The Rudolf-Rudi Connection formulates a Theory of Human Existence that refutes the doctrine of Existentialism
What is Matter? and What is Spirit? If materialism is about the influence of material wealth, I would like to use the Power/Force/Energy called Money to talk about Life and Death. The Laws of Conservation are applicable to both the living, and the non-living matter. Hence, it can be stated that “Life can neither be created nor destroyed.” If any person can refute my claim using valid, scientific information, I would give the person a US $1,000 bill as a reward.
Yes indeed, Life is complicated. The complexities of Life involve knowing What You Are (Essence) and What You Do (Existence). But, Existence precedes Essence.
What it is to be a Substance? and What it is to Exist? We need to establish knowledge about the man on a firm basis and the information it provides must be tested for its accuracy and consistency with an external reality. We have to make the fundamental distinction between the living and the non-living matter. The scientific advances of the 19th and 20th centuries reinforced the materialistic position concerning the basic similarity of organic living and inorganic physical matter. The man is viewed as a product of natural evolution and is thought to be subject to the same laws of Physics and Chemistry or mechanistic principles.
We need a methodology to study philosophy and to understand philosophical statements. Logical Positivism, also known as Scientific Empiricism aims to clarify concepts in both everyday and scientific language. It describes analysis of language as the function of philosophy. This analysis of language and of concepts is important to understand questions of belief and ideology which affect what we think we ought to do individually and socially. I would use this method of ‘Applied Philosophy’ to analyze the philosophical doctrine of ‘Existentialism’ and to study the views and philosophy of Jean Paul Sartre and his efforts to interpret the human nature and the human existence.
The Vitruvian Man c. 1492. The painting by Leonardo da Vinci displays the spirit of scientific inquiry. We must investigate the biological basis of Human Existence to know about Human Nature. The Nature is a reflection of the potency that keeps the Object existing.
What is man? The motivation for asking this question comes from a statement expressed in Sanskrit language, “Sarvesham Swastir Bhavatu”, which seeks the well-being of all humans, of all races, of all religions, of all cultures, and of all nations. Our efforts to support the well-being of man would be affected by our understanding the ‘real’ or ‘true’ nature of man. All human traditions, including religious, cultural, literary, philosophical, and scientific traditions make assumptions about human nature. The basic assumption about human nature is that of finding it displayed in thoughts, feelings, moods, and the actions and the behaviors that proceed from such mental states of the human individual.
I ask my readers to discover Human nature by understanding the biological basis for human existence. Human nature is a reflection of that potency that keeps the human object existing. To describe human nature from mental life or mental states of an individual causes Subject-Object Dualism. I try to know human nature by knowing the characteristics of the substance that exists. The substance when it performs its functions, the characteristics of its behavior could be observed in biotic interactions, the interactions of the cells, the tissues, the organs and the organ systems that constitute the human organism. I try to discover human nature of a subject who objectively exists because of the functions of the cells, the tissues, organs and organ systems that provide the basis for that existence.
Existentialism – The Philosophy of Human Existence:
Jean Paul Sartre (1905 – 1980), French novelist, playwright, and exponent of Existentialism.
The philosophical focus of Existentialism is concerned with the uniqueness of the individual human being, the meaning or purpose of human life as a subjective experience, and with the freedom of human individual. Sartre believed in the ability of every person to choose for himself his attitudes, purposes, values, and a way of life. Sartre’s thesis is that humans are essentially free, free to choose (though not free not to choose) and free to negate the given features of the world. In his novel, “Being and Nothingness” (1943), Sartre expresses an opinion that the only ‘authentic’ and genuine way of life is that freely chosen by each individual for himself. Sartre’s driving belief in Radical Freedom involves the ability to choose not only a course of action but also what one would become. According to Sartre, man is truly free, the world, whether material or social can place no constraints on him, not even to the extent of determining what would or would not be good reasons for following a given course of action. Sartre thought that there are no transcendent or objective values set for human beings and that there is no ultimate meaning or purpose inherent in human life. Sartre insists that the only foundation for values is human freedom and that there can be no external or objective justification for the values anyone chooses to adopt.
Human Consciousness and Human Existence:
Sartre divides the being, the existing realities into two categories;1. one category is called being- in-itself (L’etre- en-soi) which comprises the inanimate things such as rocks, and 2. the second category is being- for-itself (L’etre- pour-soi) which comprises beings that have feelings such as human beings. Sartre has effectively excluded a vast majority of living organisms from the category that he called being-for-itself. Sartre understands consciousness as an ability to know or be aware of feelings. His view is only partly correct. The true function of consciousness is awareness of the state, condition, and the fact of living. Hence, this Amoeba proteus is a conscious entity while it is living in its given environment.
