epoch or Series has no natural cause. No natural condition, no natural factor, no natural mechanism, no natural process and no natural event can alter the shape and size of man’s cranium. Inbreeding, or interbreeding do not change genes, the Units of Inheritance. The sudden, and abrupt change in man’s form and morphological appearance is not due to imperceptible changes and genetic variations that accumulated over a prolonged period of time. If skeletal structures undergo a change due to mutations caused by external factors like climate, physical activity, diet, and opportunities for breeding or reproductive behavior, the skeletal structures of all members of the diverse Hominid Family living at that time have to register a change that affects the germ cells and gets propagated to their offspring as stated by Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. If a natural condition, a natural factor, or a natural cause can account for a mutation in anatomically modern human, I would like to examine the evidence for its operation in other members of Hominid Family such as Neanderthal who lived at the same time.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : LIVING FORMS EMERGED AND DIVERSIFIED IN SUDDEN SPURTS AND WERE ELIMINATED ABRUPTLY IN MAJOR AND MINOR EXTINCTION EVENTS DURING GEOLOGIC PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL PROCESS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING THAT CAN TRANSFORM ANATOMICAL TRAITS OF NEANDERTHAL INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON SKULL . CRO-MAGNON MAN IS NOT CONSIDERED AS A SEPARATE SPECIES OR SUBSPECIES . LIVED 40, 000 TO 35, 000 YEARS AGO .
Cro-Magnon Man lived 40, 000 to 35, 000 years ago. He was discovered in southwestern France in 1868. His height was about 6 feet(180 Cms), had high forehead, short and wide face, developed prominent chin, and large brain. His brain capacity of 1600 cubic centimetres is larger than the average 1,360 cubic centimetres for anatomically modern human species. He belonged to upper paleolithic culture of Old Stone Age whereas anatomically modern human species had established its presence in the Mesolithic Period or Middle Stone Age at the end of the last glacial era about 10, 000 years ago. Anatomically modern human species developed a culture that included gradual domestication of plants and animals, formation of settled communities, use of the bow, development of delicate stone ‘Microliths’, and pottery.
THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN LANGUAGE:
In my view, Human Speech(spoken and written) is the criteria by which the difference between anatomically modern man and other members of Hominid Family is made. Human Language is one of the principal characteristics of the specifically human world. Language is the peculiar possession of human beings. While Neanderthal, and Cro-Magnon Man share certain anatomical and physiological traits possessed by the zoological species identified as human beings, they were not true representatives of Homo sapiens sapiens. In the use of ‘Precision Grip’, both Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon Man fall short of the status called ‘human’. Paleolithic art, paintings, and drawings are not the same as human writing.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON MAN AND PRECISION GRIP . PALEOLITHIC ART IS NOT EQUIVALENT TO HUMAN ARTISTIC EXPRESSION . DRAWINGS AND PAINTINGS ARE NOT THE SAME AS HUMAN WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN PRECISION GRIP . HOMINIDS LIKE NEANDERTHAL HAD ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES THAT GIVE FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES CALLED 1. PRESSURE GRIP, AND 2. PRECISION GRIP . NEUROMUSCULAR COORDINATION BETWEEN BRAIN AND FINGERS CONTRIBUTES TO A CREATIVE ABILITY CALLED WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION . PALEOLITHIC ART . CAVE PAINTINGS IN N SPAIN AND SW FRANCE . c. 14,000- c. 13,500 B.C. LASCAUX CAVE PAINTINGS – THE AURIGNACIO – PERIGORDIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PALEOLITHIC ART . MURALS AT ROUFFIGNAC, NIAUX, AND CAVE PAINTINGS OF ALTAMIRA , SPAIN . c. 14,000 – c. 9500 B.C. THE SOLUTREO – MAGDALENIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : KUNDA TOOLS , MICROLITHS, c. 10,000 -c.8000 B.C. MESOLITHIC PERIOD OR MIDDLE STONE AGE . THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN . HUMANS ARE KNOWN BY THEIR CULTURE .
The reproductive history of modern man does not support Darwinism and its assumptions about breeding . To identify and to recognize man as a zoological species, the yardstick has to be defined as morphological appearances are inadequate. I coined the phrase ‘Whole Linguistics’ to use Human Language as the chief characteristic of human species. Whole Linguistics involves three entities, namely 1. A Language User, 2. A Language Interpreter and 3. A Language Creator. It introduces a concept about the Creative Beginning of Man and his Language.
HUMAN IDENTITY, INDIVIDUALITY, AND THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX:
All said and done, man has no choice about the nature of his physical existence in natural world. Each man without any choice exists as an Individual with Individuality. Man deploys protein molecules called antigens to identify ‘self’ and ‘non-self’. The antigens causing the immune response that results in rejection of a tissue allograft are known as ‘Major Histocompatibility Antigens'(HLA). In man, the Major Histocompatibility Complex(MHC) is the HLA cluster on Chromosome 6. As MHC antigens were originally described on human Leukocytes(White Blood Cells), they are still referred to as Human leukocyte Antigens(HLA). The role of MHC is not limited to transplantation rejection as the proteins encoded in this region are involved in many aspects of immunological recognition and immunity response. The HLA antigens are remarkable for the extensive degree of genetic polymorphism which makes variability between individuals very great . Even among members of human population, most unrelated persons possess different HLA . This antigenic specificity established at molecular level is the evidence for a creative process, a creative mechanism, and a creative principle which determines the Subjective and Objective Physical Reality of Man’s Status in Nature.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN . MAN DEPLOYS UNIQUE PROTEIN MOLECULES TO IDENTIFY SELF AND NON-SELF . HUMAN EXISTENCE AND HUMAN IDENTITY IS DEFINED BY MOLECULES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MAN IS ABLE TO EXIST IN NATURE FOR HE IS ABLE TO DEFEND HIS EXISTENCE BY DEPLOYING MOLECULES THAT CAN MAKE THE RECOGNITION AND DISTINCTION BETWEEN SELF AND NON-SELF.
THE PROOF OF PUDDING IS IN THE EATING :
Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle introduced notion of Form, Nature, or Essence. Plants and animals are derived from seeds that already contain within them the Form, Nature, or Essence of the species from which they were derived and into which they would subsequently develop. To exist as a thing of a given kind, there could be an innate tendency to strive to develop into a perfect example of itself to fulfill its nature and to realize its full potential. In a purposive or teological view of the natural world, each natural thing by its intrinsic nature strives to realize its own ideal Form or Essence. Darwinism proposes a view that explains development of a natural thing in a “mechanistic” and nonpurposive manner. If a new form of life is a product of unguided, random, and purposeless genetic mutations, it will be hard to explain and account for its Form, Nature, and Essence.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR MENDEL CONDUCTED EXPERIMENTS ON GARDEN PEA(PISUM SATIVUM) PLANTS TO DISCOVER THE NATURAL LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION . I DISCOVER THE ‘MAGIC OF CREATION’ BY SIMPLY TASTING A FEW SWEET PEAS .
All living things define their existence using about 20 Amino Acids. Protein Synthesis involves unique and creative ways of arranging these amino acids into chains called polypeptides. Protein Synthesis is a creative process for the product created by one species has ability to impart unique sensory experience in an unrelated species. Man can distinguish plant and animal proteins by using his organs of sense perception. The creative aspect of protein synthesis is in the taste, smell, flavor, color, texture, and palatability of plant and animal proteins. Man further improves palatability of proteins he consumes by refining his culinary skills.To refute the concept called ‘DARWINISM’, the Proof or Verification is in Eating Sweet Garden Peas and recognizing them from their color, taste, smell, flavor, texture, and palatability. Plants and animals do not use sensory functions like vision, olfaction, and taste in protein synthesis. The sensory experience of man is possible for living things exist with an innate tendency to express their Form, Nature, and Essence. I am asking my readers to contemplate upon supernatural circumstances that may define Form, Nature, and Essence of living things that are not explained by a study of their genes and genetic code.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE Vs HUMAN EVOLUTION WHOLE MENDELISM #WholeMendelism Vs DARWINISM:
The origin of Man, or the Beginning of Man as a new form of Life may have a basis that lies outside operation of natural causes. Mendelism, ‘The Theory of Heredity’ formulated by Gregor Mendel provides insights to the problem of man’s origin. on the basis of Mendelism, it can be said that man did not descend from Primates and is not truly related to other members of Hominid Family. Man’s relationship with other zoological species has to be explained on the basis of reproductive history and inheritance of biological traits. I coined the phrase “Whole Mendelism” #WholeMendelism to claim that man had arrived on planet Earth due to a special act of creation. There are no natural conditions, no natural factors, no natural mechanisms, no natural processes and no natural causes to transform any of previously existing members of Hominid Family to establish the reality of anatomically modern man. To make transition from an old species to a new species which is often called ‘EVOLUTION’ or ‘DARWINISM’, the breeding interactions of species involved must operate according to the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Gregor Johann Mendel, the Father of Genetics. In this article, I would like to describe the Laws of Inheritance and the problems that I encounter to verify Darwinism while using the Mendelian Principles of Heredity and Variation. For example, if evolutionary biologists or anthropologists claim that anatomically modern human species or its immediate ancestral species had reproduced with archaic hominids such as Neanderthals, the human genome has to include one complete ‘Haploid’ set of chromosomes normally occurring in the mature germ cell called egg or sperm which means 22 chromosomes(Autosomes), and 1 X or Y chromosome(Sex chromosome) derived exclusively from Neanderthal genome. Secondly, human population must include a few members that can be clearly identified as Neanderthal.
THE ORIGIN AND EXTINCTION OF SPECIES:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AFTER THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH FOR A VERY, VERY LONG TIME( ABOUT 3.5 BILLION YEARS) IT COMPRISED OF SIMPLER FORMS OF LIFE . SUDDENLY, ABOUT 600 MILLION YEARS AGO NUMEROUS MARINE CREATURES ARRIVED TO CAUSE AN “EXPLOSION OF LIFE.”
