Whole Dispatch – Peaceful Evacuation of the People’s Liberation Army from Tibet to the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea. Magic Kingdom in Shanghai – The Magic of Regime Change. Fall of Babylon in Pudong Dragon’s Field. Revelation 18: 1-24.
I describe ‘The Great Tibet Problem’ as its military occupation by People’s Liberation Army (PLA). The problem of occupation can be resolved by dispatching the PLA soldiers in Tibet to Shanghai Beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea. Shanghai, on China’s central coast, is the country’s biggest and most-populous city and a global financial hub with world’s busiest seaport. Shanghai or its nickname “Mo Dou” is often translated as “Demon City”, “Sin City”, and “Magic City.”
Lake Manasarovar is among the world’s highest freshwater lakes. At an elevation of 4,583 meters, the lake covers 412 square kilometers. With the northern part broader than the southern end, the deepest point of the lake is over 70 meters. The lake is purer than a sapphire and one can see through dozens of meters into the lake. The lake is located in the Burang County, 20 km southeast of the Mount Kailash.
Covering more than 400 square kilometers of waters, Lake Manasarovar is the world’s highest freshwater lake with 4587 meters above the sea level and the average water depth of 46 meters. It is revered a sacred place in four religions: Bön, Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. In the Buddhist scriptures, this lake is called “the mother of the World Rivers.” It means “invincible lake” in the Tibetan words.
In Tibetan language, Manasarovar means “invincible lake”. In “Regions In Great Tang”, wrote by monk Xuanzang, Lake Manasarovar was regarded as the sacred Yaochi Lake of Nirvana. In the 11th century Buddhism won in the competition against the local Bon Religion and changed the lake’s name from “Machui Co” into “Manasarovar”, which means the “Invincible Lake”, in the hope of winning more believers in Tibet. In Tibetan Buddhism, it is believed that bathing with the water of Manasarovar will drive off avaricious desires, troubled thoughts and past sins; drinking the water will keep healthy and away from disease; while circling the lake will bring boundless beneficence to the pilgrims. Thus all the pilgrims to Tibet will come to Manasarovar and regard circling and drinking from the lake as their greatest fortune. Throughout the year, numerous pilgrims and visitors are attracted to the holy Mt. Kailash and the Lake Manasarovar. It is also 1 of 3 Holy Lakes in Tibet (the other 2 are Namtso Lake and Yamdrok Tso Lake).
According to legend, Lake Manasarovar is the lake in which a great Tibetan monk saw the letters “Aha”, ” Kha”, ” Mha”. These three initials helped the search team to locate the current 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. The three initials stand for the province, the district, and the monastery in which the current Dalai Lama was born, i.e. Ahamdho, Khumbum, and Taktser respectively.
The Indian poet Kalidasa once wrote that the waters of Lake Manasarovar are “like pearls” and that to drink them erases the “sins of a hundred lifetimes.” How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea?Lake Manasarovar, or Mapam Yumtso (Victorious Lake) in Tibetan, is the most venerated of Tibet’s many lakes and one of its most beautiful. How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea?Lake Manasarovar, meaning “Invincible Jasper Lake” in Tibetan, is located in Burang County, Ngari, Tibet and 30 kilometers (10 miles) southeast of Mount Kailash. With an altitude of 4,588 meters (15,049 feet), it is one of the highest freshwater lakes in the world. How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea?Soldiers patrol the border in snow in Tibet with the temperature dropping to minus thirty degrees Celsius on January 14, 2020. The sentry post, located near the Lake Manasarovar in Ngari prefecture has an average altitude of over 4,800 meters above sea level. (Photo: China News Service/ Liu Xiaodong/ Dang Hongbo) How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea?Soldiers patrol the border in snow in Tibet with the temperature dropping to minus thirty degrees Celsius on January 14, 2020. The sentry post, located near the Lake Manasarovar in Ngari prefecture has an average altitude of over 4,800 meters above sea level. (Photo: China News Service/ Liu Xiaodong/ Dang Hongbo) How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea?Soldiers patrol the border in snow in Tibet with the temperature dropping to minus thirty degrees Celsius on January 14, 2020. The sentry post, located near the Lake Manasarovar in Ngari prefecture has an average altitude of over 4,800 meters above sea level. (Photo: China News Service/ Liu Xiaodong/ Dang Hongbo) How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea?Soldiers patrol the border in snow in Tibet with the temperature dropping to minus thirty degrees Celsius on January 14, 2020. The sentry post, located near the Lake Manasarovar in Ngari prefecture has an average altitude of over 4,800 meters above sea level. (Photo: China News Service/ Liu Xiaodong/ Dang Hongbo) How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea?Soldiers patrol the border in snow in Tibet with the temperature dropping to minus thirty degrees Celsius on January 14, 2020. The sentry post, located near the Lake Manasarovar in Ngari prefecture has an average altitude of over 4,800 meters above sea level. (Photo: China News Service/ Liu Xiaodong/ Dang Hongbo) How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea?How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea?How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai Beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea?How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai Beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea?How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea? Zhoushan is a well known beach and a tourist city. It is more famous as a “Buddhist Paradise on the Sea.” It offers some of the most beautiful scenery in Shanghai. Its blue water, golden sand, sparkling stones, islands and mountain peaks gives you a feeling of paradise.
In my analysis, Babylon mentioned in the New Testament Book Revelation, Chapters 17 and 18 is the code name for the Evil Empire represented by Beijing. The word “EVIL” means Calamity, Catastrophe, Disaster, Doom, or Apocalypse. A natural event will bring the sudden, unexpected downfall of the Evil Empire in one day forcing the retreat of all the military personnel from Occupied Tibet.
Revelation 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Bible. This chapter describes the Fall of Babylon the Great. In my view, Babylon is the code name for the Evil Empire represented by Beijing. How to dispatch the PLA soldiers from Lake Manasarovar to Shanghai beach, the Buddhist Paradise on the Sea? A natural calamity may force their retreat.
Tibet Consciousness – Climate Action – Too Little, Too Late
TIBET CONSCIOUSNESS – TIBET CLIMATE ACTION. TIBET HOME FOR 46, 000 GLACIERS AND IS KNOWN AS THIRD POLE OF PLANET EARTH. DEMANDING FREEDOM, PEACE, AND JUSTICE FOR TIBET.
The problems of severe environmental degradation of Tibet and its melting glaciers cannot be resolved by 2015 Paris Climate Treaty. It is too little, too late. Tibet’s Climate in fact determines the destiny of billions of people. In my analysis, the problem of environmental degradation must be resolved by restoring the natural conditions that operate across the Tibetan Plateau and it includes the sense of natural freedom that shapes Tibetan existence.
Rudra Narasimham Rebbapragada Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162 USA Special Frontier Force- Establishment 22-Vikas Regiment
THE NEW YORK TIMES
An Accelerating Threat
TIBET GLACIERS RETREAT SIGNALS TROUBLE FOR ASIAN WATER SUPPLY
By EDWARD WONG DEC. 8, 2015
Tibet Consciousness – Climate Action – Too Little – Too Late. 2015 Paris Climate Treaty will not resolve problem of melting glaciers of Tibet. IMAGE. THE MENGKE GLACIER.
The Mengke Glacier, one of Tibet’s largest, retreated an average of 54 feet a year from 2005 to 2014. From 1993 to 2005, it retreated 26 feet a year. Credit Adam Dean for The New York Times
MENGKE GLACIER, Over the years, Qin Xiang and his fellow scientists at a high and lonely research station in the Qilian Mountains of northwest Tibet have tracked the inexorable effects of rising temperatures on one of world’s most important water sources.
The thing most sensitive to climate change is a glacier, said Dr. Qin, 42, as he slowly tread across an icy field of the Mengke Glacier, one of Tibet’s largest. In the 1970s, people thought glaciers were permanent. They didn’t think that glaciers would recede. They thought this glacier would endure. But then the climate began changing, and temperatures climbed. Beneath Dr. Qin’s feet, the cracking ice signaled the second-by-second shifting of the glacier.
Tibet Consciousness – Climate Action – Too Little – Too Late. 2015 Paris Climate Treaty will not fix problems of Glacier Melt in Tibet. Climate Change in Shibaocheng in Gansu Province, Tibet.
The extreme effects predicted of global climate change are already happening in Tibet. Glacier retreat here and across the so-called Third Pole, the glaciers of the Himalayas and related mountain ranges, threatens Asia’s water supply. Towns and villages along the arid Hexi Corridor, a passage on the historic Silk Road where camels still roam, have suffered floods and landslides caused by sudden summer rainstorms. Permafrost is disappearing from the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, jeopardizing the existence of plants and animals, the livelihoods of its people and even the integrity of infrastructure like China’s high-altitude railway to Lhasa, Tibet.
Zhao Tingyu, 66, in front of homes built by the government to resettle villagers whose homes were destroyed by severe flooding caused by heavy rains in the town of Shibaocheng in Gansu Province. Shibaocheng is at the foot of the Qilian range, which has been devastated by recent storms. Credit Adam Dean for The New York Times
The fact that Chinese scientists are raising alarms about these changes is a key reason that the Chinese government has been engaging fully in climate change negotiations in recent years. Another is the deadly urban air pollution, caused mostly by industrial coal burning, that resulted in Beijing’s first RED ALERT over air quality on Monday.
China, which remains the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gas, pledged last year to begin lowering carbon dioxide emissions around 2030, and in Paris this month, President Xi Jinping reiterated his resolve to help slow climate change. There are no vocal climate change deniers among top Chinese officials.
In November, China released a detailed scientific report on climate change that predicted disastrous consequences for its 1.4 billion people. Those included rising sea levels along the urbanized coast, floods from storms across China and the erosion of glaciers. More than 80 percent of the permafrost on the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau could disappear by the next century, the report said. Temperatures in China are expected to rise by 1.3 to 5 degrees Celsius, or 2.3 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit, by the end of the century, and temperatures have risen faster in China in the last half-century than the global average.
People across China are already feeling the impact. The most obvious devastation comes from flooding. The report said an increase in urban floods attributed to climate change has destroyed homes and infrastructure. From 2008 to 2010, 62 percent of Chinese cities had floods; 173 had three or more.
China is more prone to the adverse effects of climate change because China is vast, has diverse types of ecology and has relatively fragile natural conditions, Du Xiangwan, chairman of the National Expert Committee on Climate Change, wrote in the report’s introduction.