Sartre makes a radical distinction between consciousness (L’etre-pour- soi, being-for-itself) and non-conscious objects (L’etre-en-soi, being-in-itself). Though it is correct that human beings have emotional feelings, thoughts, and moods, the nature of consciousness is the same in all living entities. The presence or absence of feelings is of no consideration to make the fundamental distinction between inanimate and animate beings. He focused on the opposition between objective things and human consciousness. This basic dualism is shown by the fact that consciousness necessarily has an object; it is always consciousness of something which is not itself. Consciousness makes the distinction between itself and its object. Sartre makes a conceptual connection between consciousness and nothingness. Human consciousness is a non-thing as its reality consists in standing back from things and taking a point of view on them. Because consciousness is a non-thing (Sartre’s “neant” literally means “nothingness”), it does not have any of the causal involvements that things have with other things. This means that consciousness and thus humans themselves are essentially free. In Sartre’s view, to pretend that we are not free is that of self-deception or bad faith (mauvaise foi). According to Sartre, the freedom of human consciousness is experienced by humans as a burden and it causes anguish. Sartre’s most basic point is that to be conscious is to be ‘free’.
In my view, the physiological function called consciousness primarily involves the awareness of my own energy dependent existence at a given particular time and place. In other words, I am Conscious for I know that I am not Free. Sartre’s concept of human freedom is a simple mental entity and it involves the freedom of imagination. However, man has a very limited freedom to convert his imagination into an external actuality. The man lacks total freedom and has no true freedom as he does not directly rule or govern even a single cell in his body which comprises of trillions of individual living cells which have functional autonomy and are independent entities while being part of a group.
Human Consciousness and Human Freedom:
Human Consciousness and Human Freedom – Sartre contends that we can never be just objects to be observed and accurately described. However, Biology describes man as a multicellular organism, man can view a cell from his own body and then the Subject viewing the Object and the Object that is viewed are the same and the Subject can accurately describe the Object. I observe cell structure and functions to understand human consciousness and human freedom.
I disagree with the view shared by Sartre and various others about the nature of human consciousness. The problem involves the description of consciousness as a mental function. Consciousness is a neurobiological function, and more importantly it is the basic living function. The living cell is aware or conscious of the fact of its own existence, it is conscious of itself and its internal condition, and it is conscious of its external environment and objects found in its external environment. Hence, consciousness must be described as a biological characteristic of living cells and living organisms. Consciousness describes the nature of the substance that is living, the matter that lives and is known as living matter. The living matter is conscious of its internal condition, a condition that demands the supply of energy from an external source to keep its existence. The biological properties of motion, and nutrition come into play because of this biological characteristic called consciousness. Hence it is a vital, or animating principle of all living cells and living organisms. The living cell because of its consciousness knows its nature of energy dependent existence and uses its power of motion and nutrition to attract substances found in its external environment to perform all other living functions to support its growth and maintenance. The fact of energy dependent existence and the consciousness of that conditioned existence displays the lack of human freedom in matters that pertain to human existence. A complex human living system exists because of harmonious interactions, partnership, relationship, and association between the cells, the tissues, the organs, and the organ systems that constitute the human individual. These biotic interactions display behavioral characteristics such as mutual assistance, mutual cooperation, mutual tolerance, mutual subservience, mutual functional subordination to provide benefits to each other to support the survival and reproductive success of each other. There is sympathy, compassion, and understanding for the needs of each other, the participants of a biotic or biological community or association of living cells that comprise the human person.
I observe the human organism and I can accurately describe that Spiritualism is the chief attribute of human existence and human nature. The man has no freedom and the man has no choice other than that of existing as a Spiritual Being. It is ironic that the man has no cortical or mental awareness of the spiritual nature of his own body and the substance that lives because of its nature. By seeking awareness of the underlying spiritual nature, the man will be able to live in harmony and peace within himself and with others in his environment. I agree with the view of Sartre and suggest that man’s existence precedes his essence. Sartre has failed to contemplate upon the biological basis of human existence and hence could not describe the reality of human essence and human nature. The Subjective Reality of physical existence precedes and defines the nature of human being. Who you are (your Essence) is defined by what you do (your Existence). To know the man’s essence, to describe the human nature, we need a man who is existing. If there is no living, physical being called man, it would serve us no purpose to know its nature or essence. In Spiritualism, the man’s essence and existence come together to establish the purpose of man in Life.
THE ART OF RECEIVING AND THE ART OF GIVING:
Ecology is the Science that deals with the relations between living organisms and their environment. Humans as individuals and as social or national groups have to make adjustments to their geographical, social, and biotic environments to live in peace and harmony. The Art of Receiving and The Art of Giving is inescapable and is inevitable consequence of human living and human life.