It will be interesting to note that a vast majority of species found on Earth have emerged suddenly and have disappeared suddenly. For example, Cambrian, first geologic Period in the Paleozoic Era witnessed sudden emergence of a great variety of marine animals especially trilobites and brachiopods about 600 million years ago. This “Explosion of Life” is aptly named ‘Cambrian Explosion’. Similarly, towards the end of Cretaceous Period, third geologic Period of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era, about 65 million years ago, a global extinction event called K-T Event was responsible for eliminating approximately 80 percent of all species of animals. Dinosaurs which reached maximum development became extinct while new forms of life appeared with new hereditary traits.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THESE DEEP SEA CREATURES OF ATLANTIC OCEAN, LAMELLIBRACHIA LUYMESI, TUBE WORMS, INVERTEBRATES BELONG TO PHYLUM ANNELIDA LIVE ON THE OCEAN FLOOR ALONG HYDROCARBON VENTS. TUBE WORMS TAKE 170 TO 250 YEARS TO GROW AND HAVE SURVIVED AS A SPECIES WITHOUT CONCERN FOR CHANGING TIMES SINCE PRECAMBRIAN ERA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR SUDDEN APPEARANCE OF A VARIETY OF MARINE LIFE FORMS IN AN EVENT CALLED ‘CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION’ ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . PANOPEA GENEROSA, GEODUCK(NATIVE AMERICAN CHINOOK NAME), BIVALVE, WORLD’S LARGEST BURROWING SALT WATER CLAMS FOUND IN THE US PUGET SOUND ARE AMONG THE OLDEST ANIMALS IN THE WORLD WITH LIFESPANS OF ABOUT 146 TO 160 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY EXTINCTION EVENT ABOUT 65 MILLION YEARS AGO WIPED OUT APPROXIMATELY 80 PERCENT OF ALL SPECIES OF ANIMALS INCLUDING A GREAT VARIETY OF DINOSAURS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT EXPLAIN EITHER THE EMERGENCE OF NEW SPECIES OR EXTINCTION OF OLD SPECIES. NATURAL FACTORS, NATURAL CONDITIONS, NATURAL MECHANISMS , AND NATURAL CAUSES CANNOT FULLY ACCOUNT FOR EXTINCTION OF THE LARGE-BODIED ICE AGE MAMMALS SUCH AS WOOLLY RHINOCEROS, WOOLY MAMMOTHS, MASTODONS, AND SABERTOOTH CARNIVORES .
In Darwinism, new species arise when, among the varieties of an existing species, certain intermediate forms become extinct, and the other circumstances are such that the surviving varieties now become more sharply separated from one another in type, and are able to reproduce their kind, and , in the course of many generations of interbreeding, also tend to breed true. This ‘Theory of Evolution’ is not consistent with Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance and Variation. The Unit Character called ‘GENE’ conserves its identity during the process of reproduction which could be either ‘Inbreeding’, or ‘Interbreeding’. A species is always known by its reproductive history for the Unit Characters or Genes get propagated to the next generation during both inbreeding and interbreeding process.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL(1822-1884), THE FATHER OF GENETICS . AT THE AUGUSTINIAN MONASTERY IN BRNO(1843-1868), HE CONDUCTED OVER 29,000 BREEDING EXPERIMENTS CHIEFLY ON GARDEN PEAS(PISUM SATIVUM).
Gregor Johann Mendel(1822-1884), Austrian monk noted for his experimental work on Heredity. At the Augustinian monastery in Brno(1843-1868) he conducted experiments chiefly on Garden Peas(Pisum sativum) using a controlled pollination technique and a careful statistical analysis of his results. He produced the first accurate and scientific explanation of ‘Hybridization’. Some evolutionary geneticists and evolutionary anthropology scholars have shared opinions claiming that the ‘hybridization’ of unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens with other species of the genus Homo such as Neanderthals, and Denisova hominids may have resulted in production of anatomically modern humans(Homo sapiens sapiens). Their views on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. The hypothesis of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans is fundamentally inconsistent with the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Mendel. If modern man is a product of Hybridization, the present, surviving human population would include a few surviving members of Neanderthals, Denisova, and other ancestral hominids who successfully reproduced with an unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens species which got transformed into ‘HAM’ humans.
THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DIPLOID SET OF HUMAN CHROMOSOMES AND HUMAN GENOTYPE . MAN REPRODUCES AND FURTHER PROPAGATES HIS CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION . HUMAN OFFSPRING WILL ALWAYS BE OF THE SAME SPECIES AS THE PARENT ORGANISM . THE TERM GENOME DESCRIBES THE SET OF GENES CHARACTERISTIC OF EACH SPECIES .
The term ‘Generation’ means to produce offspring. The term ‘Propagation’ means to transmit hereditary characteristics by reproduction. The Law of Biogenesis states the Principle that living organisms originate only from other living organisms closely similar to themselves. It is ‘The Law of Like Generating Like’. A species always breeds true to its own species. Its members always generate organisms which are classified as belonging to the same species, however much they vary among themselves as individuals within the group. The sub-groups, the races, or varieties of species are able to breed with one another, but diverse species cannot interbreed. By the Law of Natural Generation, offspring will always be of the same species as the parent organism. Hence, species is self-perpetuating and maintain stability of all other groupings like the genera, phyla, and families which remain as fixed from generation to generation. In Plant and Animal Kingdom, a species distinguishes itself by its ability to maintain its stability from generation to generation. The Mendelian System of Heredity states that an inherited characteristic is determined by the combination of two hereditary units(now called genes), one from each of the parental reproductive cells or gametes(Sperm and Egg Cell). The term genome describes the complete haploid set of chromosomes of a sexually reproducing organism normally occurring in mature germ cell called egg or sperm. This number of chromosomes is characteristic of each species. Every human being arrives on planet Earth with an original, unique, distinctive, and one of its own kind of genome that has never, ever existed in the past, and would never exist again in the future. Sexual reproduction is a creative process which involves a type of cell division called ‘MEIOSIS’ that results in production of Sperm or Egg Cell. Fertilization of egg cell by sperm always creates a new kind of genome while the number of chromosomes(Diploid set) that is the chief attribute of species is held constant.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN BIRTH REQUIRES THE UNION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS, ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES (SPERM AND EGG CELL) . MEIOSIS OR HAPLOID DIVISION IS A HIGHLY CREATIVE PROCESS AS IT GENERATES A UNIQUE , ORIGINAL, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME, A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES WHILE THE DIPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES AFTER FERTILIZATION OR CONCEPTION IS CONSTANT .
THE ORIGIN OR THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS:
To explain the Origin of Man, The Beginning of Man on the basis of Darwinism, demands presence of two, identical, rare, mutant individuals(a male, and a female) to produce offspring and to establish an entirely new, modern human population in all geographical regions of the Old World. About 10, 000 years ago, modern humans may have shared the planet with a few surviving members of Neanderthals and other hominid species. Techniques of DNA extraction and genomic sequencing have advanced and find application in the understanding of the genus Homo. The claims about Hybridization of archaic humans such as Neanderthals with Homo sapiens finds support from DNA studies of the current, members of human population as compared to DNA sequences extracted from Neanderthal fossils. But those shared genetic traits are not of major significance and do not account for the morphological appearance of either Neanderthal or modern man. At the same time, it may be noted that 30 – 35, 000 years ago, Neanderthals disappeared from the fossil record. Similarly, Hominid Denisova, discovered in Altai Mountains, Southern Siberia lived 41, 000 years ago. Homo sapiens floresiensis(Flores Man) of Indonesia suddenly disappeared 12, 000 years ago. Hominid Red Deer discovered in China lived 14.5 to 11.5 thousand years ago. To make a credible claim about interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, we need to demonstrate presence of traits characteristic of Homo sapiens in the DNA extracted from Neanderthal fossil specimens. It will be correct to claim that from Holocene Epoch or Series, approximately for the last 10, 000 years, modern humans constitute the only surviving members of the Hominid Family found on planet Earth.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY CAN EASILY ESTABLISH THE FACT THAT THIS HUMAN BABY HAS TWO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN PARENTS . EVERY BABY ARRIVES WITH ORIGINAL, UNIQUE, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME( A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES, OR 23 CHROMOSOMES FROM EACH PARENT) THAT NEVER EXISTED IN THE PAST AND WILL NEVER EXIST AGAIN IN FUTURE WHILE ALL HUMANS ARE BORN WITH A DIPLOID SET THAT HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES .
Charles Darwin uses the term species to signify “a set of individuals closely resembling each other” – a class of plants or animals having certain characteristics. The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon(1707-1788) in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle General et Particuliere, 44 Volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. Two individual animals or plants are of the same species if they can produce fertile offspring. According to Buffon, a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon opened the way to development of Paleontology to discover lost species. The status of Anatomically Modern Humans as a distinct species is verified as human populations consist of members that are genetically similar, interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals that share the same collection of inherited characteristics, whose combination is unique to our species. Diverse species cannot interbreed. Organisms different in species cannot reproduce productively and if crossbred, like the horse and the ass, they produce a sterile hybrid like the mule. Hybrid is the term for the offspring of a cross between two different subspecies or species. In Genetics, hybrid is the term for the offspring of parents differing in any genetic characteristic.Interbreeding or Hybridization means to produce offspring by crossing two individuals of unlike genetic constitution. The offspring of different races, varieties, species, etc., are called ‘hybrids’. If Neanderthal is one of the parents of Anatomically Modern Humans, identity of the second Hominid parent has to be ascertained, and the characteristics of that parent are accounted for using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. The social and cultural behavior of anatomically modern man consistently displays a tendency that prefers and encourages ‘inbreeding’. The prevailing social and cultural norms of human society in general tend to oppose sexual behavior that may be identified as ‘interbreeding’. In selection of a mate for breeding, anatomically modern man prefers an individual who closely resembles the members of his/her own stock.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : A SPECIES IS RECOGNIZED BY ITS HISTORY OF PROPAGATION . MULE, A PRODUCT OF CROSSBREEDING , OR HYBRIDIZATION CANNOT FURTHER REPRODUCE PRODUCTIVELY WITH OTHER MULES, OR WITH HORSE , OR ASS FOR IT IS BORN STERILE . HYBRIDIZATION WILL NOT HELP TO TRANSFORM A SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES IF ITS PARENTS BELONG TO DIFFERENT SPECIES .