Last weekend, Chinese scientists released a separate report that said the surface area of glaciers on Mount Everest, which straddles the Tibet-Nepal border, have shrunk nearly 30 percent in the last 40 years.
Vanishing glaciers raise urgent concerns beyond Tibet and China.
By one estimate, the 46,000 glaciers of the Third Pole region help sustain 1.5 billion people in 10 countries its waters flowing to places as distant as the tropical Mekong Delta of Vietnam, the hills of eastern Myanmar and the southern plains of Bangladesh. Scattered across nearly two million square miles, these glaciers are receding at an ever-quickening pace, producing a rise in levels of rivers and lakes in the short term and threatening Asia’s water supply in the long run.
A paper published this year by The Journal of Glaciology said the retreat of Asian glaciers was emblematic of a historically unprecedented global glacier decline. I would say that climatologically, we are in unfamiliar territory, and the world’s ice cover is responding dramatically, said Lonnie G. Thompson, a glaciologist at Ohio State University who helped found a project to study climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.
Across China, the surface area of glaciers has decreased more than 10 percent since the 1960s, according to the climate change report. The report linked the expected water scarcity to national security, noting that in the future, disputes between China and neighboring countries on regional environmental resources will keep growing.
The Qilian range, on the north end of the Tibetan Plateau, straddles three provinces and towers to 18,200 feet. Scientists here at the Mengke Glacier have been studying it from a permanent research station since 2007, one of about 10 major glacier research stations in Tibet. The glacier is six miles long and covers nearly eight square miles.
As it recedes more rapidly, floods here have become more frequent and more powerful. In July, the road to the research station flooded, with water rising more than six feet.
Zhao Shangxue, who manages logistics here, said that he had had to abandon his car and walk four hours to the station. The glacier has always melted in the summertime, but now it melts even more, he said.
A report by the research center said the retreat of the Mengke Glacier and two others in the Qilian range accelerated gradually in the 1990s, then tripled their speed in the 2000s. In the last decade, the glaciers have been disappearing at a faster rate than at any time since 1960.
From 2005 to 2014, the Mengke Glacier retreated an average of 54 feet a year, while from 1993 to 2005, it retreated 26 feet a year. As scientists like Mr. Qin study the glacier and the consequences of its retreat, towns and villages in the region are grappling with a worsening cycle of drought, sudden rainstorms and floods.
The town closest to the glacier, Shibaocheng, has been devastated by recent storms. Its 1,250 residents, mostly ethnic Mongolian, graze yaks, horses and sheep in high pastures below the glacier during the summer. In 2012, a sudden rainstorm set off flooding that destroyed about 200 homes. Nearly 14,000 animals were killed or lost.
Old people here say they hadn’t seen such a flood in 50 or 60 years, said Gu Wei, the deputy mayor. She said rain mixed with hail came down for three days.
Scientists have no easy way to determine the exact relationship between the rainfall and the changes in the nearby glacier, Dr. Qin said. The retreat of glaciers of course has an effect on the climate and on rain patterns, but we can’t measure it, he said.
Southeast of Mengke Glacier, 180 miles away along the Hexi Corridor, Sunan County at the foot of the Qilian Mountains has experienced some of the region’s worst flooding. It is home to ethnic Yugurs and has flooded a half-dozen times since 2006.
Five years ago, at least 11 people died in floods and landslides. In July, heavy rains led to similar disasters in 13 villages, destroying more than 150 homes and causing more than $6 million of damage, an official report said.
Tibet Consciousness – Climate Action – Too Little – Too Late. 2015 Paris Climate Treaty cannot fix problems of Climate Change in Tibet. Floods in the Hexi Corridor.
Floods in the Hexi Corridor are related to torrential rains and precipitation from fronts, said Wang Ninglian, a glaciologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Its caused by climate change.
Kiki Zhao and Mia Li contributed research.
A version of this article appears in print on December 9, 2015, on page A4 of the New York edition with the headline: Chinese Glacier’s Retreat Signals Trouble for Asian Water Supply.
Tibet Consciousness – Climate Action – Too Little – Too Late. Tibet Glacier Retreat, 2015 Paris Climate Treaty has no cure for this environmental degradation. Asian Water Supply under great threat.Tibet Consciousness – Climate Action – Too Little – Too Late.
The problems of severe environmental degradation of Tibet and its melting glaciers cannot be resolved by 2015 Paris Climate Treaty. It is too little, too late. Tibet’s Climate in fact determines the destiny of billions of people. In my analysis, the problem of environmental degradation must be resolved by restoring the natural conditions that operate across the Tibetan Plateau and it includes the sense of natural freedom that shapes Tibetan existence.
Tibetan Exiles like all other human beings may face a perplexing question about their Identity. To Be Tibetan, Or Not To Be Tibetan is the First Question. Man is a terrestrial creature and his identity is largely shaped by his natural habitat. To be a Tibetan in Tibet is easy and natural. For Tibetans living in exile for a long time, alienation from native land poses a painful choice. To resolve this crisis, if I could help, I prefer to remove any superimposition of Chinese Identity over Tibetan territory. I prefer the second choice, “Take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them?”
Tibetan Exiles like all other human beings may face a perplexing question about their Identity. To Be Tibetan, Or Not To Be Tibetan is the First Question. Man is a terrestrial creature and his identity is largely shaped by his natural habitat. To be a Tibetan in Tibet is easy and natural. For Tibetans living in exile for a long time, alienation from native land poses a painful choice. To resolve this crisis, if I could help, I prefer to remove any superimposition of Chinese Identity over Tibetan territory. I prefer the second choice, “Take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them?”
LONG LIVE TIBETAN RESISTANCE.
Rudra Narasimham Rebbapragada Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162 USA Special Frontier Force-Establishment 22-Vikas Regiment
Tibetan Exiles like all other human beings may face a perplexing question about their Identity. To Be Tibetan, Or Not To Be Tibetan is the First Question. Man is a terrestrial creature and his identity is largely shaped by his natural habitat. To be a Tibetan in Tibet is easy and natural. For Tibetans living in exile for a long time, alienation from native land poses a painful choice. To resolve this crisis, if I could help, I prefer to remove any superimposition of Chinese Identity over Tibetan territory. I prefer the second choice, “Take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them?”
THE DIPLOMAT
Tibetan Exiles like all other human beings may face a perplexing question about their Identity. To Be Tibetan, Or Not To Be Tibetan is the First Question. Man is a terrestrial creature and his identity is largely shaped by his natural habitat. To be a Tibetan in Tibet is easy and natural. For Tibetans living in exile for a long time, alienation from native land poses a painful choice. To resolve this crisis, if I could help, I prefer to remove any superimposition of Chinese Identity over Tibetan territory. I prefer the second choice, “Take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them?”
Image Credit. Tibetans in Exile. Natalia Davidovich
Tibet in Limbo: An Exile’s Account of Citizenship in a World of Nation-States
The international community needs to address the plight of Tibetan refugees.
By Tenzin Pelkyi for The Diplomat January 06, 2016
Recently, an Al Jazeera article offered a profile of statelessness which featured tales of refugees from around the world. From Tibet to Kazakhstan, Syria to the Dominican Republican, the intimate glimpses of life for the millions of dislocated individuals in countries across the globe highlighted the common obstacles faced by those forced to flee their ancestral lands. Tibet is a prime example of this 21st century phenomenon of statelessness in a world of nation-states. In fact, many parallels have been drawn between the troubled Himalayan region and stateless peoples from the Palestinians to the Kurds. In 2015, a number of important events took place in the secretive underbelly of Tibetan exile politics – a world unto itself for those of us who have to navigate it either as members of the in group (Tibetan exiles) or out group (non-Tibetan activists, scholars, journalists), including the Tibetan exile elections, inception of the Tibetan feminist movement, the rising numbers of self-immolation protests in Tibet, and a major rebranding of the official Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) policy of “genuine autonomy” for Tibet (i.e. “The Middle Way”). As such, I think it’s important to properly contextualize the article and clarify a few key points in regard to the issue of Tibetan refugees. Having personally been born after the cut-off point for Indian citizenship granted to Tibetan refugees after the 2010 ruling, I, like many others, take issue with the arbitrary window period for citizenship. Although it’s certainly better than no such law at all, there is still a restriction on citizenship for future Tibetan refugees and an entire generation excluded from this opportunity. Tibetans like myself, who were naturalized in the U.S. after relocating through the special visa provision for Tibetan refugees included in the Immigration Act of 1990, are privileged in holding American citizenship. But there are far more in the settlements in India who are not so fortunate. Beyond the issue of a cut-off point for citizenship, the very idea of Indian citizenship was hotly debated in the Tibetan exile community. Those advocating for Tibetan independence, which the exile administration opposes, have argued that granting exiles Indian citizenship when the administration is headquartered in India would negate the very existence of such an entity. An official name change of the CTA was posed in 2012 and met with vocal opposition for restricting its jurisdiction to “the Tibetan exile people,” encompassing only the exile population of roughly 128,000 rather than the entire population of Tibet (over 6 million). Indian citizenship thus has tremendous implications for any prospects for Tibetan statehood. With the rise of disputes between Tibetan exiles in the Indian settlements and locals, legal protections for Tibetan refugees are becoming an increasing concern. Tibetan exiles are required to carry and renew a registration certificate and an identity card to travel overseas. A lack of citizenship means Tibetans are unable to own land and travel freely. Harsh penalties, including incidents of arrest, for the mere failure to renew these documents have further heightened fears over the tenuous nature of exile in the settlements. Restrictions on employment opportunities in India have also contributed to growing debate over Indian citizenship. As we head into the new year, the plight of Tibetan refugees must be more fully addressed by the international community, lest we have yet another global humanitarian crisis on our hands. Tenzin Pelkyi is a writer, activist, and law student. She sits on the board of the Asian American Organizing Project and is also the founder/editor of the Tibetan Feminist Collective. She writes and speaks regularly about Tibet, Asian American advocacy, reproductive rights, and racial justice.