Sir Winston Churchill said, “You make a living by what you get. You make a life by what you give.” To add clarity to this quote, I would like to say that human existence depends upon receiving energy from an external source. Human nature involves sharing that energy with others. The human person comprises of about 100 trillion individual, living cells and at the same time there are about 10 times 100 trillion microorganisms that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. There is a mutually beneficial relationship between man the host and the microbes that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. These microbes receive a fair share of energy and material that man consumes as food and drink. This relationship persists during the entire course of man’s life. If receiving is inescapable, giving is inevitable consequence of human living and human life. Spiritualism is the potency that gives the man the ability to Receive and to Give to others.
What is Matter? and What is Spirit? If materialism is about the influence of material wealth, I would like to use the Power/Force/Energy called Money to talk about Life and Death. The Laws of Conservation are applicable to both the living, and the non-living matter. Hence, it can be stated that “Life can neither be created nor destroyed.” If any person can refute my claim using valid, scientific information, I would give the person a US $1,000 bill as a reward
Rudolf is reborn as Rudi to describe the spiritual connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider
Rudi acknowledges his German heritage when he discovered the spiritual connection between man, food, and Providence.
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. Photograph, 1893. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902).
Whole Foods, Whole People, and Whole Planet are connected by a material substance called Protoplasm or Cytoplasm, a divine plan to provide nourishment to Life.
The Rudolf and Rudi Connection can be best described as the concept of Whole Spirituality, the three dimensional spiritual relationship between the multicellular human organism, food, and the Divine Providence.
Rudolf is reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between Cell and its Energy Provider. The 3-Dimensional Spiritual Relationship between Man, Food, and God.
Spiritualism – The Cell Theory of Spirituality:
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. The Discovery of Whole Spirituality.
In Biology, cell is the basic or fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living things or it is the building block of life. Let me begin with my respectful tribute to some of the people who contributed to ‘The Cell Theory’, one of the foundations of Biological Sciences. Cells were first observed in the 17th century shortly after the discovery of the microscope. Robert Hooke, british curator of instruments at The Royal Society of London, during 1665 coined the word cell. Dutch microscopist Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) made over 247 microscopes and examined microorganisms and tissue samples. He gave the first complete descriptions of bacteria, protozoa (which he called animalcules), spermatozoa, and striped muscle. He also studied capillary circulation and observed Red Blood Cells.
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. Robert Hooke, british curator of instruments at The Royal Society of London coined the term cell during 1665.Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. Dutch microscopist Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1668-80) studied capillary circulation and observed Red Blood Cells.
Improvements in microscopy during early 19th century permitted closer observation and the significance of cells had received better understanding. Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1838), German botanist, Theodor Schwann (1839), German physiologist, and Rudolf Virchow (1855), German pathologist, and others made important contributions to the Cell Theory that describes cell as the building block of all Life.
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. Schleiden, Professor of Botany, The University of Jena studied plant structure under the microscope, published “Contibutions to Phytogenesis” (1838). He had also published the two-volume text of ‘Principles of Scientific Botany’.Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. Schwann founder of modern Histology extended the Cell Theory of Plants to animals in his ‘Microscopic Researches into Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants (1839).Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. Schwann discovered Myelin Sheath covering peripheral axons, now termed Schwann Cells. He coined the term ‘Metabolism’ for the chemical changes that take place in living tissues.Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. Rudolf Virchow, German pathologist in 1855 coined the biological dictum “OMNIS CELLULA E CELLULA” – All living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells.
The Cell is the smallest unit in the living organism that is capable of carrying on the essential life processes of sustaining metabolism for producing energy and reproducing. Many simple, small, single-celled organisms like Protozoa perform all life functions. In higher, complex, bigger, multicellular organisms, groups of cells are structurally and functionally differentiated into specialized tissues and organ systems. Thus, the Cell Theory includes the following foundational principles of the Biological Sciences:
1. All living things are made up of cells. Cell is the most elementary or basic unit of Life.
2. Cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living things including plants and animals.
3. Cells only rise from division of previously existing cells.
4. All cells are similar in composition, form, and function. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition (in spite of variations) in organisms of similar species. For example, all the solid tissues in the human body can be shown to consist largely of similar cells; differing it is true, but that are essentially similar to an Ovum.
5. The cells exhibit functional autonomy. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of ‘INDEPENDENT’ cells.
6. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
7. Cells contain hereditary, biological information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider.
The Cell Theory of Spirituality:
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. The Discovery of Whole Spirituality at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor.