The concept of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans cannot be verified in absence of any surviving members of Neanderthal, Denisova, or other Hominid population with whom modern man may have reproduced about 10, 000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : IT WILL BE IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS ARE NOT HEREDITARY AND THERE IS NO INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MENDEL DEMONSTRATED INHERITANCE PATTERNS THROUGH BREEDING EXPERIMENTATION. THE IMAGE SHOWS SOME OF THE HEREDITARY TRAITS OR CHARACTERS INVESTIGATED BY MENDEL WHILE EXPERIMENTING ON GARDEN PEA PLANTS WITH WHITE OR VIOLET FLOWERS.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FOR UNIT CHARACTERS NAMED R(DOMINANT), r(RECESSIVE), Y(DOMINANT), AND y(RECESSIVE), THE DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE OPERATION OF MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY STATES THAN AN INHERITED CHARACTERISTIC IS DETERMINED BY THE COMBINATION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS( NOW CALLED GENES ), ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AS PER THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY , IF MODERN HUMANS INTERBREED WITH NEANDERTHALS , IN EACH GENERATION OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED , THREE INDIVIDUALS COULD BE MODERN HUMANS ( DOMINANT TRAIT ) AND ONE INDIVIDUAL WOULD BE NEANDERTHAL ( RECESSIVE TRAIT ). SUCH INTERBREEDING WOULD IN REALITY SAVE NEANDERTHAL POPULATION FROM TOTAL EXTINCTION .
Mendel demonstrated the inheritance patterns through breeding experimentations. He discovered in 1866 hereditary factors or “genes” whose existence he deduced without seeing them. Mendel’s statistical analysis of his data provided the mathematical basis for modern Genetics. There are four principles of hereditary phenomenon discovered and formulated by Mendel :
1. The Law of Independent Unit Characters which states that characters such as height, color, etc., are inherited separately as Units,
2. The Law of Segregation which states that body cells and primordial germ cells contain pairs of such Unit Characters and that when gametes(Sperm or Egg Cell) are produced, each gamete receives only one member of each such pair,
3. The Law of Dominance which states that in every individual there is a pair of determining factors for each Unit Character, one from each parent, if these factors are different(heterozygous), one Character( the Dominant) appears in the organism, the other( Recessive) being latent; the Recessive Character can appear in the organism only when the Dominant is absent; hence in all crossbred generations, Unit Characters are shown in varying combinations, each appearing in a definite proportion of the total number of offspring, and
4. The Law of Independent Assortment which states that any one pair of Characters is inherited independently, not withstanding the simultaneous transmission of other traits. This Law is modified by the discovery of Linkage and Pleiotropy. Linkage describes the tendency of some genes to remain together and act as a Unit or Linkage Group. In Inheritance, the Linkage Group of genes are generally found in the same chromosome. Pleiotropy is the condition in which a single gene exerts simultaneous effects on more than one character in the offspring.
ABOUT GENETICS AND THE CONSTANCY OF GENETIC CODE :
Genetics is an important aspect of many areas of Biology. Genetics helps in the study and identification of specific types of organisms; research in Molecular Genetics involves studies on chemical structure and functions of genes at molecular level; Cyto Genetics studies location of genetic material in cells and the role of genes in cell division; Developmental Genetics studies the genetic function in embryological phenomena; Behavior Genetics studies the role of gene in regulating behavior; Population Genetics studies genetics in relation to the “evolutionary” process. Medical Genetics involves application of genetic principles to the practice of Medicine such as the study of inheritance of diseases in families. Genetic factors cause many health disorders affecting man. Some human diseases are entirely genetic in origin and environmental factors play little if any part. This group of genetic disorders includes chromosomal abnormalities, and so-called “Unifactorial Disorders” which are due to single gene defects or Mendelian factors. There are over 3 thousand of such unifactorial disorders. The mode of inheritance of such disorders is straight forward and follows Mendelian Principles. Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance have their practical applications in Medical Genetics. However, the use of Mendel’s Principles in Population Genetics to verify The Theory of Evolution is highly controversial because of the speculative postulates about transformation of old species into a new species . Several single-celled Blue-Green algae, plankton, microbes, viruses, protozoans, insects, crocodiles, turtles, sharks and other organisms are known to be existing upon Earth from billions to several millions of years. The unchanging genetic code in all past and present members of these long-lived species permit the genes to have the same effects on their carriers from generation to generation. Because of constancy of the genetic code, we can identify existence of individual species which maintain their species-specific traits as per Mendelian Principles. There are numerous kinds of longest living species on Earth and their identification is possible because of their genetic codes have essentially remained unchanged.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE . BLUE-GREEN ALGAE, CYANOBACTERIA MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS SINCE PRECAMBRIAN TIME, 3,800 TO 700 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPONGES ARE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF THE PHYLUM PORIFERA . SPONGES ARE AMONG THE LONGEST LIVING ANIMAL SPECIES OF EARTH . THEY APPEARED IN CAMBRIAN PERIOD ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . ANTARCTIC SPONGE CAN LIVE FOR CENTURIES . OLDEST KNOWN SPONGE ESTIMATED AGE 1, 550 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE PERMIT THE GENES TO HAVE THE SAME EFFECTS ON THEIR CARRIERS FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION . AMERICAN COCKROACH IS EXISTING ON EARTH BASICALLY UNCHANGED FOR 300 MILLION YEARS . MOST ABUNDANT DURING THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD DURING WHICH A VARIETY OF INSECTS APPEARED .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARCTICA ISLANDICA . OCEAN QUAHOG OR CLAM . MOLLUSKS ARE ORGANISMS WITH SHELLS DATE BACK TO THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD, 500 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE GIVES THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE EXISTENCE OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES WHICH MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS . OVER 350 MILLION YEARS, SINCE THE END OF DEVONIAN PERIOD SHARKS HAVE MAINTAINED THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPHENODON TUATARA . THIS LIZARDLIKE REPTILE OF NEW ZEALAND IS KNOWN AS A LIVING FOSSIL . THIS SPECIES IS IN EXISTENCE FOR ABOUT 200-225 MILLION YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : BASED UPON THEIR UNIQUE GENETIC CODES, ORGANISMS ARE KNOWN TO BE EXISTING UPON EARTH FOR SEVERAL MILLIONS OF YEARS . CROCODILES LIVED ALONG WITH DINOSAURS . ORIGINATED DURING THE LATE TRIASSIC PERIOD 200 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN OF THE GENETIC CODE IS UNKNOWN . THE VAST MAJORITY OF ORGANISMS BREED WITH OTHER MEMBERS OF THEIR OWN SPECIES PROPAGATING THEIR OWN UNIQUE GENETIC CODES . WE KNOW ABOUT LONG-LIVED ORGANISMS LIKE SEA TURTLES BECAUSE OF THE CONSTANCY OF THEIR GENETIC CODES . TURTLES ARE IN EXISTENCE FROM THE TRIASSIC PERIOD, 200 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ALASKA BOWHEAD WHALE . WHALES ORIGINATED IN THE EARLY TERTIARY OR UPPER CRETACEOUS ABOUT 70 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MONOTREMES . DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS ORNITHO RHYNCHUS ANATINUS IS A SPECIES SURVIVING SINCE AUSTRALIAN PLEISTOCENE ABOUT 2 MILLION YEARS AGO.
While describing Genetics as the area of Biology concerned with the study of inheritance, the process by which certain characteristics or traits of organisms are handed down from parent to offspring, I would like to suggest that a creative mechanism, a creative process or a creative operation could be at work when Genetics accounts for variations in similar or related animals and plants. I would like to emphasize the fact of all organisms existing as Individuals with Individuality. In Nature, living things have no choice other than that of existence as Individuals with Individuality. Even a mob of genetically identical(“CLONES”) colony of bacteria of E. coli are experimentally proved to behave as Individuals with Individuality.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DOUBLE – HELIX DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID OR DNA IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, THE STRUCTURES FOUND INSIDE THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS. THE DNA MOLECULE ALWAYS EXHIBITS INDIVIDUALISTIC VARIATION IN ITS BEHAVIOR .
In higher organisms with cells that contain a Nucleus, the genetic material called DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is carried by structures known as Chromosomes in the Nucleus, and the cytoplasmic structures known as Mitochondria. The genetic material called RNA(ribonucleic acid) is found in the Nucleolus(present inside the Nucleus) and structures called Ribosomes found in the Cytoplasm.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CELL IS THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF LIVING THINGS . THE UNITS OF INHERITANCE ARE KNOWN AS GENES. THE GENES ARE FOUND INSIDE CHROMOSOMES THAT ARE PRESENT IN THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS . DNA, IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, MITOCHONDRIA, AND RNA IS FOUND IN THE NUCLEOLUS AND RIBOSOMES .
The Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis present in the Cytoplasm. DNA interacts with ‘transfer RNA'(t-RNA), ‘Messenger RNA'(m-RNA), and Ribosomal RNA in the process of protein synthesis. The Chromosome is divided into Units called Genes. Each Gene is responsible for a particular trait and hence Gene is the Unit of inheritance. The term ‘allele’ describes either of a pair of genes at the same position on both members of a pair of chromosomes and conveying traits that are inherited by Mendelian Laws.There could be small chemical differences in genes that are expressed as different versions of the same trait (‘alleles’). Each gene is responsible for the manufacture of a particular protein which is involved in development of a trait associated with it. Each chromosome of each species of higher organisms has a definite number and arrangement of genes which govern the structure and functions of the cells. It is important to note that, while genes are located inside the Nucleus of the cell, the actual protein synthesis occurs in structures called Ribosomes present in the Cytoplasm outside the Nucleus. While we appreciate the role of genes as Units of Inheritance, we should give equal importance to the Living Substance, the Living Material, or the Living Matter called Cytoplasm that is found inside the living cells, outside the Nucleus of the cell. There are basically three classes of Genes: 1. Structural genes which determine the sequences of amino acids that go to makeup proteins or the smaller chain of molecules known as polypeptides, 2. Coding genes which specify molecules that function in the processes involved in protein synthesis, and 3. Regulatory genes which are called Noncoding genes for they act solely as “Recognition” sites for enzymes and other proteins involved in controlling protein synthesis.
THE GENETIC CODE AND THE ROLE OF MUTATIONS:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GENETIC CODE DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMPOSITION OF DNA AND THAT OF PROTEINS PRODUCED BY GENES .
The Genetic Code describes the relationship between composition of DNA and that of proteins produced by genes. Genetic Code is the chemical equation by which hereditary information is translated from genes into proteins. Changes in the genetic code are called Mutations. Mutations can cause a change in protein synthesis. In higher organisms, when mutation involves the germ-line cells that eventually develop into sperm or egg cells, the mutation and its consequence of altered protein synthesis is inherited by offspring. A mutation can be minor and relatively insignificant, or it can cause serious deformity or metabolic deficiency in the organism. Most mutations tend to be harmful. Fortunately, a typical gene in higher organisms is segmented and the entire genetic information of a gene is not contained in a single, unbroken strand of DNA molecule. The value of having the genetic code in segments is to reduce the chances of mutations causing harmful changes in protein synthesis. Certain self-repair mechanisms also exist to deal with the damage done to DNA. Very often, the damaged DNA is repaired or the cell carrying the damaged DNA is killed and destroyed. For this reason, it is important to recognize the simple fact of DNA damage associated with mutations irrespective of its cause. The Theory of Evolution proposes that random, unguided, and apparently purposeless mutations lead to gradual changes in a species and eventually lead to its descent as a new species. As per the Theory of Evolution, mutations may bring about three kinds of changes; 1. Changes in the morphological appearance of an organism, 2. Changes in the skeletal and other anatomical structures of an organism, and 3. Changes in the behavior displayed by an organism.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MUSCLE TWITCH IN FROG MUSCLE EXPERIMENT . MUTATIONS CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR GUIDED, SEQUENTIAL, AND PURPOSEFUL NATURE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS WHICH HAVE SEVERAL CREATIVE APPLICATIONS IN THE NATURAL WORLD .
In higher organisms, the cells are differentiated to perform special functions. For example, muscle cells have ability of contraction. This physiological function of contraction is easily demonstrated by applying an electrical stimulus to muscle as done in Muscle Twitch in Frog Experiment. Animals have different abilities of locomotion; some crawl or creep, or slide on a surface, some swim, or move in water, some fly or glide in air, and others walk, run, climb, and swing in a variety of amazing manners. Whatever may be the mode of locomotion, all animal muscle cells display the same physiological function of contraction. While the physiology remains the same, the muscles of each animal species display individualistic functional characteristics. For mutations are random, unguided, and purposeless, they cannot account for guided, sequential and purposeful nature of muscle contractions which have several creative applications in the natural world.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE AND OTHER APES HAVE 48 CHROMOSOMES WHEREAS MAN HAS ONLY 46 CHROMOSOMES . CHROMOSOMES 2 a AND 2 b FOUND IN APES ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION THAT CAN FUSE CHROMOSOME 2 a AND 2 b TO ASSEMBLE CHROMOSOME # 2 FOUND IN MAN .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : WHAT IS GENETIC DRIFT ???? CAN IT ACCOUNT FOR THE ARRIVAL OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS ??? CAN WE EXPLAIN MAN AS A PRODUCT OF HYBRIDIZATION AND THE PHENOMENON CALLED GENETIC DRIFT ????
In ‘Evolution’ the term ‘Genetic Drift is used to describe a random change in gene frequency within a small population, resulting in mutations which regardless of their adaptive value, become fixed within the group. Variations in diet, variations in physical activity, variations in reproductive behavior, and variations in external environmental conditions may contribute to minor variations in ‘allele’ frequencies without transforming an old species into a new species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND THE MISSING LINK :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : TAXONOMY IS A BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT FORMULATES THE BASIS FOR SYSTEMATIC CATEGORIZATION OF ORGANISMS INTO CATEGORIES SUCH AS PHYLUM(OR DIVISION), CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, SUB-FAMILY, GENUS, AND SPECIES . WITHIN THE GENUS HOMO SAPIENS, ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN IS UNIQUE, AND DISTINCT FOR HUMAN NATURE STANDS BY ITSELF .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . CHIMPANZEES ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MOUNTAIN GORILLA IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . GORILLAS ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NO EXTINCT OR LIVING SPECIES IS ABLE TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN MODERN MAN(HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS) AND HIS NEAREST ALLIES AMONG HOMINID FAMILY . WHO IS THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMALS LIKE CHIMPANZEE AND GORILLA ????
The above image reveals a fundamental problem faced by Darwinism when it attempts to account for Human Evolution. No extinct or living species is able to bridge the gap between modern man(Homo sapiens sapiens) and his nearest allies among Hominid Family and other Primates such as Chimpanzee and Gorilla.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SOME EVOLUTIONARY GENTICISTS CLAIM THAT MODERN HUMANS HAVE DESCENDED BY INTERBREEDING AND REPRODUCING WITH OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS HOMO . INTERBREEDING OR INBREEDING CANNOT TRANSFORM AN OLD SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM, NO NATURAL PROCESS, NO NATURAL CONDITION, OR NATURAL CAUSE THAT CAN TRANSFORM NEANDERTHAL SPECIES INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS. ANATOMICAL TRAITS PECULIAR TO NEANDERTHALS WILL NOT BE WIPED OUT BY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DENISOVA HOMINIDS DISCOVERED IN DENISOVA CAVE , ALTAI MOUNTAINS , SOUTHERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA . DENISOVA MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHALS AS COMPARED TO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . THEY LIVED 41, 000 YEARS AGO . CAN ONLY BREED TRUE TO THEIR OWN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARTISTIC RENDITION OF DENISOVA CHILD . DNA EXTRACTED FROM A FRAGMENT OF PHALANX OF HAND AND A MOLAR (TOOTH). THIS DENISOVA GIRL IN APPEARANCE IS MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHAL THAN TO MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHALS LIVED FOR ABOUT 300, 000 YEARS . NEANDERTHAL BELONGS TO MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . NEANDERTHAL HAD A PRECISION GRIP SIMILAR TO THAT OF MODERN HUMANS BUT DID NOT DISPLAY WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHAL HAD POWER GRIP AND PRECISION GRIP LIKE ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . BUT HIS ANATOMICAL TRAITS WERE NOT ENOUGH FOR HIM TO ADVANCE INTO MESOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . THIS SPECIES LIVED FOR A LONG TIME WITHOUT THE POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS NICKNAMED “TOUMAI.”
NATURAL HISTORY OF HOMINID FAMILY :
Senckenberg Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Germany prepared replicas of Hominid species using the fossils discovered at different geographical locations. Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived 6.8 million years ago. It is one of the oldest Hominid specimens, found in 2003 in Djurab desert in Chad, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS, AFRICAN HOMINID LIVED 3.2 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus afarensis discovered in Afar region of Ethiopia, Africa in 1975. This Hominid lived 3.2 million years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMINID AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus africanus ,this Hominid replica nicknamed “Mrs Ples” lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered in 1947, at Sterfontein, South Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS AETHIOPICUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus aethiopicus lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered near Lake Turkana in Kenya, Africa, in 1985.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS BOISEI LIVED 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus boisei, nicknamed “Zinz” lived 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1959 in the Olduvai Gorge of Tanzania, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO RUDOLFENSIS LIVED ABOUT 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo Rudolfensis lived about 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1972 in Koobi Fora, Kenya, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER . LIVED ABOUT 1.5 MILLION YEARS AGO. NICKNAMED “TURKANA BOY.”
“TURKANA BOY” Homo ergaster lived about 1.5 million years ago. Initially thought to be an important “missing link” in Human Evolution.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER IS RELATED TO HOMO ERECTUS SPECIES THAT LIVED IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA FROM ABOUT 1.89 MILLION YEARS AGO .
In Africa, Homo ergaster and Homo erectus are viewed as relatives and thought to be the ancestral forms of later Hominids such as Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. But, African Homo erectus is not related to Asian species of Homo erectus like Java Man, and Peking Man.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS(AFRICA), ERECT MAN, VERTICAL GAIT, LIVED ABOUT 1.8 TO 0.3 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo erectus of Africa had prominent brow ridges, projecting face, and a brain volume of about a litre as compared to modern man’s average brain volume of about 1,360 cubic centimetres. Some evolutionary biologists suggested that Homo erectus migrated to Asia, and Southern Europe.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS ALSO NAMED HOMO RHODESIENSIS LIVED ABOUT 500, 000 TO 350, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo heidelbergensis or Homo rhodesiensis. This replica is made from the fossils found in Sima de los Huesos, Spain in 1993. He lived about 500,000 to 350,000 years ago. Fossils also found in other places like Italy, France, and Greece. Homo sapiens may have appeared 300,000 years ago. Heidelbergensis could be the ancestor of Neanderthals which is often described as a subspecies of Sapiens species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS, HOMINID THAT LIVED 1.5 MILLION TO 300, 000 YEARS AGO.