Tibetan Exiles like all other human beings may face a perplexing question about their Identity. To Be Tibetan, Or Not To Be Tibetan is the First Question. Man is a terrestrial creature and his identity is largely shaped by his natural habitat. To be a Tibetan in Tibet is easy and natural. For Tibetans living in exile for a long time, alienation from native land poses a painful choice. To resolve this crisis, if I could help, I prefer to remove any superimposition of Chinese Identity over Tibetan territory. I prefer the second choice, “Take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them?”Tibetan Exiles like all other human beings may face a perplexing question about their Identity. To Be Tibetan, Or Not To Be Tibetan is the First Question. Man is a terrestrial creature and his identity is largely shaped by his natural habitat. To be a Tibetan in Tibet is easy and natural. For Tibetans living in exile for a long time, alienation from native land poses a painful choice. To resolve this crisis, if I could help, I prefer to remove any superimposition of Chinese Identity over Tibetan territory. I prefer the second choice, “Take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them?”Tibetan Exiles like all other human beings may face a perplexing question about their Identity. To Be Tibetan, Or Not To Be Tibetan is the First Question. Man is a terrestrial creature and his identity is largely shaped by his natural habitat. To be a Tibetan in Tibet is easy and natural. For Tibetans living in exile for a long time, alienation from native land poses a painful choice. To resolve this crisis, if I could help, I prefer to remove any superimposition of Chinese Identity over Tibetan territory. I prefer the second choice, “Take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them?”Tibetan Exiles like all other human beings may face a perplexing question about their Identity. To Be Tibetan, Or Not To Be Tibetan is the First Question. Man is a terrestrial creature and his identity is largely shaped by his natural habitat. To be a Tibetan in Tibet is easy and natural. For Tibetans living in exile for a long time, alienation from native land poses a painful choice. To resolve this crisis, if I could help, I prefer to remove any superimposition of Chinese Identity over Tibetan territory. I prefer the second choice, “Take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them?”
Sino-Indian Relations must be reformulated after resolving Tibet-China Border Dispute
Sino-Indian Relations must be reformulated after resolving Tibet-China Border DisputeSino-Indian Relations must be reformulated after resolving Tibet-China Border Dispute: ACHARYA J B KRIPALANI, GANDHIAN THINKER, FREEDOM FIGHTER, SOCIAL WORKER, AND EMINENT INTELLECTUAL OF INDIA IS SEEN IN THIS PHOTO (LEFT) ALONG WITH SARDAR PATEL (MIDDLE) AND SIR SEN (RIGHT). ACCORDING TO ACHARYA KRIPALANI THE PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT IS BORN IN SIN. I MET THIS NATIONALIST LEADER, MEMBER OF INDIAN PARLIAMENT DURING JUNE 1967 IN NEW DELHI.
Seventy years ago, India and Peoples’ Republic of China had signed the Panchsheel Agreement without coming to a proper understanding about the status of Tibet. At that time, both India and Tibet had earnestly believed that China would not oppress Tibet with its military conquest. India and Tibet were hoping that China would respect the traditional governance of Tibet by the Institution called The Dalai Lama or the Ganden Phodrang Government which ruled over Tibet for four centuries since 1642.
Sino-Indian Relations must be reformulated after resolving Tibet-China Border Dispute :IN MY OPINION, THIS PHOTO IMAGE PROVIDES THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DECEPTION OF PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT OF JUNE 1954. CHINA’S PRIME MINISTER CHOU EN-LAI HAD ARRIVED IN NEW DELHI ON AN OFFICIAL VISIT ACCOMPANIED BY THE 14th DALAI LAMA WHO IS RECOGNIZED BY INDIA AS THE HEAD OF THE TIBETAN GOVERNMENT. AT THAT TIME CHINA HAD DELIBERATELY DISTORTED THE TRUTH ABOUT THE PURPOSE OF ITS MILITARY CONQUEST OF TIBET.Sino-Indian Relations must be reformulated after resolving Tibet-China Border Dispute: AFTER SIGNING THE PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT, INDIA TRIED ITS BEST TO LOOSEN CHINA’S MILITARY GRIP OVER TIBET. BOTH INDIA, AND TIBET HOPED THAT DIPLOMACY WOULD PREVAIL AND THAT TIBET WOULD ENJOY FULL AUTONOMY DESPITE CHINA’S MILITARY CONQUEST OF TIBET DURING 1950. THIS PHOTO IMAGE OF CHOU EN-LAI’S VISIT TO NEW DELHI ALONG WITH THE 14th DALAI LAMA GAVE HOPE TO BOTH INDIA AND TIBET.Sino-Indian Relations must be reformulated after resolving Tibet-China Border Dispute: THE DECEPTION OF PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT OF 1954: CHINA’S PRIME MINISTER CHOU EN-LAI HAD VISITED INDIA DURING 1956, ABOUT TWO YEARS AFTER THE SIGNING OF THE PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT. THIS PHOTO IMAGE IS THE EVIDENCE FOR CHINA’S DECEPTION. CHINA GAVE THE IMPRESSION THAT IT WOULD RESPECT THE POLITICAL INSTITUTION OF THE DALAI LAMA THAT RULED OVER TIBET FOR FOUR CENTURIES.
While India’s Prime Minister Nehru and Tibet’s ruler, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama had hoped for a peaceful relationship with China, many Indians were not optimistic and had suspected that China had annexed Tibet with its military invasion of 1950. This Panchsheel Agreement, in the words of Acharya Kripalani, is “Born in Sin.” I had expressed a similar view while commenting on the US-China trade relations that were initiated by President Richard Nixon and Dr. Henry Kissinger and described it as an act of “Original Sin” or “Whole Sin.”
Sino-Indian Relations must be reformulated after resolving Tibet-China Border Dispute: THE DECEPTION OF PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT OF 1954: INDIA’S VICE-PRESIDENT DR. S. RADHAKRISHNAN VISITED PEKING DURING SEPTEMBER 1957 AND MET WITH THE LEADERS OF COMMUNIST CHINA WITH AN EARNEST DESIRE TO SAVE TIBET FROM CHINA’S MILITARY OPPRESSION. THE TRUE INTENTIONS OF CHINA GOT EXPOSED AND THE DECEPTION OF PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT BECAME FULLY EVIDENT.Sino-Indian Relations must be reformulated after resolving Tibet-China Border Dispute: THE DECEPTION OF PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT OF 1954: TOWARDS THE END OF 1957, BOTH INDIA AND TIBET HAD FULLY RECOGNIZED THE DECEPTION OF THE PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT THAT WAS INITIATED BY CHINA AFTER ITS MILITARY INVASION OF TIBET IN 1950. A TIBETAN RESISTANCE MOVEMENT TOOK ITS BIRTH TO FACE THE CHALLENGE POSED BY CHINA’S MILITARY OCCUPATION OF TIBET.
In my opinion, any agreement between China and India would have no validity if it involves the Land of Tibet. The Panchsheel Agreement is void as Tibet has not signed this agreement. India and China do not share a common border and the concern about peaceful coexistence must include the concern for the true aspirations of Tibetan people and their natural rights to their territory and to their right to Freedom from military occupation.To begin with, I ask for resolution of Tibet-China Border Dispute.
Rudra Narasimham Rebbapragada Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162, USA Special Frontier Force-Establishment 22-Vikas Regiment
MOVING BEYOND THE PANCHSHEEL DECEPTION
Ram Madhav | INDIAN EXPRESS, Saturday, June 28, 2014 12:51 am
THE DECEPTION OF PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT: Mr. Ram Madhav in his opinion had correctly stated that the Panchsheel Agreement between India and China does not include the Land of Tibet. Without the participation of Tibet, the Agreement has no worth and it will not achieve any purpose.
India and China can cooperate with each other on the principles of sovereign equality and mutual sensitivity.
Summary
India and China must develop a new framework for bilateral relations, unshackled by empty rituals and symbols.
Ram Madhav
The biggest problem in Sino-Indian relations is the utter lack of ingenuity and innovativeness. Six decades after the formal engagement through Panchsheel and five decades after the bloody disengagement due to the 1962 War, leaders of both the countries struggle to come up with new and out-of-the-box answers to the problems plaguing their relationship.
When there are no new ideas, one resorts to symbolism and rituals. These are projected as the great new ideas to kickstart a new relationship. However, there is nothing great or new about them. They are the very same worn out and tried-tested-and-failed actions of the last several decades.
The Panchsheel itself is one ritual that successive Indian governments have unfailingly performed. Vice President Hamid Ansari will be visiting Beijing today to uphold India’s commitment to the ritual. The occasion is the 60th anniversary of the signing of the Panchsheel Agreement.
It was exactly six decades ago, on June 28, 1954, roughly two months after the formal signing of the Panchsheel, that Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai visited India. He and then-prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru had issued a historic statement, reaffirming their commitment to the five principles enshrined in the Panchsheel to “lessen the tensions that exist in the world today and help in creating a climate of peace”.
Contrary to public perception or propaganda, Panchsheel was actually an agreement between the “Tibetan region of China and India” on “trade and intercourse.” It did include five principles, like mutual respect, mutual non-aggression, mutual benefit, peaceful coexistence, etc, but the very title of the agreement was a defeat for India.
The British had, at least from the Simla Accord of 1912 until they left India, not conceded that Tibet was a part of China. Unfortunately, one of the first foreign policy deviations of the Nehru government was the signing of the Panchsheel, wherein India had formally called the Tibetan region as “of China”. Thus the Panchsheel was signed as a treaty of peaceful coexistence over the obituary of Tibetan independence. That was why parliamentarian Acharya Kripalani called the agreement as “born in sin”.
The Panchsheel met its end just three months after its signing, when the Chinese were found violating Indian borders in Ladakh in late-1954. A formal death note was written by Mao Zedong a few months before the 1962 war, when he told Zhou that what India and China should practice is not “peaceful coexistence” but “armed coexistence”. The war followed and ended in humiliation and loss of territory for India. It left behind a massive border dispute that continues to haunt both the countries.
However, this didn’t seem to deter the Indian and, to some extent, the Chinese leadership in continuing with the deception of the Panchsheel. The history of Sino-Indian relations in the last five decades is replete with instances of violations of sovereignty, mutual animosity, attempts to upstage each other and general ill-will. Mostly the Chinese have been on the wrong side of the so-called Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.
Yet, the ritual continued through the decades and changing governments in India. Nehru to P.V. Narasimha Rao to Atal Bihari Vajpayee continued paying lip service to the Panchsheel during bilateral visits.