The basic or fundamental unit of life in the human organism is derived from the fertilized egg cell that eventually develops into a complete organism. The most significant feature of similarity between the cells of the human body is the presence of a soft, gelatinous, semi-fluid, granular material inside the cell. This substance known as Protoplasm or Cytoplasm, or Cytosol is similar to the ground substance found in the Ovum or the Egg Cell.
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. Human Ovum Structure – The Cell Theory of Spirituality is based upon the Substance, Structure, Form, Organization, Function, Action and Interactions of this Single Fertilized Egg Cell that eventually develops into a complete human organism.
This viscous, translucent, colloidal substance is enclosed in a membrane called Cell Membrane, Plasma Membrane or Biological Membrane. A small spherical body called nucleus is embedded in the Protoplasm of the cell. The three essential features of any living cell in the human body are that of the presence of protoplasm, the nucleus, and the cell membrane.
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider.
Protoplasm – The Ground Substance of Spiritualism and Spirituality:
In the middle of the 19th century, various biologist started to recognize the importance of Juicy or Slimy contents of the cells. Purkinje (1839) gave the name protoplasm (Gr., Protos- primitive or first, plasma- substance) to the contents of the cells. This theory states that the cell is an accumulation of living substance or protoplasm, definitely limited in space and possessing a nucleus and a cell membrane .Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to Describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider.
I seek the existence of Soul or Spirit in a substance that is basic to life activities, and in a material that is responsible for all living processes. I, therefore, propose that the understanding of the true or real nature of this ground substance of all living matter will help man to discover peace, harmony, and tranquility in all of his internal and external relationships while man exists in a physical environment as a member of a social group, social community, and Society. In this blog post, I would like to pay my respectful tribute to Jan Evangelista Purkinje and Hugo Von Mohl for their great contribution to the scientific understanding of the living substance, living material, and living matter.
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. Jan Evangelista Purkyne (Czech name), Jan Evangelista Purkinje (German name)also known as Johannes Evangelist Purkinje, b. December 17, 1787, d. July 28, 1869. The pioneer Czech experimental Physiologist whose investigations in the fields of Histology, Embryology,and Pharmacology helped create a modern understanding of the eye and vision, brain and heart function, mammalian reproduction, and the composition of cells.
Purkinje conducted his research on human vision at the University of Prague and later on, he served there as a Professor of Physiology (1850-69). He went to Germany and was appointed the Chair of Physiology and Pathology (1823-50) at the University of Breslau, Prussia. There Purkinje created the world’s first independent Department of Physiology (1839) and the first Physiological Laboratory (Physiological Institute, 1842). He is best known for his discovery of large nerve cells with many branching extensions found in the cortex of Cerebellum of the brain (Purkinje Cells, 1837). He discovered the fibrous tissue that conducts electrical impulses from the ‘pacemaker’ called Atrioventricular node or A-V node along the inside walls of the ventricles to all parts of the heart to help in Cardiac contractile function (Purkinje Fibers, 1839). In 1835, he invented and introduced the scientific term ‘Protoplasm’ to describe the ground substance found inside young animal embryo cells. He discovered the sweat glands of the skin (1833); he discovered the nine configuration groups of Fingerprints used in biometric identification of man (1823); he described the germinal vesicle or nucleus of the unripe ovum that now bears his name (1825), and he noted the protein digesting power of pancreatic extracts (1836).
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. Hugo Von Mohl, b. April 08, 1805, d. April 01, 1872, German Botanist noted for his research on the anatomy and physiology of plant cells.
Hugo Von Mohl named the granular, colloidal material that made up the main substance of the plant cell as “Protoplasm” in 1846. Purkinje invented the word, but Hugo gave more clarity, understanding, and knowing the nature of this ground substance. He viewed cell as an “elementary organ” and in Physiology he explained Protoplasm as an organ of Motion or Movement, Nutrition, and Reproduction. It is the preliminary material in cellular generation. He was the first to propose that new cells are formed by division of preexisting cells and he had observed this process of Cell Division in the algal cells of Conferva glomerata. His observations are very important to understand the Cell Theory that explains cells as the basic building blocks of Life. He was the first to investigate the phenomenon of the stomatal openings in leaves.
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. The Ground Substance of Spiritualism and Spirituality. The vital characteristics, the animating principles of Protoplasm could be known by observing Amoeba proteus. The Living Substance works as an organ of Motion or Movement, as an organ of Nutrition, and as an organ of Reproduction to generate new cells which have a life span of their own. In these physiological functions, I describe the characteristics such as Cognition, Consciousness, Memory, and Intelligence which have a Spiritual role as they bring functional unity and harmony in the interactions between different parts of the same individual organism while it exists in an environment as a member of a biological community.