Homo erectus lived 1, 500, 000 to 300, 000 years ago. Homo erectus discovered in Republic of Georgia, China, and Indonesia lived until about 70,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION PILTDOWN MAN OF SUSSEX, ENGLAND. HOMINID SPECIES OF THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OR OLD STONE AGE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS , HOMO ERECTUS . THE REPLICA OF “JAVA MAN.”
Pithecanthropus, “JAVA MAN” discovered in 1891 could be the first to use fire. He used stone tools and belongs to the Lower Pleistocene Period.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : RHODESIAN MAN HAD A BRAIN LARGER THAN THAT OF MODERN HUMANS.
It could be of interest to note that Rhodesian Man( Heidelberg Man – Germany) had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, a chinless jaw, a brain larger than that of modern man. The height was about five feet(152 cm) or slightly over.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERECTUS PEKINENSIS . SINANTHROPUS OR PEKING MAN .
Sinanthropus, Homo erectus pekinensis, or PEKING MAN belonged to the Middle Pleistocene.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS . THIS REPLICA IS NICKNAMED “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE .” HE LIVED 56, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived 56,000 years ago. The above is the replica nicknamed “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE” found near La Chapelle aux-Saints in France in 1908.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS . NICKNAMED “HOBBIT. ” LIVED ABOUT 18, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens floresiensis, the FLORES MAN discovered in Liang Bua Cave, Flores, Indonesia in 2003. Lived about 18,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS – FLORES MAN OF INDONESIA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FLORES MAN . HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS. IT COULD BE OF INTEREST TO NOTE THAT FLORES MAN WAS ONLY ABOUT 3 FEET IN HEIGHT. Initially thought to be a subspecies of Sapiens and now considered as a separate species. This Hominid species disappeared without any trace for unknown reasons.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS. LIVED BETWEEN 100, 000 TO 90, 000 YEARS AGO BUT NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
The above is a replica of Homo sapiens found in a cave in Israel in 1969. He lived between 100,000 to 90, 000 years ago. It is important to note that it is not representative of true, modern humans called Homo sapiens sapiens.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU . IDALTU MAN LIVED ABOUT 160, 000 YEARS AGO . NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU OR “HERTO MAN ” DISCOVERED IN 1997 AT HERTO, ETHIOPIA , AFRICA .
Homo sapiens idaltu lived about 160, 000 years ago in Pleistocene Period(Middle Paleolithic), in Ethiopia, Africa, may mark the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens, making distinction between Homo erectus species and Homo sapiens species. They were at the threshold of modern anatomy but not fully modern humans.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS RED DEER , SOUTHERN CHINA LIVED 11, 500 TO 14, 500 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens Red Deer represents “Red Deer Cave” people who lived 11, 500 to 14, 500 years ago in Maludong, Yunnan Province, Southern China. Red Deer Man had high domed braincase, small eyebrow ridges, lower jaw ended in a prominent chin, with a body less muscular than those of earlier Hominids.
THE ORIGIN OF MAN – MONOGENISM VS POLYGENISM :
The term “RACE” is used to describe any of the different varieties or populations of human beings distinguished by physical traits such as hair, eyes, skin color, shape of body, head, facial features, and blood groups. These characteristics are transmitted by heredity but they are highly variable; not every member of a race will exhibit all distinguishing traits. It is apparent to claim that races arose in response to inbreeding. Across majority of human cultures prevalent in Old World, inbreeding is the established cultural norm. In his ‘Systema Naturae'(1735) Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist, gave a very precise description of man placing him among the Mammals in the order of Primates along the apes and the bat. Linnaeus presented a summary of the diverse varieties of human species. He described varieties such as The Asian, The African, and The European. Linnaeus created a system of classification that depended only on external characteristics to place objects into a rational set of categories.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN VARIETIES OR RACES AROSE IN RESPONSE TO INBREEDING . CAROLUS LINNAEUS DESCRIBED HUMAN VARIETIES SUCH AS THE ASIAN, THE AFRICAN, AND THE EUROPEAN .
The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc comte de Buffon in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle general et particuliere, 44 volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. He held the view that a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon claimed that it is absurd to use the same principles for classifying living and nonliving things. Most important, apes and other animals lack the ability to speak. Buffon saw the rise of human intelligence as a product of development of an articulated language. For animals may lack the ability to attach meaning to their articulated sounds, human language can be used as a basis to define human species and its varieties. Monogenism is the theory that all human beings are descended from a single pair of ancestors. Polygenism is the theory that each race of people has descended from distinct, ultimate ancestors and hence asserts that races are created separately. If anatomically modern humans are products of interbreeding between different Hominid Family members, it would be difficult to suggest that hybridized humans stopped interbreeding and preferred inbreeding to establish the races or varieties that can be observed today. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach(1752-1840), Father of Physical Anthropology known for his work ‘De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa(1775-76), did his research in measurement of craniums. He divided mankind into five great families – Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, and Ethiopian. Physical anthropologists initially described three primary divisions of people, 1. Caucasoid, 2. Mongoloid, and 3. Negroid. Thomas Huxley in his paper titled “On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind” (1870) described racial varieties such as 1. Bushmen, 2. Africoid, 3. Negritoes, 4. Melanochroi, 5. Australoids, 6. Xanthochroi, 7. Polynesians, 8. Mongoloids A, B, & C, and 9. Esquimaux. Today, some anthropologists entirely reject the concept of “RACE.” The apparent variations among members of human population have to be explained using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance which alone can account for breeding behavioral patterns.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN AND THE EXTINCTION OF DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF HOMINID SPECIES CANNOT BE ACCOUNTED ON THE BASIS OF NATURAL CAUSES, NATURAL MECHANISMS , OR NATURAL CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE LIFE AND DEATH OF LIVING ORGANISMS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE : JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH(1752-1840), FATHER OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY DIVIDED MANKIND INTO FIVE GREAT FAMILIES – CAUCASIAN, MONGOLIAN, MALAYAN, AND ETHIOPIAN .
CHARLES DARWIN – DARWINISM – THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859):
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1892) . HIS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDE THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859), AND THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871).
Charles Darwin claimed that new species originate in the course of time. In his view, one species is transformed into another as a product of ‘Natural Selection’ of randomly produced genetic mutations. He formulated an opinion about the factors or circumstances under which some forms of life cease to have the status of species or become extinct. Darwin states, “The Origin of Species, like their extinction, is entirely a natural process which requires no factors other than those at work everyday in the life, death, and breeding of plants and animals.” To make transition from an old species to a new species, certain intermediate forms become extinct combined with the survival of one or more of the extreme varieties. Darwin further attests, “If my theory be true, numberless intermediate varieties, linking closely together all the species of the same group, must assuredly have existed, but the very process of natural selection constantly tends as has been so often remarked to exterminate the parent forms and the intermediate links.” As per Darwin’s analysis, anatomically modern human species may have to be viewed as a variety of one of the Hominid species that simply survived while this ancestral species and all other Hominid species perished towards the end of Pleistocene(Ice Age).
Darwin’s theory of ‘The Origin of Species’ depends on causes that can be divided into two sets of factors:
1. Mechanism of Survival that includes causes or factors which determine the extinction or survival of organisms, and with their survival, their opportunities for mating and reproduction, and
2. Mechanism of Heredity that includes causes or factors which determine transmission of characteristics from one generation to another and variation of offspring from their ancestors and from each other.
In Darwin’s estimate, the factors of ‘Natural Selection’ operate on genetic variations that cause a range of differences within a group. At the same time it may be noted that the variations generated in the breeding process are never enough to change the basic criteria applied in identification of any given species. For perpetuation of group characteristics in organisms which manage to survive and reproduce, inheritance of ancestral traits is of utmost importance. Darwin’s view on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. If anatomically modern human species appeared suddenly due to abrupt mutations in a single generation of as yet unknown Hominid species, it will not validate Darwin’s view that new forms of life arise gradually as the result of a continuous accumulation of slight and imperceptible variations. According to Darwin, environment acts as a selective agency and it acts upon variations produced entirely by causes operating in the breeding process. During the period of the Great Ice Age, Pleistocene Series or Epoch, 1.8 million to 10, 000 years ago, 28 percent of Earth’s land area was covered by ice. Continental glaciers covered much of N. North America and NW Europe. Holocene Epoch or Series that began 10, 000 years ago witnessed a dramatic change in land area that is covered by ice. Now, about 10 percent of land area is covered by ice and continental glaciers are restricted to Antarctica and Greenland. In other words, areas of Earth’s surface have become more hospitable for all kinds of Hominid population. There was no geographical catastrophe and there was no environmental change of cataclysmic proportion with serious consequences for the survival of any variety of Hominid species. To adapt to changed environment was easy, food supply became abundant and there is nothing to suggest that Hominid Family members were preying upon one another in a bitter struggle of existence.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY WILL DEMOLISH DARWINISM :
According to Geologic Time Chart which records the physical nature and history of planet Earth, we are living in the Cenozoic Era the beginning of which was marked by the K-T extinction. Most of the major and minor extinction events were the result of causes that are not natural to Earth or terrestrial factors. The exposure of living things to consequences such as collisions with asteroids, comets, or exposure to ionizing radiation do not belong to a category of circumstances that can be called ‘natural’. I would prefer to use the term ‘supernatural’ to describe extinction events initiated by extraterrestrial factors. The origin, the beginning, appearance of anatomically modern man during Holocene Epoch or Series has no natural cause. No natural condition, no natural factor, no natural mechanism, no natural process and no natural event can alter the shape and size of man’s cranium. Inbreeding, or interbreeding do not change genes, the Units of Inheritance. The sudden, and abrupt change in man’s form and morphological appearance is not due to imperceptible changes and genetic variations that accumulated over a prolonged period of time. If skeletal structures undergo a change due to mutations caused by external factors like climate, physical activity, diet, and opportunities for breeding or reproductive behavior, the skeletal structures of all members of the diverse Hominid Family living at that time have to register a change that affects the germ cells and gets propagated to their offspring as stated by Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. If a natural condition, a natural factor, or a natural cause can account for a mutation in anatomically modern human, I would like to examine the evidence for its operation in other members of Hominid Family such as Neanderthal who lived at the same time.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : LIVING FORMS EMERGED AND DIVERSIFIED IN SUDDEN SPURTS AND WERE ELIMINATED ABRUPTLY IN MAJOR AND MINOR EXTINCTION EVENTS DURING GEOLOGIC PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL PROCESS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING THAT CAN TRANSFORM ANATOMICAL TRAITS OF NEANDERTHAL INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON SKULL . CRO-MAGNON MAN IS NOT CONSIDERED AS A SEPARATE SPECIES OR SUBSPECIES . LIVED 40, 000 TO 35, 000 YEARS AGO .