“Only with coexistence can there be any existence,” declared Indira Gandhi in 1983. The next prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi, expressed confidence in 1988 that “the five principles of peaceful coexistence provide the best way to handle relations between nations”. Rao as prime minister declared in 1993 that “these principles remain as valid today as they were when they were drafted”. While Vajpayee too was forced to continue this ritual, he made a significant departure by refusing to falsely credit China for following the Panchsheel. He put extra emphasis on “mutual sensitivity to the concerns of each other” and “respect for equality.”
At a time when Beijing is celebrating six decades of the Panchsheel, it is important to look at a new framework for Sino-Indian relations beyond Panchsheel. Vajpayee laid the foundation for a renewed outlook by emphasising on sensitivity and equality. That can form the basis for the new framework.
The Chinese have a clever way of promoting their superiority and exclusivism. Sinologists describe it as the Middle Kingdom syndrome. While Nehru wanted to take credit for the Panchsheel, Zhou told Richard Nixon in 1973 that “actually, the five principles were put forward by us, and Nehru agreed. But later on he didn’t implement them”. The Chinese also entered into a similar agreement with Myanmar (then Burma) in 1954, thus ensuring that the Panchsheel wasn’t exclusive to their relationship with India.
For the Beijing event, the Chinese government has invited the president of India as well as the president of Myanmar, General Thein Sein, who will be present. Ansari will lead the Indian delegation. Without any malice towards Ansari, one would notice the downgrading of India’s participation in the Beijing event. Beijing was keen on having the president or prime minister at the event. But for once, the South Block mandarins seem to have done their homework, advising the Indian government against sending either of them. Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj too decided to skip the event and chose to visit Dhaka around the same time, sending a rather strong signal.
If Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping, who is expected to visit India in September, decide to depart from the Panchsheel framework and embark on a new relationship, both countries will benefit. Both leaders have that ability. Both enjoy the trust and confidence of their countries. Most importantly, both are seen to be out-of-the-box leaders.
India and China can cooperate with each other on the principles of sovereign equality and mutual sensitivity. China has emerged as an economic superpower, but is exposed to serious internal and external threats. It is facing problems with almost all of its 13 neighbours. The fact that China spends more money on internal security than on external security speaks volumes about its internal vulnerability. So, while India is not as big economically as China, its security apparatus is better-placed.
Modi and Xi can chart a new course in Sino-Indian relations if they are prepared to unshackle themselves from ritualism and symbolism. Both have the ability and the support to do it.
Madhav is a member of the Central Executive, RSS, and the author of ‘Uneasy Neighbours: India and China after Fifty Years of the War’
Sino-Indian Relations must be reformulated after resolving Tibet-China Border Dispute: THE DECEPTION OF PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT OF 1954: INDIA AND TIBET RECOGNIZED THE DECEPTION OF COMMUNIST CHINA AND WERE LEFT WITH NO OPTION. THE TIBETAN RESISTANCE MOVEMENT TOOK ITS BIRTH IN 1957-1958 AND IT SYMBOLIZES THE FAILURE OF THE PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT. TO CONFIRM THE FACT OF THIS FAILURE, CHINA HAD VICIOUSLY ATTACKED INDIA DURING OCTOBER 1962.
NO REINCARNATION OF DALAI LAMA WITHOUT FREEDOM IN OCCUPIED TIBET.
I am not surprised to note about a historical change introduced by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama. He has given up his political power and has decided to guide future of Tibet as a spiritual leader. Such separation of powers is needed in view of Red China’s military occupation of Tibet. There will be no reincarnation of Dalai Lama without Freedom in Occupied Tibet. His legacy is of far more greater importance to Red China. But, for Dalai Lama there is no one who can save Red China. Beijing is Doomed. No other nation on Earth can come to rescue of Red China as she marches ahead to meet her downfall.
Rudra Narasimham Rebbapragada Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162, USA Special Frontier Force – Establishment 22 – Vikas Regiment
Dalai Lama: China more concerned about future Dalai Lamas than I am
By Mick Krever, CNN
Updated 8:05 AM ET, Wed October 7, 2015
Dalai Lama: China more concerned about future Dalai Lamas than I am
Dalai Lama: Future Dalai Lamas concern China
London (CNN) The Chinese government cares more about the institution of the Dalai Lama than the man who carries that name, the 14th Dalai Lama told CNN’s Christiane Amanpour.
“I have no concern,” he told Amanpour in London, adding that it is “possible” he would be the last Dalai Lama.
Dalai Lama: China more concerned about future Dalai Lamas than I am
The Chinese government still considers him a political leader, the Dalai Lama said, as the previous men carrying that title were for centuries. But since 2011, he told Amanpour, he is only a spiritual leader. “I totally retired from political responsibility — not only myself retired, but also (a) four-century-old tradition.”
Buddhism in Tibet far precedes the Dalai Lama, and “in the future, Tibetan Buddhism will carry (on) without the Dalai Lama.” Decades ago, he told Amanpour, “I publicly, formally, officially — I announced the very institution of the Dalai Lama should continue or not — (it is) up to Tibetan people.”
Amanpour spoke with the Dalai Lama shortly before he was hospitalized and forced to cancel several appearances in the United States. Now back in India, he has assured his followers he is in “excellent condition.”
The Chinese government is continually at odds with the Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists. Chinese officials label him an “anti-China splittist,” alleging that he wants Tibet — now a region of China — to become an independent country.
“We are not seeking independence. Historically, we are (an) independent country. That’s what all historians know — except for the Chinese official historian; they do not accept that.” Labeling him a “splittist,” the Dalai Lama said, fits with China’s “hardliner policy.” “Past is past. We are looking (to the) future.”
Tibet, he said, is “materially backward,” and benefits from being part of China. “It’s in our own interest, for further material development — provided we have our own language, very rich spirituality.”
Asked if he had a message for Chinese President Xi Jinping, who at the time was on the eve of a state visit to Washington, the Dalai Lama at first demurred. With a laugh, he told Amanpour he’d have to think about it.
“I may say to him, Xi Jinping, leader of most populated nation, should think more realistically.”
“I want to say (to him), last year, he publicly mentioned in Paris as well as New Delhi, (that) Buddhism is a very important part of Chinese culture. He mentioned that. So I also say — I may sort of say some nice word about his — that comment.”
Nowhere else, the Dalai Lama said, is the “pure authentic” tradition of the religion kept so intact as in Tibet.
“No other Buddhist countries. So in China, preservation of Tibetan Buddhist tradition and Buddhist culture is (of) immense benefit to millions of those Chinese Buddhists.” In one of those Buddhist countries, Myanmar, the often peaceful image of practitioners has been tarred in recent years with the persecution of — and often outright violence against — Muslim minorities, the Rohingya.
Whenever a Buddhist feels “uncomfortable” with a Muslim, or person of any other religion, the Dalai Lama said, he or she should think of “Buddha’s face.” “If Buddha (were) there — certainly protect, or help to these victims. There’s no question. So as a follower of Buddha, you should follow Buddha sincerely. So national interest is secondary.”
“Consider as a human brothers, sisters. No matter what is his religious faith.” “To some people, Muslim, Islam, (is) more effective. So let them follow that. We must accept that.”
As such Tibet is not part of China at any time in human history. There are two issues of primary concern; 1. Action of Natural Forces Raising Tibet, and 2. Red China’s use of Military Force to Occupy Tibet which demands Raising Tibet Awareness.
Mother Nature has vast resources of energy which she is slowly spending over the last 50 million years to Raise Tibet with ease and without any apparent effort. Surprisingly, humans are spending more energy as compared to Mother Nature’s energy expenditure to Raise Tibet. I am not resourceful like Mother Nature. My efforts to Raise Tibet Awareness is lot more challenging as I confront Red China who with her superior military force occupied Tibet which could not offer significant resistance. Tibet existed as Independent Nation with full control on its internal affairs even during times of Mongol and Manchu China Empires.
As such Tibet is not part of China at any time in human history. There are two issues of primary concern; 1. Action of Natural Forces Raising Tibet, and 2. Red China’s use of Military Force to Occupy Tibet which demands Raising Tibet Awareness.
Rudra Narasimham Rebbapragada Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162 USA
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE
THE CONVERSATION
As such Tibet is not part of China at any time in human history. There are two issues of primary concern; 1. Action of Natural Forces Raising Tibet, and 2. Red China’s use of Military Force to Occupy Tibet which demands Raising Tibet Awareness.
RAISING TIBET
April 28, 2016 11.30pm EDT
MIKE SANDIFORD Professor of Geology, University of Melbourne Disclosure statement: Mike Sandiford receives funding from the Australian Research Council for research into the tectonics of the Indo-Australian tectonic plate.
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It’s more than a little disconcerting to wake every hour or so, gasping for air, suffocating.
It happened to me during a field season in southern Tibet camped at about 5400 metres above sea level. With my normal sleep breathing patterns, I just couldn’t get enough oxygen. We were working in an area known as the Kampa dome, some 50 kilometres north of the border with India and about 150 kilometres east of Mount Everest.
As such Tibet is not part of China at any time in human history. There are two issues of primary concern; 1. Action of Natural Forces Raising Tibet, and 2. Red China’s use of Military Force to Occupy Tibet which demands Raising Tibet Awareness.
Crossing a pass into the Kampa dome, southern Tibet, elevation 5500 metres.
The Kampa dome is a sort of giant geological “blister”. The dome, which is about 25 kilometres across, comprises a core of rocks originating deep within the Tibetan crust now exposed beneath a carapace of much shallower rocks.
As such Tibet is not part of China at any time in human history. There are two issues of primary concern; 1. Action of Natural Forces Raising Tibet, and 2. Red China’s use of Military Force to Occupy Tibet which demands Raising Tibet Awareness.
Google Earth image of the Kampa dome in southern Tibet, viewed from the south-east. The dome rises to almost 6000 metres above sea level at its highest point. The lighter coloured rocks in the valleys in the core of the dome are granites and metamorphic rocks that have been forced up through a carapace of darker coloured and shallower sedimentary rocks, now exposed around the rim of the dome and along the ridge crests in its core. Image obtained from Google Earth – 29/04/2016
Kampa is just one of a number of domes distributed in a belt along the southern boundary of Tibet, not far north of the Himalaya. These domes attract the attention of geologists interested in what’s going on deep under Tibet and in the sequence of events that raised the plateau over the last 50 million years or so.
And that is not just of geological interest. The Tibetan plateau is so large, and so high, that it influences the global pattern of atmospheric circulation. So the raising of Tibet has had a profound impact on the evolution of the modern climate system. It is one of the elements in the transition from the green-house world of the dinosaur era to the ice-house world in which our own species has evolved.