Protoplasm is a complex, viscous, translucent solution of such materials as salts and simple sugars with other molecules, mostly proteins and fats, in a colloidal state, that is dispersed but not dissolved in one another. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen constitute more than 90 percent of Protoplasm.
God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality.God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality.
It exhibits properties such as Protoplasmic Streaming or Cytoplasmic Streaming or Motion that is called “Amoeboid Movement.” It has the intrinsic power to change its shape and position.
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. The importance of Protoplasmic or Cytoplasmic Streaming is displayed in the transportation of Neuropeptides from the sites of their Synthesis to the sites of their action at the axon terminal of the Nerve Cells.
Protoplasm has the power of Nutrition by which it can attract and obtain the materials necessary for its growth and maintenance from surrounding matter/environment.
God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality.
The living functions such as Nutrition, Cellular Respiration, and Reproduction performed by Cytoplasm involve acquiring, processing, retaining, and using information to perform tasks in a sequential manner for a predetermined purpose and hence describe Consciousness, Memory, and Intelligence.
God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality. Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality.God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality.God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality.
The terms Soul and Spirit belong to the materialistic realm where the Physical Reality of man’s biological existence is established. I have not yet discovered any good reason to use the terms Soul and Spirit as a metaphysical or transcendental Reality.
The Inheritance of Cytoplasmic Membrane or Cell or Plasma Membrane:
God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality. Living cells have a corporeal substance called Protoplasm that has the ability of Spiritual Biotic Interactions. The Biological Membrane or Cell Membrane separates the cell from its environment and other living cells present in the environment. Cells use unique proteins, biological molecules and receptor sites to recognize the other living cells and use chemical signals to facilitate the interactions. Such interactions between living cells have the characteristics of consciousness or awareness.God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality. Cytoplasmic Membrane or Cell Membrane is an integral feature of Cytoplasm, a limiting membrane devised by Cytoplasm to create boundaries to perform its numerous living functions.
The Functions of Cytoplasmic Membrane or Cell Membrane or Biological Membrane:
1. Protection: It protects the cell from its surroundings or extracellular environment. Plant cell possess wall over the plasma membrane for extra protection and support.
2. Holding cell contents: Plasma membranes hold the semi fluid protoplasmic contents of the cell intact; thus keeping the individuality of the cell.
3. Selective Permeability: Cell membrane allows only selected or specific substances to enter into the cell and are impermeable to others.
Gases like O2 and CO2 can diffuse rapidly in solution through membranes.
Small compounds like H2O and methane can easily pass through where as sugars, amino acids and charged ions are transported with the help of transport proteins.
The size of the molecules which can pass through the plasma membrane is 1-15 A0. This property is responsible for keeping a cell ‘as a cell’, an individual unit.
4. Shape: It maintains form and shape of the cell. It serves as site of anchorage or attachment of the cytoskeleton; thus providing shape to the cell (especially in animal cells without cell wall).
5. Organelles: Cell membrane delimits or covers all sub-cellular structures or organelles like nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, microbodies etc. thus protecting them form the surroundings and also helps in maintaining a constant internal environment.
6. Compartmentalization: Cell membrane separate the cells from their external environment and cell organelle from cytosol. It help the cells and their organelles to have their own microenvironments, structural and functional individuality.
7. Cell Recognition: With the help of glycolipids and glycoproteins on its surface, cell membranes are able to differentiate similar cells from dissimilar ones, foreign substances and cells own materials. Cell recognition is useful for tissue formation and defence against microbes.
8. Antigens: Cell membranes possess antigens which determine blood grouping, immune response, acceptance or rejection of a transplant (graft rejection by MHC’s on plasma membrane).
9. Microvilli: They are microscopic finger like projections of plasma membrane present on some cells like intestinal epithelial cells, which are involved in a wide variety of functions, including increasing surface area for absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion etc.
10. Sheaths of cilia and flagella: Cilia and flagella are projections from the cell; made up of microtubules which are covered by an extension of the plasma membrane.
11. Cytoplasmic bridges in plasmodesmata and gap junctions: Plasmodesmata in plant cells and gap junctions in animal cells; meant for intercellular transport and communication, form cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent cells through plasma membrane.
12. Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Bulk intake of materials or endocytosis occurs through development of membrane vesicles or invagination and engulfing by plasma membrane.
Exocytosis: It is reverse of endocytosis that provides for releasing waste products and secretory materials ot of the cells with the help of plasma membrane.
13. Impulse transmission in neurons: The transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a result of electrical changes across the plasma membrane of the neuron
14. Cell metabolism: Cell membranes control cell metabolism through selective permeability and retentivity of substances in a cell.