Cro-Magnon Man lived 40, 000 to 35, 000 years ago. He was discovered in southwestern France in 1868. His height was about 6 feet(180 Cms), had high forehead, short and wide face, developed prominent chin, and large brain. His brain capacity of 1600 cubic centimetres is larger than the average 1,360 cubic centimetres for anatomically modern human species. He belonged to upper paleolithic culture of Old Stone Age whereas anatomically modern human species had established its presence in the Mesolithic Period or Middle Stone Age at the end of the last glacial era about 10, 000 years ago. Anatomically modern human species developed a culture that included gradual domestication of plants and animals, formation of settled communities, use of the bow, development of delicate stone ‘Microliths’, and pottery.
THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN LANGUAGE:
In my view, Human Speech(spoken and written) is the criteria by which the difference between anatomically modern man and other members of Hominid Family is made. Human Language is one of the principal characteristics of the specifically human world. Language is the peculiar possession of human beings. While Neanderthal, and Cro-Magnon Man share certain anatomical and physiological traits possessed by the zoological species identified as human beings, they were not true representatives of Homo sapiens sapiens. In the use of ‘Precision Grip’, both Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon Man fall short of the status called ‘human’. Paleolithic art, paintings, and drawings are not the same as human writing.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON MAN AND PRECISION GRIP . PALEOLITHIC ART IS NOT EQUIVALENT TO HUMAN ARTISTIC EXPRESSION . DRAWINGS AND PAINTINGS ARE NOT THE SAME AS HUMAN WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN PRECISION GRIP . HOMINIDS LIKE NEANDERTHAL HAD ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES THAT GIVE FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES CALLED 1. PRESSURE GRIP, AND 2. PRECISION GRIP . NEUROMUSCULAR COORDINATION BETWEEN BRAIN AND FINGERS CONTRIBUTES TO A CREATIVE ABILITY CALLED WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION . PALEOLITHIC ART . CAVE PAINTINGS IN N SPAIN AND SW FRANCE . c. 14,000- c. 13,500 B.C. LASCAUX CAVE PAINTINGS – THE AURIGNACIO – PERIGORDIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PALEOLITHIC ART . MURALS AT ROUFFIGNAC, NIAUX, AND CAVE PAINTINGS OF ALTAMIRA , SPAIN . c. 14,000 – c. 9500 B.C. THE SOLUTREO – MAGDALENIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : KUNDA TOOLS , MICROLITHS, c. 10,000 -c.8000 B.C. MESOLITHIC PERIOD OR MIDDLE STONE AGE . THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN . HUMANS ARE KNOWN BY THEIR CULTURE .
The reproductive history of modern man does not support Darwinism and its assumptions about breeding . To identify and to recognize man as a zoological species, the yardstick has to be defined as morphological appearances are inadequate. I coined the phrase ‘Whole Linguistics’ to use Human Language as the chief characteristic of human species. Whole Linguistics involves three entities, namely 1. A Language User, 2. A Language Interpreter and 3. A Language Creator. It introduces a concept about the Creative Beginning of Man and his Language.
HUMAN IDENTITY, INDIVIDUALITY, AND THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX:
All said and done, man has no choice about the nature of his physical existence in natural world. Each man without any choice exists as an Individual with Individuality. Man deploys protein molecules called antigens to identify ‘self’ and ‘non-self’. The antigens causing the immune response that results in rejection of a tissue allograft are known as ‘Major Histocompatibility Antigens'(HLA). In man, the Major Histocompatibility Complex(MHC) is the HLA cluster on Chromosome 6. As MHC antigens were originally described on human Leukocytes(White Blood Cells), they are still referred to as Human leukocyte Antigens(HLA). The role of MHC is not limited to transplantation rejection as the proteins encoded in this region are involved in many aspects of immunological recognition and immunity response. The HLA antigens are remarkable for the extensive degree of genetic polymorphism which makes variability between individuals very great . Even among members of human population, most unrelated persons possess different HLA . This antigenic specificity established at molecular level is the evidence for a creative process, a creative mechanism, and a creative principle which determines the Subjective and Objective Physical Reality of Man’s Status in Nature.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN . MAN DEPLOYS UNIQUE PROTEIN MOLECULES TO IDENTIFY SELF AND NON-SELF . HUMAN EXISTENCE AND HUMAN IDENTITY IS DEFINED BY MOLECULES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MAN IS ABLE TO EXIST IN NATURE FOR HE IS ABLE TO DEFEND HIS EXISTENCE BY DEPLOYING MOLECULES THAT CAN MAKE THE RECOGNITION AND DISTINCTION BETWEEN SELF AND NON-SELF.
THE PROOF OF PUDDING IS IN THE EATING :
Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle introduced notion of Form, Nature, or Essence. Plants and animals are derived from seeds that already contain within them the Form, Nature, or Essence of the species from which they were derived and into which they would subsequently develop. To exist as a thing of a given kind, there could be an innate tendency to strive to develop into a perfect example of itself to fulfill its nature and to realize its full potential. In a purposive or teological view of the natural world, each natural thing by its intrinsic nature strives to realize its own ideal Form or Essence. Darwinism proposes a view that explains development of a natural thing in a “mechanistic” and nonpurposive manner. If a new form of life is a product of unguided, random, and purposeless genetic mutations, it will be hard to explain and account for its Form, Nature, and Essence.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR MENDEL CONDUCTED EXPERIMENTS ON GARDEN PEA(PISUM SATIVUM) PLANTS TO DISCOVER THE NATURAL LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION . I DISCOVER THE ‘MAGIC OF CREATION’ BY SIMPLY TASTING A FEW SWEET PEAS .
All living things define their existence using about 20 Amino Acids. Protein Synthesis involves unique and creative ways of arranging these amino acids into chains called polypeptides. Protein Synthesis is a creative process for the product created by one species has ability to impart unique sensory experience in an unrelated species. Man can distinguish plant and animal proteins by using his organs of sense perception. The creative aspect of protein synthesis is in the taste, smell, flavor, color, texture, and palatability of plant and animal proteins. Man further improves palatability of proteins he consumes by refining his culinary skills.To refute the concept called ‘DARWINISM’, the Proof or Verification is in Eating Sweet Garden Peas and recognizing them from their color, taste, smell, flavor, texture, and palatability. Plants and animals do not use sensory functions like vision, olfaction, and taste in protein synthesis. The sensory experience of man is possible for living things exist with an innate tendency to express their Form, Nature, and Essence. I am asking my readers to contemplate upon supernatural circumstances that may define Form, Nature, and Essence of living things that are not explained by a study of their genes and genetic code.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: “IN THE DESCENT OF MAN”(1871), CHARLES DARWIN SHARED A VIEW OF MAN’S ORIGIN BY A PROCESS OF NATURAL VARIATION FROM AN ANCESTRAL TYPE. WE HAVE YET TO DISCOVER A COMMON ANCESTOR FOR BOTH THE ANTHROPOID APES SUCH AS THE GORILLA AND THE MAN.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGISTS CLAIM THAT MAN HAS ARRIVED OR DESCENDED FROM AN ANCESTOR WITH 48 CHROMOSOMES AND CLAIM THAT ANCESTOR IS VERY LIKELY TO HAVE A GENOME SIMILAR TO THAT OF APES SUCH AS CHIMPANZEE AND BONOBO.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution involves the notion of a common ancestor for both man and the anthropoid apes. Both Gorilla and Chimpanzee are natives of Africa and they exist with 48 chromosomes as compared to man’s genome that consists of 46 chromosomes. Human Chromosome #2 attracted a lot of attention for the nearest ape relative bonobo has near identical DNA sequences . But, the problem is that of the separation of these DNA sequences into two chromosomes called #2 a, and #2 b giving the apes a genome with 48 chromosomes.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: Chromosome #2 IS THE SECOND LARGEST HUMAN CHROMOSOME. IT CONTAINS 1,491 GENES AND MILLIONS OF BASE PAIRS.
It would be very easy to speculate that the Human Chromosome #2 can result from an end to end fusion of two ancestral chromosomes such as the Chromosome #2 a, and Chromosome #2 b.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: IT IS NOT LIKELY TO PRODUCE HUMAN CHROMOSOME #2 FROM FUSION OF CHROMOSOMES #2 a and #2 b. APES DO NOT HAVE A FUSED CHROMOSOME.
Man and apes exist with genomes that are almost identical and yet man cannot directly descend from the anthropoid apes. The fusion of Chromosomes #2 a, and #2 b would cause the production of a non-viable mutant or an individual who may not produce any offspring. Firstly, we need a male and a female with this fused chromosome in their gametes; the sperm and the egg to produce an offspring with a unique set of 46 chromosomes; 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of (XY or XX) of Sex Chromosomes X,Y. It requires two identical, rare, mutant, male and female to produce offspring and to establish an entirely new population. The Theory of Evolution proposes that random, unguided, mutations lead to changes in a Species and eventually lead to its descent as a new Species. If fusion of two, distinct, separate chromosomes such as #2 a, and #2 b is required, the fusion event must happen in a Hominid population about 10,000 years ago and this population would have no relationship with the living apes.
THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN RACES:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN EVOLUTION HAS TO DEAL WITH TWO BASIC ISSUES; 1. THE DISCOVERY OF HUMAN ANCESTORS, AND 2. THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN RACES.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: AMONG ANTHROPOLOGISTS THERE ARE TWO VIEWS ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF HUMAN RACES; 1.MONOGENY, AND 2. POLYGENY.
The term “RACE” describes any of the different varieties or populations of human beings distinguished by physical traits such as hair, eyes, skin color, shape of body and head, facial features, and blood traits. These physical traits or characteristics are transmitted by heredity. However, it must be noted that such traits are highly variable, not every member of a race will exhibit all distinguishing traits. But, it is very clear that Human Races or varieties arose in response to inbreeding and not on account of interbreeding of different subspecies.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: ANTHROPOLOGISTS HAD INITIALLY DESCRIBED THREE PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF PEOPLE; 1. CAUCASOID, 2. MONGOLOID, AND 3. NEGROID. MEMBERS OF HUMAN SPECIES SHARE A COMMON HUMAN NATURE WHILE THERE IS VARIATION IN MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCES.
Anthropologists had initially described three primary divisions of people, 1. Caucasoid, 2. Mongoloid, and 3. Negroid. Thomas Huxley in his paper titled “On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind”(1870), had described racial varieties such as Bushman, Africoid, Negritoes, Melanochroi, Australoids, Xanthochroi, Polynesians, Mongoloids A, B, & C, and Esquimaux.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THOMAS HUXLEY DURING 1870 DESCRIBED THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS RACIAL VARIETIES. JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH(1775/76) DIVIDED MANKIND INTO FIVE GREAT FAMILIES – CAUCASIAN, MONGOLIAN, MALAYAN, ETHIOPIAN, AND AMERICAN.
It is of no surprise to note the controversy regarding the terms used to identify the varieties of mankind. As such there is no agreement and the word ‘Species’ has no defined meaning. There are two schools of thought to account for the apparent variations among the members of the Human Species. Monogeny describes a view that all human races came from a common ancestor. Polygeny is a view that asserts the separate creation of races.
THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR HUMAN RACES:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE VARIATIONS AMONG MEMBERS OF THE SAME SPECIES AND OF DIFFERENT SPECIES CANNOT BE IGNORED. WHILE ALL LIVING BEINGS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY ALIKE FOR THE LIVING MATTER OR LIVING SUBSTANCE IS THE SAME. THE VARIATIONS IN FORM DEMANDS THE OPERATION OF A MOST CREATIVE PROCESS.
Today, some anthropologists entirely reject the concept of “RACE.” However, they stress the heterogeneity of world population. In Biology, the term ‘race’ is used to describe a subspecies, or variety, or breed. The search for a common ancestor for the entire Human Species is not yet over. In recent times, the techniques of DNA extraction and genomic sequencing have advanced. Evolutionary geneticists are describing their findings with a degree of boldness by simply studying the DNA and using the finding to predict the behavior and nature of the Homo Species members.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO FLORESIENSIS, ABOUT 3 FEET TALL, DISCOVERED IN LIANG BUA CAVE, ON THE ISLAND FLORES, INDONESIA. THE FLORES MAN HAS A FOSSIL RECORD THAT EXTENDS FROM 38,000 YEARS TO 12,000 YEARS AGO AND MYSTERIOUSLY DISAPPEARED.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU HAS BROW RIDGES, PROMINENT JAW AND GLOBULAR HEAD, WITH SLOPING FOREHEAD. THE SKULLS of 160,000 YEARS OLD IDALTU MAN DISCOVERED IN ETHIOPIA.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE IDALTU MAN, ANATOMICALLY SPEAKING WAS AT THE THRESHOLD OF MODERN HUMAN SPECIES BUT WAS NOT FULLY A MODERN HUMAN BEING.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THIS REPLICA MAY REPRESENT A DENISOVAN GIRL WHOSE FINGER BONE CALLED PHALANX WAS DISCOVERED IN DENISOVA CAVE, ALTAI MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN SIBERIA. THE DENISOVA WAS MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTALS THAN TO MODERN HUMANS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO SAPIENS RED DEER DISCOVERED IN MALUDONG OR RED DEER CAVE, YUNNAN PROVINCE, SOUTHERN CHINA HAD LIVED FROM 14,500 TO 11,500 YEARS AGO. RED DEER CAVE PEOPLE ARE NOT CLASSIFIED AS MODERN HUMANS.
To resolve the problems about finding the biological basis for human races, we may have to take the help of the Science called Immunology that deals with man’s ability to defend his own existence by recognizing Self and Non-Self marker proteins(antigens), the protein molecules that cover the surfaces of every cell in the human body.
THE LAW OF CREATION AND INDIVIDUALITY:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX(MHC) IS THE HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN(HLA) GENE CLUSTER ON CHROMOSOME 6. HUMAN ORGANS AND TISSUES CANNOT BE TRANSPLANTED OR GRAFTED INTO THE BODIES OF UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS. HUMAN IDENTITY MUST BE DISCOVERED AT MOLECULAR LEVEL TO ESTABLISH THE AFFINITY BETWEEN TWO HUMAN INDIVIDUALS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HUMAN IDENTITY INVOLVES THE SURFACE MARKER PROTEINS FOUND ON EVERY CELL. TRANSPLANTED ORGANS AND TISSUES COULD BE REJECTED AS FOREIGN(NON-SELF) BY A HOST OR RECIPIENT FOR THE ANTIGENS ARE RECOGNIZED AS NON-SELF. SIMILARLY, INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PATHOGENS ARE RECOGNIZED GIVING THE BODY THE ABILITY TO RESIST INFECTIONS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HUMAN EXISTENCE DEMANDS THE ABILITY TO DEFEND ONE’S OWN EXISTENCE TO MAINTAIN THE ABILITY TO LIVE AS A SPECIFIC INDIVIDUAL WITH INDIVIDUALITY. THE RECOGNITION OF SELF AND NON-SELF IS THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS TO MAINTAIN SEPARATE IDENTITY TO ESTABLISH THE EXISTENCE OF THE HUMAN INDIVIDUAL.
The many aspects of immunological recognition is more important than that of the recognition of ancestral Species from which the Human Species may have arrived or descended. The HLA antigens are very remarkable for the extensive degree of genetic polymorphism; that is the variability between individuals is very great and there could be no two identical individuals as unrelated individuals have different HLA antigens. Histocompatibility is a condition of compatibility between the tissues of a graft or transplant and the tissues of the body receiving the graft or transplant. The understanding of histocompatibility is important for the success of organ transplantation and it clearly demonstrates that the Human Species has no choice other than that of existing as Specific Individuals with Individuality. The concept of descent from another Species cannot account for immunological recognition which formulates the basis for histocompatibility and Immunity from infections.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES:
The appearance of the Human Species about 8,000 to 10,000 years ago cannot be explained as a natural event and it cannot be accounted for by The Law of Natural Generation. There are two important principles involved; 1. The Biogenetic Law which stipulates that living organisms are generated only by living organisms, and 2. The Law of Natural Generation that states that offspring will always be of the same Species as the parent Species. In my view, the Origin of Human Species as a new form of life cannot be explained by the operation of natural causes. At the same time, I would like to respectfully avoid the term “Supernatural”, and would rather prefer to use the term “creative” to explain the Origin of Human Species and account for the Special Form of Man.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: The Science called Geology describes the physical nature and history of planet Earth. Pleistocene, First Epoch of the Quaternary Period in the Cenozoic Era, is known as the Period of the Great Ice Age records the appearance of the members of the species that belong to the Homo Genus. Modern Human activity belongs to the Holocene Epoch that began about 10,000 years ago.
During the Period of the Great Ice Age or Pleistocene, continental glaciers covered much of N. North America, and NW Europe. The Holocene Epoch or Series which started approximately 10,000 years ago began to witness a change in Earth’s surface. The continental glaciers are now restricted to Antarctica and Greenland. It was not a cataclysmic change with consequences for the survival of life. The climatic change has actually helped the development and spread of modern human culture. It is indeed very surprising to note that this improvement in Earth’s surface and climate was accompanied by the extinction of giant mammals and the disappearance of a large variety of the Hominid Species.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH IS DIVIDED AS UPPER PLEISTOCENE, MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE, AND LOWER PLEISTOCENE. THE EARLY HOMONID SPECIES SUCH AS THE HOMO ERECTUS ERECTUS OR THE JAVA MAN BELONG TO THE LOWER PLEISTOCENE.
To trace the Origin of the Human Species, we may take a look at the different Hominid Species and the time periods during which they existed.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: The discovery of this Metacarpal Bone of the Middle Finger at Kaitio site, West Turkana, Kenya, that could be more than 1.42 million years old raised the hope of finding an intermediate link between the Human Species and other Anthropoid Apes.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY IS USED AS EVIDENCE TO VALIDATE THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION. THIS PHOTO IMAGE OF METACARPAL BONES OF DIFFERENT SPECIES COMPARES THE STYLOID PROCESS AT THE END OF THE BONE THAT CONNECTS TO THE WRIST. THE BONE STRUCTURE IS SIMILAR IN MAN, NEANDERTHALS, AND OTHER ARCHAIC HOMINID SPECIES THAT HAVE GRASPING THUMB AND FINGERS AND GIVE THE FUNCTIONAL ABILITY CALLED THE PRECISION GRIP.