Our work in Kampa was part of a broader program investigating the magnitude of the forces that drive tectonic plate motion. Amongst other things, getting a handle on those forces is important for understanding what limits the heights of our great mountain ranges such as the Himalaya.
The particular issue that motivated our interest in Kampa was the idea that weak rocks heated beneath Tibet were being, or had been, squeezed outwards to the south in a giant pincer movement by the ongoing convergence between the Indian and Asian plates. The idea that the rocks exposed in Kampa, as well as in the high Himalaya, are a kind of geological “toothpaste” is quite a departure from the conventional view that the mountain system has been created by stacking of thrust sheets one on top of the other.
One of the master faults lying above this purported channel of extruded rock is exposed high up in the face of Everest beneath a limestone that was deposited immediately prior to the raising of Tibet. The southern Tibetan domes make for rather easier and less dangerous field work than the face of Everest.
More than any other, mountain landscapes manifest the awesome power of our restless planet. In the rarefied atmosphere high up in the Kampa, the sense of awe was greatly magnified, especially with the Himalaya towering above the horizon.
The amount of energy involved in building these mountains, in lifting those 50 million year old limestones out of the sea to now sit high up the slopes of Everest, is simply mind-boggling, or so you would think.
To give you a sense, let’s calculate it.
Even though it involves some big numbers, the calculation is really quite trivial. We simply multiply the area of the plateau (about 2.5 million square kilometres ) by the work done against gravity. To lift a column of the crust one square metre in area by 4-5 kilometres takes about 4 trillion joules.
Harmonising units, and we get our estimate of the work done against gravity in raising Tibet – about 10 yottajoules (think “10” followed by 24 zeros). The trouble with big numbers such as these, and one reason they feel so daunting, is we have no natural reference frame to make comparisons.
So let’s compare it to the energy we humans consume to run our daily lives. We could ask how many years would it take to raise Tibet if we put all human energy consumption to work. In its Statistical review of world energy BP estimated the human primary energy consumption in 2015 at 550 exajoules (that is 550 followed by 18 zeros). At that rate, and neglecting inefficiencies, it would take about 20,000 years to raise Tibet.
While that’s a long time, it’s far less than the 50 million years that nature took to raise Tibet. In fact, the rate we consume energy is around 2000 times greater than the 10 gigawatt rate nature has been storing it in the raising of Tibet.
Here in Victoria, with a population at about 6 million, we consume electrical power at a rate of about 5 gigawatts. Making that electricity is only about 30% efficient, and so the burning of coal releases heat at a rate of about 15 gigawatts.
We use energy at a rate, quite literally, that could make mountains move. Now that is something I think really is mind-boggling.
Footnotes
We were guided in our work in the Kampa in 2004 by local herders. It’s hard to imagine more hardy folk. While communication from Tibetan to Chinese to English and back again meant many nuances were missed, it was a special experience. It seemed our guides hadn’t had much to do with westerners before, and we were quite a source of amusement for them. Indeed, it seemed to me there was a very real sense of fun in the way they went about their daily life on the top of world.
TIBET CONSCIOUSNESS – GLOBAL WARMING – CLIMATE ACTION. TIBETAN NOMADS LIVE IN PERFECT HARMONY WITH NATURE LIVING ON LIVESTOCK-REARING. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IS THE CHIEF CULPRIT OF GLOBAL WARMING.
Our Tibetan guides in one of the glacial valleys high in the Kampa dome, southern Tibet.
A particular highlight was their invitation, on our arrival, to join for some authentic yak’s butter tea. At these heights with little oxygen, not much fuel and with everything just a little damp, cooking is challenging. Burning damp goat dung in the close environment of a yurt produces an awful lot of foul-smelling, acrid smoke, but not much heat. I didn’t much enjoy the taste of the rancid butter either. While the invitation to join with our Tibetan hosts in their summer home remains one of my most treasured experiences, it was with some personal relief that I declined a second “cuppa”, doubting I could hold any more down.
TIBET CONSCIOUSNESS – GLOBAL WARMING – CLIMATE ACTION. GRASSLANDS FAIL TO THRIVE DUE TO WARMING AND LACK OF PRECIPITATION.
Enjoying yak butter tea inside our host’s yurt at over 5000 metres above sea level in Southern Tibet.
Despite it’s remoteness, this is a region in transition, for many reasons. One of my enduring memories of the Kampa is captured in the photo below, showing the alarming degradation of the thin soils that mantle these recently de-glaciated landscapes.
As such Tibet is not part of China at any time in human history. There are two issues of primary concern; 1. Action of Natural Forces Raising Tibet, and 2. Red China’s use of Military Force to Occupy Tibet which demands Raising Tibet Awareness.
Like so many parts of the world, soil loss in the Tibetan plateau is an issue of critical importance. As this photograph dramatically illustrates, the thin soils that mantle the rocky, recently de-glaciated landscape in the Kampa appear to be degrading at a frightening pace . The story of what we are doing to soils on this planet is an issue of immense importance, for all people.
Raising Tibet – Raising Tibet Awareness. Tibet is Never Part of China. It is correct to state China is in Tibet as an Occupying Force.Raising Tibet – Raising Tibet Awareness. Red China’s Occupation of Tibet threatens World’s Water Supply. Tibet is Never Part of China.Raising Tibet – Raising Tibet Awareness. A view of Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya Mountain Range. Tibet is Never Part of China.Raising Tibet – Raising Tibet Awareness. Collision between Indian Landmass and Eurasia is raising Tibetan Plateau. A similar collision involving Force can evict Red China from Tibet.
February 13, 2025. The 112th Anniversary of Tibetan Independence Day
February 13, 2025. The 112th Anniversary of Tibetan Independence Day
FEBRUARY 13, 1913. ON THIS DAY TIBET DECLARED FULL INDEPENDENCE
February 13, 2025. The 112th Anniversary of Tibetan Independence Day
I ask historians to record Tibet’s Proclamation of Independence as the most significant event of the recent human history.
February 13, 2025. The 112th Anniversary of Tibetan Independence Day
Proclamation of Independence of Tibet (1913) by Thubten Gyatso
February 13, 1913. On This Day Tibet Declared Full Independence.
Proclamation of Independence Issued by the 13th Dalai Lama (1913) PROCLAMATION ISSUED BY H.H. THE DALAI LAMA XIII, ON THE EIGHTH DAY OF THE FIRST MONTH OF THE WATER-OX YEAR (February 14th, 1913)
Translation of the Tibetan Text
I, the Dalai Lama, most omniscient possessor of the Buddhist faith, whose title was conferred by the Lord Buddha’s command from the glorious land of India, speak to you as follows:
I am speaking to all classes of Tibetan people. Lord Buddha, from the glorious country of India, prophesied that the reincarnations of Avalokitesvara, through successive rulers from the early religious kings to the present day, would look after the welfare of Tibet.
During the time of Genghis Khan and Altan Khan of the Mongols, the Ming dynasty of the Chinese, and the Ch’ing Dynasty of the Manchus, Tibet and China cooperated on the basis of benefactor and priest relationship. A few years ago, the Chinese authorities in Szechuan and Yunnan endeavored to colonize our territory. They brought large numbers of troops into central Tibet on the pretext of policing the trade marts. I, therefore, left Lhasa with my ministers for the Indo-Tibetan border, hoping to clarify to the Manchu emperor by wire that the existing relationship between Tibet and China had been that of patron and priest and had not been based on the subordination of one to the other. There was no other choice for me but to cross the border, because Chinese troops were following with the intention of taking me alive or dead.
On my arrival in India, I dispatched several telegrams to the Emperor; but his reply to my demands was delayed by corrupt officials at Peking. Meanwhile, the Manchu empire collapsed. The Tibetans were encouraged to expel the Chinese from central Tibet. I, too, returned safely to my rightful and sacred country, and I am now in the course of driving out the remnants of Chinese troops from DoKham in Eastern Tibet. Now, the Chinese intention of colonizing Tibet under the patron-priest relationship has faded like a rainbow in the sky. Having once again achieved for ourselves a period of happiness and peace, I have now allotted to all of you the following duties to be carried out without negligence:
1. Peace and happiness in this world can only be maintained by preserving the faith of Buddhism. It is, therefore, essential to preserve all Buddhist institutions in Tibet, such as the Jokhang temple and Ramoche in Lhasa, Samye, and Traduk in southern Tibet, and the three great monasteries, etc.
2. The various Buddhist sects in Tibet should be kept in a distinct and pure form. Buddhism should be taught, learned, and meditated upon properly. Except for special persons, the administrators of monasteries are forbidden to trade, loan money, deal in any kind of livestock, and/or subjugate another’s subjects.
3. The Tibetan government’s civil and military officials, when collecting taxes or dealing with their subject citizens, should carry out their duties with fair and honest judgment so as to benefit the government without hurting the interests of the subject citizens. Some of the central government officials posted at Ngari Korsum in western Tibet, and Do Kham in eastern Tibet, are coercing their subject citizens to purchase commercial goods at high prices and have imposed transportation rights exceeding the limit permitted by the government. Houses, properties and lands belonging to subject citizens have been confiscated on the pretext of minor breaches of the law. Furthermore, the amputation of citizens’ limbs has been carried out as a form of punishment. Henceforth, such severe punishments are forbidden.
4. Tibet is a country with rich natural resources; but it is not scientifically advanced like other lands. We are a small, religious, and independent nation. To keep up with the rest of the world, we must defend our country. In view of past invasions by foreigners, our people may have to face certain difficulties, which they must disregard. To safeguard and maintain the independence of our country, one and all should voluntarily work hard. Our subject citizens residing near the borders should be alert and keep the government informed by special messenger of any suspicious developments. Our subjects must not create major clashes between two nations because of minor incidents.
5. Tibet, although thinly populated, is an extensive country. Some local officials and landholders are jealously obstructing other people from developing vacant lands, even though they are not doing so themselves. People with such intentions are enemies of the State and our progress. From now on, no one is allowed to obstruct anyone else from cultivating whatever vacant lands are available. Land taxes will not be collected until three years have passed; after that the land cultivator will have to pay taxes to the government and to the landlord every year, proportionate to the rent. The land will belong to the cultivator.
Your duties to the government and to the people will have been achieved when you have executed all that I have said here. This letter must be posted and proclaimed in every district of Tibet, and a copy kept in the records of the offices in every district.