15. Electron transport chain in bacteria: In bacteria; Electron transport chain is located in cell membrane.
16. Osmosis through cell membrane: It is movement of solvent molecules (generally water) from the region of less concentrated solution to the region of high concentrated solution through a semi permeable membrane. Here the semi permeable membrane that helps in osmosis is the cell membrane. Eg: Root cells take up water from the soil by osmosis
17. Carrier proteins for active transport: They occur in the cell membranes and control active transport of substances. Example, GLUT1 is a named carrier protein found in almost all animal cell membranes that transports glucose across the bilayer or plasma membrane.
18. Plasma Membrane enzymes: Many enzymes are present on the plasma membrane with wide variety of catalytic activity. Example: Red blood cell plasma membranes contain a number of enzymes such as ATPases, anion transport protein, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, protein kinases, adenylate cyclase, acetylcholinesterase.
19. Cell Membrane Receptors: Receptor on the plasma membrane performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intra-cellular signal. Membrane possess receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, antibodies and several other biochemicals.
20. Plasma membrane assisted Cell movements: Undulation and pseudopodia are cell membrane phenomenon involved in cell movement. Amoeba, macrophages and WBCs move with the helps of temporary organelles like pseudopodia. Pseudopods are temporary cytoplasmic projections of the cell membrane in certain unicellular protists such as Amoeba. Some mammalian cells such as fibroblasts can move over a solid surface by wave like undulations of the plasma membrane.
The Ground Substance of Spiritualism and Spirituality. The vital characteristics, the animating principles of Protoplasm could be known by observing Amoeba proteus. The Living Substance works as an organ of Motion or Movement, as an organ of Nutrition, and as an organ of Reproduction to generate new cells which have a life span of their own. In these physiological functions, I describe the characteristics such as Cognition, Consciousness, Memory, and Intelligence as spiritual attributes of Life as they bring functional unity and harmony in the interactions between different parts of the same individual organism while it exists in an environment as a member of a biological community.
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to Describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider.
The Spirituality of Substance, Function, Organization, Action, and Interactions:
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider. The Discovery of Whole Spirituality at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor.
To establish the biological existence of the human organism, I add the concept of Spiritualism and Spirituality to the Cell Theory.
God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality.
The Single Fertilized Egg Cell has ground substance that is of Spiritual nature and the Spiritualism and Spirituality consists of the following functional, and organizational characteristics:
1. The Cell is Conscious of its own existence and knows its internal condition and knows it external environment.
2. The Cell is intelligent and it has the cognitive abilities like perception and memory to acquire information, to retain information, to recall information, and to use information in the performance of its complex tasks in a sequential manner.
3. The Cell has the ability to show characteristics such as mutual cooperation, mutual tolerance, and display functional subordination and subservience while being independent.
4. The Cell grows, divides, and develops into a complete organism while it acquires substances and energy from an external environment. The power of Protoplasm/Cytoplasm to attract matter found in its external environment is called Nutrition. The Cell continuously transforms matter to build matter of its own kind for its own benefit to sustain its existence with its own identity and individuality. The Organism represents a social group or a biological community of Cells. The Spiritual nature of Protoplasm/Cytoplasm brings this functional harmony and unity in the Social Group or Biotic Community of Cells by bringing together its Essence and Existence.
5. The Cell Theory is incomplete for it does not describe the conditioned nature of the Cell’s existence. The Cell represents a Living System that is thermodynamically unstable. It requires a constant supply of matter and energy from its external environment to sustain its living functions. The concept of Whole Spirituality formulates the connection between the Cell and its external source of matter and energy.
The Rudolf and Rudi Connection. The Discovery of Whole Spirituality. The Bone Marrow smear from a patient of Leukemia or Blood Cancer helps to illustrate the nature of Biotic Interactions in the Social Group or Biotic Community that represents the singularity called man. The true or real man can only be discovered by the microscopic study of the Cells that constitute the Organism.
The theoretical claims about Spirit and Soul, the religious and philosophical doctrines of Spiritualism and Spirituality must be verified using the Cell Theory that defines the human organism. To describe Soul or Spirit as nonmaterial or immaterial Self will not help man to know the real or true man.
God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality.
Whole Foods, Whole People, and Whole Planet come together in a Wholesome Relationship as God is the Energy Provider, the Original Source of Matter and Energy for Life.
Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to Describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider.Rudolf is Reborn as Rudi to describe the Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE Vs HUMAN EVOLUTION WHOLE MENDELISM #WholeMendelism Vs DARWINISM:
The origin of Man, or the Beginning of Man as a new form of Life may have a basis that lies outside operation of natural causes. Mendelism, ‘The Theory of Heredity’ formulated by Gregor Mendel provides insights to the problem of man’s origin. on the basis of Mendelism, it can be said that man did not descend from Primates and is not truly related to other members of Hominid Family. Man’s relationship with other zoological species has to be explained on the basis of reproductive history and inheritance of biological traits. I coined the phrase “Whole Mendelism” #WholeMendelism to claim that man had arrived on planet Earth due to a special act of creation. There are no natural conditions, no natural factors, no natural mechanisms, no natural processes and no natural causes to transform any of previously existing members of Hominid Family to establish the reality of anatomically modern man. To make transition from an old species to a new species which is often called ‘EVOLUTION’ or ‘DARWINISM’, the breeding interactions of species involved must operate according to the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Gregor Johann Mendel, the Father of Genetics. In this article, I would like to describe the Laws of Inheritance and the problems that I encounter to verify Darwinism while using the Mendelian Principles of Heredity and Variation. For example, if evolutionary biologists or anthropologists claim that anatomically modern human species or its immediate ancestral species had reproduced with archaic hominids such as Neanderthals, the human genome has to include one complete ‘Haploid’ set of chromosomes normally occurring in the mature germ cell called egg or sperm which means 22 chromosomes(Autosomes), and 1 X or Y chromosome(Sex chromosome) derived exclusively from Neanderthal genome. Secondly, human population must include a few members that can be clearly identified as Neanderthal.
THE ORIGIN AND EXTINCTION OF SPECIES:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AFTER THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH FOR A VERY, VERY LONG TIME( ABOUT 3.5 BILLION YEARS) IT COMPRISED OF SIMPLER FORMS OF LIFE . SUDDENLY, ABOUT 600 MILLION YEARS AGO NUMEROUS MARINE CREATURES ARRIVED TO CAUSE AN “EXPLOSION OF LIFE.”
It will be interesting to note that a vast majority of species found on Earth have emerged suddenly and have disappeared suddenly. For example, Cambrian, first geologic Period in the Paleozoic Era witnessed sudden emergence of a great variety of marine animals especially trilobites and brachiopods about 600 million years ago. This “Explosion of Life” is aptly named ‘Cambrian Explosion’. Similarly, towards the end of Cretaceous Period, third geologic Period of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era, about 65 million years ago, a global extinction event called K-T Event was responsible for eliminating approximately 80 percent of all species of animals. Dinosaurs which reached maximum development became extinct while new forms of life appeared with new hereditary traits.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THESE DEEP SEA CREATURES OF ATLANTIC OCEAN, LAMELLIBRACHIA LUYMESI, TUBE WORMS, INVERTEBRATES BELONG TO PHYLUM ANNELIDA LIVE ON THE OCEAN FLOOR ALONG HYDROCARBON VENTS. TUBE WORMS TAKE 170 TO 250 YEARS TO GROW AND HAVE SURVIVED AS A SPECIES WITHOUT CONCERN FOR CHANGING TIMES SINCE PRECAMBRIAN ERA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR SUDDEN APPEARANCE OF A VARIETY OF MARINE LIFE FORMS IN AN EVENT CALLED ‘CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION’ ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . PANOPEA GENEROSA, GEODUCK(NATIVE AMERICAN CHINOOK NAME), BIVALVE, WORLD’S LARGEST BURROWING SALT WATER CLAMS FOUND IN THE US PUGET SOUND ARE AMONG THE OLDEST ANIMALS IN THE WORLD WITH LIFESPANS OF ABOUT 146 TO 160 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY EXTINCTION EVENT ABOUT 65 MILLION YEARS AGO WIPED OUT APPROXIMATELY 80 PERCENT OF ALL SPECIES OF ANIMALS INCLUDING A GREAT VARIETY OF DINOSAURS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT EXPLAIN EITHER THE EMERGENCE OF NEW SPECIES OR EXTINCTION OF OLD SPECIES. NATURAL FACTORS, NATURAL CONDITIONS, NATURAL MECHANISMS , AND NATURAL CAUSES CANNOT FULLY ACCOUNT FOR EXTINCTION OF THE LARGE-BODIED ICE AGE MAMMALS SUCH AS WOOLLY RHINOCEROS, WOOLY MAMMOTHS, MASTODONS, AND SABERTOOTH CARNIVORES .