Comparative Anatomy is used by the evolutionary biologists as evidence to prove the origin of a new form of life from a previously existing form of life. However, the Human Species has a special form and the use of Comparative Anatomy may actually demolish the Theory of Evolution.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: HOMO ERECTUS, THE EARLY HOMINID SPECIES DATING FROM 1,500,000 to 300,000 YEARS AGO. THIS IS A REPLICA OF JAVA MAN, PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS FROM THE LOWER PLEISTOCENE.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN: THIS IS A REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS PEKINENSIS, PEKING MAN OR SINANTHROPUS FROM THE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: A REPLICA OF HOMINID, HOMO ERECTUS FROM AFRICA.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: REPLICA OF PILTDOWN MAN OF SUSSEX, ENGLAND, A HOMINID SPECIES OF THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OR OLD STONE AGE.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: HOMO SAPIENS MAY HAVE APPEARED 300,000 YEARS AGO. THIS IS A REPLICA OF RHODESIAN MAN, HOMO SAPIENS HEIDELBERGENSIS WHO COULD BE THE SAME AS RHODESIENSIS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: AN ARTISTIC RENDITION OF FLORES MAN, HOMO FLORESIENSIS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: A REPLICA OF HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALIS, NEANDERTHAL MAN WHO LIVED BETWEEN 100,000 TO 40,000 YEARS AGO DISCOVERED IN 1856, NEANDERTHAL, WEST GERMANY. HE BELONGED TO THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC CULTURE. MODERN HUMANS MAY HAVE STARTED IN UPPER PALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND DEFINITELY BELONG TO THE BRONZE AGE.
None of these Hominid Species could be considered as the intermediate link or intermediate species from which the Human Species has arrived. The precise physical form of man has special features and it has to be explained if there is a connection between the Origin of the Human Species and of other Hominid Species. Comparative Anatomy makes the explanation of Man’s Evolution a very controversial subject.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: COMPARING HUMAN SKULL WITH THAT OF NEANDERTHAL SKULL HELPS TO UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN EVOLUTION. MODERN HUMANS SHARE SEVERAL FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF OTHER HOMINID SPECIES BUT THOSE SIMILARITIES MAKE THE ISSUE MORE DIFFICULT TO EXPLAIN.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: THERE IS NO NATURAL CAUSE, NATURAL FACTOR, NATURAL CONDITION, OR NATURAL MECHANISM TO ACCOUNT FOR THE VARIATION SEEN WHEN THE NEANDERTHAL SKULL IS COMPARED WITH THE HUMAN SKULL.
THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECIAL FORM OF MAN:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1892) MADE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS AND HIS PUBLISHED WORKS INCLUDE THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859) AND THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871). HE FAILED TO DESCRIBE THE CREATIVE PROCESS, THE CREATIVE MECHANISM, OR THE CREATIVE EVENTS THAT CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE APPEARANCE OF NEW SPECIES AND THE EXTINCTION OF SPECIES FOR WHICH THERE IS NO NATURAL CAUSE.
In my view, there is no extinct or living Species that can bridge the gap between the Human Species and its nearest Hominid allies. About, 10,000 years ago, Earth’s surface had changed. The land area covered by Ice has steadily decreased; in Upper Pleistocene about 28 percent land area was covered by Ice and in Holocene, only about 10 percent land area is covered by ice. The warming of the climate has increased the area of habitation available to the various Hominid Species. Environmental conditions are entirely favorable to the survival of all the Hominid Species. If Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is a valid theory, we must witness the simultaneous co-existence of all intermediate varieties that may have progressed through incremental changes leading to the Origin of the Human Species. There was no geological catastrophe, it is relatively easy to adapt to the changed environment, food supply is adequate and particularly the Hominid Species were not preying upon one another in their struggle for existence. Actually, Darwin’s view on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Gregor Mendel’s classic experiments in hybridization. According to Mendel, Inheritance is particulate and his theory is fully validated. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without causing the loss of separate identities carried by specific genes. The genetic factors can therefore be assorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. There is no evidence to suggest that the new Human Species has arrived because of some abrupt mutations in a single generation of any particular Hominid Species. It may be noted that Darwin’s Theory claims that new species originate through natural processes of Heredity and Selection. The Natural Laws of Heredity, and the natural process named Natural Selection are not sufficient for the production of the new Human Species that replaced all other Hominid Species that survived until Middle and Upper Pleistocene.
Creation refers to the beginning of things. The ideas and thoughts about creation serve as a basis for the orientation of man in the world and help to specify man’s place in the physical universe. The Doctrine of Creation is the basis to explain man’s status in nature. The act of creation involves to bring into being a new product and the production of the new thing requires application of imagination and the use of Power/Force/Energy. Creation has two aspects; 1. Freedom of Mind to imagine possibilities. It is associated with a power called ‘Inspiration’ that provides the stimulus to both creative thought and action, and 2. Freedom of Action that converts a mental ‘possibility’ into a physical ‘actuality’. The word ‘creative’ is often used to describe the quality or power of creating as seen in the actions of an author, actor, fashion designer, artist, or musician. A created object tends to be original, unique, distinctive, and exists as one of its own kind of object.
THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE STATUS OF MAN:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE DOCTRINE OF CREATION: SOCRATES – “KNOW THYSELF, AND YOU WILL KNOW THE UNIVERSE AND THE GODS.”
There are three primary orders to describe the things that exist in the physical universe, and these are 1. God, 2. Soul, and 3. Matter. There is general disagreement about the existence of God and Soul and such disagreements need not impair our understanding of ‘Matter’. Man must understand what it is to be a substance and what it is to exist. Socrates had famously stated: “The unexamined life is not worth living.” Man has to know the truth about himself.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE DOCTRINE OF CREATION: ARISTOTLE, THE FATHER OF SCIENCE – “THERE IS A SCIENCE WHICH INVESTIGATES BEING AS BEING AND THE ATTRIBUTES WHICH BELONG TO BEING IN VIRTUE OF ITS OWN NATURE.”
Science not only provides the knowledge that something is true, but also the reason why it is true. Aristotle in his treatise ‘ON THE SOUL’ stated, “To attain any assured knowledge about the soul is one of the most difficult things in the world.” At the same time, he suggested that the inquiry into the soul must extend beyond man to all living things. In his view, “The study of soul falls within the Science of Nature.” If God and Soul are difficult things to investigate, it is proper to investigate about man by seeking better understanding of ‘Matter’.
WHAT IS MATTER?
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE DOCTRINE OF CREATION: WHAT IS MATTER??? MATTER IS AN INDISPENSABLE FACTOR IN THE CONSTITUTION OF ALL PHYSICAL THINGS.
Matter is the whole substance of bodies. Matter is associated with the idea of quantity, the basic magnitudes such as mass, space, and time. That which is or has matter in it necessarily occupies space. If matter is divided into two kinds, sensible and insensible, it must be mentioned that the entire substance of sensible bodies consist of matter. It is matter which gives actuality to sensible bodies. Sensible bodies derive their being and all their attributes from the forms which matter assumes when its potentialities are actualized. Hence, matter is an indispensable factor in the constitution of all physical, living things. Man is constituted by physical matter but his Identity and Individuality must be carefully understood. While Identity describes one-side of the coin, Individuality describes the second-side of the same coin. The outward appearance of an organism is called ‘Phenotype’. In case of man, the same individual shows different phenotypes in childhood, in adulthood, and in old age. The ‘Genotype’, on the other hand does not change during an individual’s life. While the phenotype is undergoing constant changes under the influence of time, and environment, man retains the experience of his identity in a relatively constant manner and hence always exists as an Individual with Individuality. The Doctrine of Creation, or The Law of Creation gives no choice, and there is no alternative and man is always born as a specific Individual who exists with Individuality.
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION – THE DESCENT OF MAN:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE DOCTRINE OF CREATION: CHARLES DARWIN(1809-92), A GREAT NATURAL SCIENTIST, IN HIS WORKS, THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859), AND THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871) PROPOSED THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION TO DESCRIBE THE ORIGIN OF MAN.
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is very interesting and it shares valid information based upon accurate observations. However, the concern is about the reasoning that was applied to explain as to why a thing is said to be true. What is the truth and reality of Evolution? What is the reasoning to explain Evolution as a fact or truth? Firstly, as Aristotle had correctly observed, it must be noted that “Form has no separate existence but is immanent in matter.” It should not escape our attention, and we must acknowledge that one undivided, imperishable substance is seen within all diverse living entities. For all practical purposes, there is no ‘Evolution’ as all of the diverse, living entities consist of the same kind of living matter, material, or substance. Material substances undergo changes when they interact with other material substances but, I would not describe the ‘change’ as the permanent reality. In my view, the permanent reality is described by the unchanging nature of chemical elements or molecules in spite of their tendency to interact with other chemical elements or molecules. For example, the water molecule is in existence for over several billions of years without any fundamental change in its basic constitution and behavior. Similarly, all the chemical elements that combine to form the living matter, substance or material have retained their original nature and there is no ‘Evolution’ in their chemical interactions. The Theory of Evolution describes just one-side of the story and claims that ‘forms’ evolve and change under the influence of time and environment. At a fundamental level, the Theory of Evolution fails to explain the biological basis for the existence of any given living form. At no time in the entire Natural History, a living form has displayed any ability to exist without deriving support from its living matter. In other words, DNA that constitutes the Phenotype and the Genotype of any given living thing has no independent existence of its own. To explain the basis for existence, the Theory of Evolution may have to answer the following questions:
1. What is it existing?
2. Who is it existing?
3. Where is it existing?
4. When is it existing? and,
5. Why is it existing?
If man answers the above questions, man would easily understand that he is existing on planet Earth since about the last 10,000 years and in Geological Science this Time Period is called ‘HOLOCENE EPOCH’. In conclusion, it may be acknowledged that the Universe is vast and man’s role in it is insignificant. Man’s great need is not only to know the world around him but also to know himself better and for this man has to understand the truth and reliability of his own cognitive powers. The Doctrine of Creation could be stated as, “The reality called existence is established by the Unchanging Spiritual Nature of Matter in a constantly Changing World.”
Whole Dude - Whole Concept 