From the Potala Palace.
(Seal of the Dalai Lama)
February 13, 2025. The 112th Anniversary of Tibetan Independence DayFebruary 13, 2025. The 112th Anniversary of Tibetan Independence DayFebruary 13, 2024. The 111th Anniversary of Tibetan Independence Day
To celebrate observance of World Human Rights Day on December 10, 2024, I speak about Tibet’s yoking with Red China. This yoking, coming together, or joining of Red China with Tibet speaks of Subjection, Bondage, Servitude, Enslavement, Hardship, Burden, Trouble, Pain, Suffering, Sorrow, and Misery. Tibetans resist this burden imposed upon their Natural Freedom. Tibet is under Control, and Tibet is Subdued under burden imposed by Red China’s Yoke. We need to help Tibet to resist Subservience to Red China.
TIBET AWARENESS – FULL INDEPENDENCE INEVITABLE. RED CHINA’S POLICY OF RULING TIBET WITH IRON FIST IS DOOMED.
TIBET POST INTERNATIONAL
Tibet: News WHAT PERCEIVED IN TIBET WAS A SMALL REALITY: GERMAN RIGHTS CHIEF
Saturday, 05 December 2015 20:46 Yeshe Choesang, Tibet Post International
TIBET CONSCIOUSNESS – WORLD HUMAN RIGHTS DAY, DECEMBER 10, 2015. Red China and Germany hold the 13th Human Rights Dialogue in Beijing on November 24, 2015.
Dharamshala — German Human Rights Commissioner Mr Christoph Straesser who has led a delegation to Tibet, said what his delegation perceived was surely only a small part of reality in Tibet.
Straesser’s comment came after Beijing said China and Germany held “candid” and “in-depth” talks during their 13th Human Rights Dialogue in Beijing.
During an interview with German newspaper Deutsche Welle, Mr Straesser rebuked the Chinese government for showing an ‘incorrect perception of reality’ during his recent visit to China and Tibet as part of the EU-China human rights dialogue.
The Chinese State-Run Media Xinhua reported on November 25 that the dialogue was attended by top officials of the CCP, holding that the “dialogue was candid, comprehensive and deep and promoted mutual understanding.”
“Both sides exchanged views on new progress and cooperation in human rights area, human rights and environmental protection, social integration and human rights and other issues,” it claimed.
However, responding to a question on the freedom of religion and language in Tibet, Straesser said: “What we perceived was surely only a small part of reality in this region.”
“But given the decades-long discussions held in Germany, there is also the impression that Dalai Lama supporters aren’t allowed to freely practice their religion given that the Dalai Lama is seen in China as someone who is allegedly seeking state autonomy for Tibet.” “His supporters are in constant danger of having their rights infringed because of their affiliation. This also leads to more arrests and very unpleasant situations for these people,” he added.
Describing the current situation in Tibet as a clear violation of the right to religious freedom, he said, ” However, we must take into account that only through persistent dialogue can we achieve that the Chinese government views the Dalai Lama as someone who is not seeking to divide the country.”
“We also have to point to the fact that the Dalai Lama is also seen in our region – when he comes to Germany – as a religious leader and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate who says he has no intention whatsoever of disentangling Tibet from the People’s Republic of China,” he said.
The German Human Rights Commissioner also discussed the issue of political prisoners and other Chinese dissidents including the case of Gao Yu, an outspoken former journalist who was granted medical parole after she was sentenced to seven years in prison in April 2015.
The Germany delegation paid a visit to Tibet. Beijing said it “hopes the tour will help the German side get a correct and objective understanding of the region.”
TIBET CONSCIOUSNESS – TIBET CLIMATE ACTION. DEMANDING FREEDOM, PEACE, AND JUSTICE FOR TIBET.Tibet Consciousness- World Human Rights Day, December 10, 2015.Tibet Consciousness – World Human Rights Day, December 10, 2015.Tibet Consciousness – Human Rights Day, December 10, 2015.
On International Mother Language Day, I call for the Defense of Mother Languages of TibetOn International Mother Language Day, I call for the Defense of Mother Languages of Tibet
Tibet Awareness – On International Mother Language Day, I call for the Defense of Mother Languages of Tibet
International Mother Language Day is observed globally every year on February 21 to recognise and promote linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. According to UNESCO, the idea to celebrate this day was the initiative of Bangladesh and was approved in 1999 at UNESCO General Conference. “UNESCO believes in the importance of cultural and linguistic diversity for sustainable societies. It is within its mandate for peace that it works to preserve the differences in cultures and languages that foster tolerance and respect for others,” the UN body said.
The theme for International Mother Language Day 2024 is “Multilingual education is a pillar of intergenerational learning”. A UN statement said, “Multilingual and multicultural societies thrive through the preservation of their languages, which serve as conduits for traditional knowledge and cultural heritage.
A huge number of languages are spoken in the world today – some 6,500 (!) — and every one of them is special. Each is someone’s mother tongue.
On February 21, International Mother Language Day will be celebrating that fact. The term “mother language” is a calque, literally a word-for-word translation of common terms such as the French langue maternelle or the Spanish lengua maternal. It also evokes three English near-synonyms: mother tongue, native language, and first language.
Often the first speech a baby ever hears, a mother tongue is the language in which an infant was mothered (or “parented,” to use a more inclusive term) … comforted, sung to, and loved. The mother tongue/native language/first language is not consciously learned. It tends to bring with it an increased level of comfort and recognition, and even affects how its speakers learn other languages.
“Currently, 40% of the global population lacks access to education in their native language, a figure that exceeds 90% in certain regions. Research underscores the benefits of using learners’ native languages in education, fostering better learning outcomes, self-esteem, and critical thinking skills. This approach also supports intergenerational learning and cultural preservation.” The UN agency also said that multilingual education not only promotes inclusive societies but also aids in preserving non-dominant, minority, and indigenous languages. “It is a cornerstone for achieving equitable access to education and lifelong learning opportunities for all individuals,” the statement said.
On International Mother Language Day, I call for the Defense of Mother Languages of Tibet
Tibetan Identity evolved over centuries in response to Natural Conditions that impact human life. Since 1950, Communist China’s occupation and colonization of Tibet is transforming Tibetan Identity in numerous manners endangering both Nature and its denizens.
On International Mother Language Day, I call for the Defense of Mother Languages of Tibet
The Incredible Linguistic Diversity of Tibet is Disappearing
Thanks to national schooling and the Internet, many of the plateau’s unique languages are in danger
On International Mother Language Day, I call for the Defense of Mother Languages of Tibet
In a recent presentation held at the National Museum of Natural History, University of Melbourne researcher Gerald Roche called attention to 21 minority languages spoken in villages across Tibet. (Wikimedia Commons)
Tibet may be best known for its bounty of ancient Buddhist monasteries and stark natural beauty—but it’s also blessed with a vast diversity of languages. The Tibetan Plateau is home to more than a dozen distinct local tongues, many of which come with their own elaborate character systems. Unfortunately, thanks to the growth of internet infrastructure and state-sponsored education, many of these lesser-spoken languages are now on the brink of extinction, says University of Melbourne anthropologist Gerald Roche.
As part of ongoing research conducted by the Smithsonian Center for Folk life and Cultural Heritage on issues of language diversity and cultural sustainability, Roche delivered a presentation last Monday on Tibetan language and his research on its decline. In a 2014 paper titled “The Vitality of Tibet’s Minority Languages in the 21st Century,” Roche notes that dozens of languages are spoken on the Plateau but that only “230,000 of the 6.2 million Tibetans in China do not speak Tibetan.” He finds that the minority languages in Tibet are generally spoken by very few people, while Tibetan is known to nearly everyone.
From a language preservationist’s perspective, this is a precarious situation. The findings Roche laid out, which synthesized the work of several linguists with expertise in disparate areas of the Plateau, reveal the vibrant tapestry of language in Tibet while also highlighting its fragility.
The danger of the minority languages of Tibet disappearing completely is not merely speculative. In 2014, the BBC reported that “over the past century alone, about 400 languages—one every three months—have gone extinct, and most linguists estimate that 50 percent of the world’s remaining 6,500 languages will be gone by the end of this century.” These languages are tied to the histories of peoples, and their loss serves to erase time-honored traditions , says Roche.
By the conservative assessment of the Chinese government, 14 languages beyond standardized Tibetan are spoken within Tibet—one language for each official ethnic minority region. A holistic survey of pertinent English-language academic literature, however, yields a much larger estimate. In a study published this May , Roche concludes that as many as 52 linguistically distinct languages may be spoken on the Plateau.
In general, a language can be thought of as encompassing both grammatical elements and a lexicon of words. It may be spoken or written, and in the modern world is almost always both (though a few of the Tibetan minority languages Roche has studied were historically spoken only). Yet Roche says there is a strong case to be made that even “Tibetan” itself is, in actuality, not a single language—its three major branches, which locals call “dialects,” are not mutually intelligible when spoken, despite relying on the same written character.
Even more striking are the differences between minority languages and Tibetan. Minority languages are also often dismissed within Tibet as bizarre “dialects,” but Roche notes that this is often tantamount to calling “Italian a dialect of Swedish.” These include what Roche terms “enclaved languages,” which are officially recognized by the Chinese government within narrow geographical limits in Tibet, “extraterritorial languages,” which are officially recognized only in locations outside of Tibet, and myriad “unrecognized languages,” whose existence is ignored by the Chinese establishment.
In his remarks, Roche homed in on a sample set of 21 languages spoken within Tibetan villages. A dozen of these are endangered, meaning they are steadily losing speakers. “The [speaker] population is declining,” Roche says, “and it’s declining because people are no longer speaking those languages to their children.” This is largely the result of pressures to rally behind standardized Tibetan as a source of Tibetan pride in response to the encroachment of Chinese beginning during the reign of Mao Zedong.
A handful of the languages in Roche’s dataset are “moribund”—very nearly forgotten, with no real hope for salvation. Roche notes that, in the case of one of these languages, “there is an argument between the two linguists studying it as to whether the language has nine or zero fluent speakers remaining. That’s what we’re talking about when we talk about moribund languages.”
On International Mother Language Day, I call for the Defense of Mother Languages of Tibet
A relief map of the Asian continent. The expanse of brown in China is the Tibetan Plateau, whose exceedingly high mean elevation has earned it the nickname “The Roof of the World.” (Wikimedia Commons)
Roche has personal experience with the Manikacha language, which is spoken by approximately 8,000 individuals across four villages in a valley on the northeastern Plateau. According to his unpublished survey data, roughly one third of are no longer transmitting the language to their children. He traces this back to the late 1950s, when Mao’s China began forcibly instructing the Manikacha speakers in standardized Tibetan. Even the Chairman’s famous Little Red Book was distributed in Tibetan.
In the subsequent years, Tibetan has further asserted itself in popular media and local state- sponsored schools. “Given that the Manikacha speakers consider themselves Tibetan,” Roche says, “now they are under a lot of pressure to prove that by speaking ‘good Tibetan’ like all the other Tibetans in their region.”
Andrew Frankel, a researcher at the University of Virginia’s Tibet Center who spent three years teaching English in the same general part of the Plateau, has firsthand experience with this sort of assimilation. Though several of his students were raised in homes that favored minority languages, in between classes the children would invariably speak Tibetan. The decision was a practical one: After all, most of their peers would not recognize Manikacha or the like.
“For the majority of their friends,” says Frankel, “Tibetan would have been the lingua franca they would have spoken together.”
State schools tend to smooth over differences between communities and encourage allegiance to a single mother tongue, says Frankel. “Schooling has become ever more pervasive,” he says, a shift that in its earlier stages caused significant alarm in households whose primary language was not Tibetan. Even among families where standard Tibetan was spoken at home, many were skeptical of the pressures at school to communicate in Chinese.
Ten years ago, it was common for parents to resist sending their children to school. “There was a widespread perception that state schools were problematic—you didn’t really learn your native language there,” says Frankel. A decade later, though, most have given in: “The amount of time kids spend in state schools has increased exponentially. And in those state institutions, they are not speaking their village languages with any regularity.”
This situation is unlikely to change, Frankel says, adding that “state schooling has become a gatekeeper for employment, especially in western areas of China.”
How, then, can we hope to preserve Tibet’s linguistic richness for future generations? For Roche, the answer lies in large part in the behavior of powerful international allies of the Tibetan people—including the United States. Our country’s stance towards Tibet emphasizes the preservation of standard Tibetan but fails to address the numerous other languages spoken on the Plateau, he says.
Tibet is not a land of a single language, or even of the 14 whose existence is acknowledged by China. The myriad minority languages of Tibet need help to have a fighting chance at survival. Roche believes it is incumbent on the United States and other friends of Tibet to “use whatever means possible to gain recognition for these languages: recognition of the fact they exist, that they have unique needs, that they have value, and that they deserve respect.”
On International Mother Language Day, I call for the Defense of Mother Languages of Tibet
Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945. I am able to review the Hump Airlift Operation for I served at Dum Duma Airfield near Chabua Airfield shown in this Map.
“The world’s first strategic airlift,” the U.S. Air Force calls it.
Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945
Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945. THE LEGACY OF THE HUMP OPERATION LIVES TO THIS DAY.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operations of 1942-1945. This US Transport Plane C-87 Liberator Express was used for delivering arms and ammunition to Tibet during Hump Airlift Operations of 1942-45.
Excerpt: On behalf of Special Frontier Force, I review the “HUMP” airlift operation during the course of The Pacific War 1941 – 1945. The legacy of the “HUMP” cargo flight service operation endures to this day as the same US transport aircraft shaped the beginning of the Tibetan Resistance Movement in 1948-49. Some Hump flights delivered arms and ammunition to Tibet but Tibet failed to use the opportunity to formulate diplomatic and military alliance with the US. Special Frontier Force which represents the Tibetan Resistance Movement acquired some of the US aircraft that provided cargo flights flying the “hump” route. I have flown in these aircraft in the Indian sector of The China-Burma-India Theater of World War II and visited various airfields in Assam, northeast India built by US forces who arrived in response to Japan’s successful military campaign in Southeast Asia during 1941- 42. In my analysis, the Supreme Ruler of Tibet and his regents failed to seize the great opportunity to fully prepare Tibet from the threat of Chinese Expansionism.
Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945. The Legacy of the Hump Operation lives to this day.
About 80 years ago (April 04, to June 22, 1944) during the Battles of Kohima, and Imphal, Allied troops, mainly Indians, drove back the invading Japanese forces from India’s borders. “Hump” airlift operation was primarily intended to support Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist China at their capital Chungking. The Pacific War ended on August 14, 1945, but the “hump” cargo flights continued until September or November 1945 as Nationalist China fought a bitter civil war with Red Army supported by China’s Communist Party. However as US relations with Nationalist China cooled off, US Special Representative to China placed an embargo on further shipment of US arms to Nationalist China during August 1946.
I am sharing an article titled “The Hump was the Deadliest Cargo Flight in History” authored by David Axe. This author mostly refers to findings from Francis B Pike’s book titled ‘HIROHITO’S WAR – THE PACIFIC WAR 1941 – 1945’. To understand the “hump” airlift operation, it will be necessary to know about ‘Burma Road’, a road extending about 700 miles from Kunming, Yunnan Province., S.China, to Lashio, a railhead in Burma. It was built-in 1937- 38 over mountainous terrain by the Chinese. It achieved its greatest importance during World War II, when Japan controlled the East Asian coast and the road served as a vital artery for the transport of Allied military supplies to Chinese forces fighting Japanese. On December 25, 1941, Japan captured Hong Kong. Japanese forces based in Thailand invaded Burma on February 08, 1942. Japanese captured Rangoon on March 08, and Allied Forces lost control over Lashio on April 30, 1942, which closed the Burma Road ending overland supply to Nationalist China. By the end of May 1942, the Japanese held most of Burma and the Allies were left with no supply route to engage Japan on Chinese territory. The solution was found in an air route from Assam in India’s Northeast to Kunming, and various airports in Yunnan Province, Southwest China, the “Dangerous” hump route along the southern edge of Himalaya mountain range. The “hump” route covered a distance of about 525 miles passing over the mountainous region of far north Burma and Western China. The height of mountains in Burma, North-South spur of the main East-West Himalaya mountain range, varied from 16,000 to 12,000 feet. In March 1942, the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) began freight service over the “hump” and the US began a transport program in April 1942. In 1944 Japan advanced toward Assam to cut Allied supply lines or capture the airfields at the Western end of the “hump.” Japan’s attack on Assam (March to July 1944) was defeated with help from transport planes withdrawn from the “hump.”
US Army’s Air Transport Command using elements of the 10th Air Force began flying cargo over the “hump” using Dakota C- 47 Skytrains, C – 46 Commandos which gradually expanded into first sustained, long-range, 24-hour around the clock, all-weather aerial cargo flight operation in history. Initially, the “hump” operation involved about 27 planes and about 1,100 pilots and support personnel. By December 1943, cargo planes carried tons of supplies equivalent to the tonnage carried along the Burma Road at the peak of its overland supply operation. In the fall of 1944, Consolidated C – 87s, Douglas C – 54 four engine aircraft were pressed into cargo flight service. In August 1945, the “hump” operation involved 622 aircraft, 34,000 military personnel, and about 47,000 civilian employees. During the course of the “hump” operation, the United States lost 509 downed aircraft identified, and 81 aircraft were listed as missing. The loss of aircraft was mostly contributed by weather-related problems and a few due to enemy action. The United States lost 1,314 crew members killed in action, and 1,171 personnel survived bailouts. US officials reported 345 as Missing in Action (MIA). The search and accounting of MIA have mostly concluded by 1950s and in recent times, there has been a renewed demand to continue search operations following the discovery of cargo plane crash sites in the jungles of Northern Burma along the “hump” flight routes.
At Special Frontier Force I derive consolation from the fact that the legacy of the “HUMP” operation endures. The US transport planes played a role in shaping the Tibetan Resistance Movement from its early beginning during 1948-49 as United States, India, and Tibet recognized the security threats posed by growing Communist military power in mainland China.
Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945. The Legacy of the Hump Operation endures to this day for the US transport aircraft supported Tibetan Resistance Movement since 1948-49.
Rudra Narasimham Rebbapragada Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162, USA The Spirits of Special Frontier Force
Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945 for its Legacy endures to this day. The Hump aircraft shaped The Tibetan Resistance Movement.
THE HUMP WAS ONE OF THE DEADLIEST CARGO FLIGHTS IN HISTORY
Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945. The legacy of the Hump Operation survives to this day. US transport aircraft shaped Tibetan Resistance Movement since 1948-49.
A third of Allied aircrews died hauling supplies to China in World War II
by DAVID AXE
Few people appreciate it today, but for a period of more than three years during World War II, a force of mostly American airmen undertook one of history’s most complex — and deadliest — logistical operations, flyingthousands of tons of supplies from India over the Himalayas into China in rickety, under-powered cargo planes.
“The world’s first strategic airlift,” the U.S. Air Force calls it.
These flights over “the Hump” were indispensable to China’s war effort against the Japanese, and thus a major factor in the Allies’ ultimate victory.
But at a tremendous cost. No fewer than 700 Allied planes crashed or got shot down and 1,200 airmen died. “Every 340 tons delivered cost the life of a pilot,” historian Francis Pike writes in his exhaustive new history.
Hirohito’s War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945.
Within a few months after bombing Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the armies of Imperial Japan occupied a swath of Asia extending from China and Korea south into Burma and what is now Indonesia, eastward all the way to isolated islands in the middle of the Pacific.
Tokyo’s march seemed inexorable. And Japan’s expansion might have been much, much more aggressive if not for the valiant and bloody resistance that Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and his fighters offered up in the portions of their country the Japanese did not fully control.
Chiang’s soldiers tied up no fewer than 1.5 million of Tokyo’s own troops, Pike asserts in his dense new tome, which at nearly a thousand pages defies conventional review. But the Chinese were strapped for weapons, ammo, and supplies. The Allies — and America, in particular — were desperate to keep China fighting and, by extension, keep Japan bogged down.
As Pike explains, prior to May 1942 the Allies maintained a land route from India through Burma into China. But Tokyo’s conquest of Burma shifted the burden of supplying Chiang’s forces to a contingent of initially just 25 planes — a mix of Douglas DC-3s, C-39s, C-47s and C-53s that was wholly inadequate for the mission’s demands.
“When fully loaded, Douglas DC-3s could not climb high enough to clear all the peaks and were forced to weave a perilous path through the mountains, a task that was virtually impossible when the treacherous Himalayan weather closed in,” Pike writes.
Turbulence could force a plane to drop thousands of feet in mere seconds. “Flight operations were a pilot’s nightmare,” according to the Air Force.
Planes crashed. Japanese fighters shot down others. In April 1943 the U.S. Army Air Corps rushed the bigger and more powerful Curtis-Wright C-46 into production to help out with Hump ops, but the new plane’s engines had a tendency to ice up. “The bugs were worked out over the Hump,” Pike quotes one pilot as explaining.
Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation – China-Burma-India Theater, World War II. C-46 Transport Plane flying east of Salween River. “HUMP” refers to Mountains that separate Salween and Mekong Rivers.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945.
At the top — a C-46 over the Hump. At right — view from over the Hump. Photo by Gifford Bull
By the end of 1943, the Allies’ Air Transport Command had 142 types of transport and five crews for each plane. ATC eventually swelled to 700 planes supported by 84,000 military personnel flying 1,000 miles round trip delivering up to 10,000 tons of supplies a month, “with a plane crossing the Hump every two minutes,” according to Pike.
Granted, the airplanes and aircrews were just part of what was, in fact, an unbelievably vast effort, also involving cargo ships that deposited supplies in Calcutta and trains that hauled the material to the airfields — not to mention roughly two million Indian and Chinese laborers who built the airstrips in their respective countries by hand.
But the aircrews arguably suffered the most of all the people involved in the Hump operation. “There was an approximately one in three chance of being killed,” Pike writes — one of the worst wartime survival rates ever. Of the 700 planes (US official estimate 590 planes) that went down trying to cross the Hump between 1942 and 1945, some 500 (US official estimate 81 missing aircraft and 509 downed planes fully identified) remain missing more than 70 years later.
Published on Jun 18. All rights reserved by the author.
FRANCIS B PIKE DESCRIBED THE HUMP CARGO FLIGHT OPERATION OF 1942 – 1945 IN HIS BOOK TITLED ‘HIROHITO’S WAR. SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE REVIEWED THE HUMP OPERATION FOR ITS LEGACY CONTINUES TO THIS DAY.SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE REVIEWS HUMP AIRLIFT OPERATION 1942 – 1945. FRANCIS B PIKE MAY NOT HAVE KNOWN THAT THE LEGACY OF THE HUMP OPERATION LIVES TO THIS DAY.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945. THE BURMA ROAD DURING WORLD WAR IISpecial Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945. Japan’s conquest of Burma in 1942 cut off the overland supply route known as the Burma Road forcing the choice of an aerial route to deliver military supplies to Nationalist China.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945. The Legacy of the Hump Operation still survives to this day.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945. Its Legacy continues to this day.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945. Its legacy continues to this day. US Cargo planes used in Burma Drop supported the Tibetan Resistance Movement since 1948-49.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945 as its Legacy continues to this day.Special Frontier Force Reviews the Legacy of Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945.Special Frontier Force Reviews The Legacy of Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation 1942 – 1945.
Special Frontier Force Reviews the Discovery of wreckage of a Hump Airlift Operation Transport Plane
Special Frontier Force Reviews the Discovery of wreckage of a Hump Airlift Operation Transport Plane. This US Transport Plane C-87 Liberator Express was used for delivering arms and ammunition to Tibet during Hump Airlift Operations of 1942-45.
Special Frontier Force shares interest in the discovery of wreckage of a Hump Transport Plane that crashed in Tibet 80 years ago. In a previous post on this subject, I have shared the maps of Hump Flight routes and majority of crashes occurred either in Burma or Southwest China, and not in Tibet.
Wreckage of a Hump Transport Plane That Crashed in Tibet 80 Years Ago Now En Route to the Jianchuan Museum in Chengdu, China
Special Frontier Force Reviews the Discovery of wreckage of a Hump Airlift Operation Transport Plane.
On August 5, Xinhua News Agency photo center photographer embedded into the search party took a group photo with volunteers in the 4,100-meter-high unpopulated area
On August 5, volunteers collected wreckage in the 4,200-meter-high area.
Special Frontier Force Reviews the Discovery of wreckage of a Hump Airlift Operation Transport Plane. On August 5, Xinhua News Agency photo center photographer embedded into the search party took a group photo with volunteers in the 4,100-meter-high unpopulated area (PRNewsFoto/Xinhua News Agency)
CHENGDU, China, Aug. 13, 2015 /PRNewswire/ — Wreckage of an air freighter that was navigating over the Hump, the name given by Allied World War II pilots to the eastern part of the Himalayas due to the difficult challenge the mountain range posed to the pilots, when it crashed into a glacier 70 years ago and where its debris have since remained, was moved from Bomi County, Tibet, to Chengdu, Sichuan province on August 11. The valuable historical relics which are an important part of the story of Sino-US cooperation during WWII will be sent to China’s largest private museum, Jianchuan Museum.
The remains belong to the United States army’s Consolidated C-87 Liberator Express, serial 41-24688, which crashed in the winter of 1943. The C-87 plane and the remains of five U.S. pilots were discovered in the area, 4,100 meters above sea level, by local hunter Luo Song in September 1993. China and the U.S. later confirmed that the remains belonged to an airplane which had crashed at that time. The two countries held a transfer of remains ceremony at which then U.S. President Bill Clinton paid final respects to the deceased. However, the majority of the remains of the plane were left on the glacier.
Jianchuan Museum security director Choenyi Choedak took part in the search. He told reporters that the search team found many remains including three pairs of army boots, including a pair of thigh-high boots, two pairs of hunting boots and one pair of low boots.
“Those boots are the same ones that I saw in the 1990s,” Luo Song, an inhabitant of Zhongbei Village, Yigong, who guided the search team to the glacier and one of five local people who first discovered the crashed remains in 1990, said.
Beset by the limitations in terms of transport, the search team could only move about 50 pieces of the valuable wreckage, including a 4.5-meter-long and 2-meter-wide wing with an engraved white five-pointed star, as well as the dashboard, the engine and cabin parts. A reporter described seeing words and acronyms, among them, “Chicago,” “USA,” “FBE-18” and “PAT” on some parts of what was collected.
Yang Jianchao, head of the search team and deputy director of Jianchuan Museum, said that it was especially difficult to climb onto the glacier as there are no roads or bridges. The members of the search team had to build makeshift roads and bridges while climbing and then carried the remains on their backs and descended the mountain with the help of 41 Tibetan porters.
The route over the Hump was established during the World War II and served as an “aerial lifeline” to transport strategic supplies from Allied positions further west into China. It is the longest-running, hardest and most costly airborne route in the history of wartime aviation. The Hump pilots transported about 850,000 tons of strategic supplies and roughly 1,500 American planes crashed along the route in southwest China.
“The route can be clearly seen from the light reflected by the wreckage of our companions’ crashed planes on a clear day and we call the valley with the scattered wreckage of airplanes ‘Aluminum Valley’, a name as cold as the metal,” citing The Time’s descriptions of the Hump during World War II. Yang, the museum deputy director, explained that during the war, thousands of aircraft flying the Hump crashed, but few of them have ever been found. It is the first time that such a considerable collection of remains is being brought together in a museum.
The search was initially planned six years ago. In 2009, Jianchuan Museum curator Fan Jianquan, learned from his comrade-in-arms that the wreckage of a U.S. transport airplane along the WWII Hump route remained in the depopulated zone in Nyingchi Prefecture in Tibet. He immediately developed a strong desire to find and bring in what he knew had to be a behemoth of a plane to Chengdu.
“Six years ago I told myself that I must take the remains to Chengdu, but I was unable to do what I had hoped to do as conducting a search over such uninhabitable terrain combined with the need to properly handle and preserve such cultural relics needed the assistance of professionals,” Fan elaborated. “My wish finally came true this year, after years of elaborate planning.”
One of the halls in the museum, the Flying Squad Hall, houses many U.S. army relics from the World War II period, in commemoration of the aid provided by the U.S. Air Force to China during the war.
“I felt all the hard work had been more than worthwhile when I saw the wreckage,” said Hu Zhiyang, a volunteer who was nearly hit by a rock that had fallen off the side of the mountain during the climb. Despite the elaborate planning, the actual search proved far more difficult than expected. Another team leader Jiang Fan said that he felt he could vividly imagine the ordeal of the pilots when he first came upon the wreckage. “These pilots were the very the best flyers of that era. It is heart rendering to think that they travelled so far from their homelands to fight for the world peace,” Jiang said.
Search team member Ni Jian said that he felt that it was a worthy search, although the expedition was exhausting and he suffered badly from altitude sickness. Kuailu Investment, where Ni works, invested over 300 million yuan (approx. US$50 million) in making a film to be named The Bombing, depicting the horror that can be inflicted by military aggression by showing the ruthless bombing of Chongqing by the Japanese army during the Sino-Japanese war and the history of Chinese and American air forces joining together in the bloody battle. He said, “We will share the spiritual wealth of this search journey with the movie crew, encouraging all to remember the history and making this anti-war movie even richer in content.” According to sources, the 3D movie, made possible as a result of a Sino-US partnership, is already 70 per cent finished, and is expected to be completed this October and be released next February.
The remains will go on display at Jianchuan Museum and be opened to the public on or about August 15. In addition, Xinhua News Agency chief editor Chen Xiaobo and a renowned exhibition curator, will host the exhibition where large sections of the plane will be on display, entitled “Broken wings – searching for C-87”.
Special Frontier Force reviews Hump Airlift Operations of 1942-1945. Consolidated C-87 Liberator Express Transport aircraft delivered arms and ammunition to Tibet during World War II while they flew over Tibet.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation – China-Burma-India Theater-World War II – Brigadier General Tom Hardin, Commander, Hump Fliers.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation, China-Burma-India Theater, World War II. Hump Fliers Captain “Bamboo” Joe Barube and Lieutenant Ernest Lajoie returning from China Operations Office.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation, China-Burma-India Theater, World War II. Hump Flier Assistant Engineer John Huffman, a bail out survivor wearing Tibetan clothes.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation, China-Burma-India Theater World War II. Hump Flight Maintenance Field in India.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation, China-Burma-India Theater, World War II. Air Depot in China showing freight received from India. Freight included even trucks, jeeps, and ambulances apart from guns and bombs.Special Frontier Force Reviews Hump Airlift Operation, China-Burma-India Theater, World War II. Anything that can be broken down into four-ton-Units have gone over the “HUMP.”
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