In Darwinism, new species arise when, among the varieties of an existing species, certain intermediate forms become extinct, and the other circumstances are such that the surviving varieties now become more sharply separated from one another in type, and are able to reproduce their kind, and , in the course of many generations of interbreeding, also tend to breed true. This ‘Theory of Evolution’ is not consistent with Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance and Variation. The Unit Character called ‘GENE’ conserves its identity during the process of reproduction which could be either ‘Inbreeding’, or ‘Interbreeding’. A species is always known by its reproductive history for the Unit Characters or Genes get propagated to the next generation during both inbreeding and interbreeding process.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL(1822-1884), THE FATHER OF GENETICS . AT THE AUGUSTINIAN MONASTERY IN BRNO(1843-1868), HE CONDUCTED OVER 29,000 BREEDING EXPERIMENTS CHIEFLY ON GARDEN PEAS(PISUM SATIVUM).
Gregor Johann Mendel(1822-1884), Austrian monk noted for his experimental work on Heredity. At the Augustinian monastery in Brno(1843-1868) he conducted experiments chiefly on Garden Peas(Pisum sativum) using a controlled pollination technique and a careful statistical analysis of his results. He produced the first accurate and scientific explanation of ‘Hybridization’. Some evolutionary geneticists and evolutionary anthropology scholars have shared opinions claiming that the ‘hybridization’ of unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens with other species of the genus Homo such as Neanderthals, and Denisova hominids may have resulted in production of anatomically modern humans(Homo sapiens sapiens). Their views on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. The hypothesis of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans is fundamentally inconsistent with the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Mendel. If modern man is a product of Hybridization, the present, surviving human population would include a few surviving members of Neanderthals, Denisova, and other ancestral hominids who successfully reproduced with an unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens species which got transformed into ‘HAM’ humans.
THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DIPLOID SET OF HUMAN CHROMOSOMES AND HUMAN GENOTYPE . MAN REPRODUCES AND FURTHER PROPAGATES HIS CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION . HUMAN OFFSPRING WILL ALWAYS BE OF THE SAME SPECIES AS THE PARENT ORGANISM . THE TERM GENOME DESCRIBES THE SET OF GENES CHARACTERISTIC OF EACH SPECIES .
The term ‘Generation’ means to produce offspring. The term ‘Propagation’ means to transmit hereditary characteristics by reproduction. The Law of Biogenesis states the Principle that living organisms originate only from other living organisms closely similar to themselves. It is ‘The Law of Like Generating Like’. A species always breeds true to its own species. Its members always generate organisms which are classified as belonging to the same species, however much they vary among themselves as individuals within the group. The sub-groups, the races, or varieties of species are able to breed with one another, but diverse species cannot interbreed. By the Law of Natural Generation, offspring will always be of the same species as the parent organism. Hence, species is self-perpetuating and maintain stability of all other groupings like the genera, phyla, and families which remain as fixed from generation to generation. In Plant and Animal Kingdom, a species distinguishes itself by its ability to maintain its stability from generation to generation. The Mendelian System of Heredity states that an inherited characteristic is determined by the combination of two hereditary units(now called genes), one from each of the parental reproductive cells or gametes(Sperm and Egg Cell). The term genome describes the complete haploid set of chromosomes of a sexually reproducing organism normally occurring in mature germ cell called egg or sperm. This number of chromosomes is characteristic of each species. Every human being arrives on planet Earth with an original, unique, distinctive, and one of its own kind of genome that has never, ever existed in the past, and would never exist again in the future. Sexual reproduction is a creative process which involves a type of cell division called ‘MEIOSIS’ that results in production of Sperm or Egg Cell. Fertilization of egg cell by sperm always creates a new kind of genome while the number of chromosomes(Diploid set) that is the chief attribute of species is held constant.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN BIRTH REQUIRES THE UNION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS, ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES (SPERM AND EGG CELL) . MEIOSIS OR HAPLOID DIVISION IS A HIGHLY CREATIVE PROCESS AS IT GENERATES A UNIQUE , ORIGINAL, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME, A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES WHILE THE DIPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES AFTER FERTILIZATION OR CONCEPTION IS CONSTANT .
THE ORIGIN OR THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS:
To explain the Origin of Man, The Beginning of Man on the basis of Darwinism, demands presence of two, identical, rare, mutant individuals(a male, and a female) to produce offspring and to establish an entirely new, modern human population in all geographical regions of the Old World. About 10, 000 years ago, modern humans may have shared the planet with a few surviving members of Neanderthals and other hominid species. Techniques of DNA extraction and genomic sequencing have advanced and find application in the understanding of the genus Homo. The claims about Hybridization of archaic humans such as Neanderthals with Homo sapiens finds support from DNA studies of the current, members of human population as compared to DNA sequences extracted from Neanderthal fossils. But those shared genetic traits are not of major significance and do not account for the morphological appearance of either Neanderthal or modern man. At the same time, it may be noted that 30 – 35, 000 years ago, Neanderthals disappeared from the fossil record. Similarly, Hominid Denisova, discovered in Altai Mountains, Southern Siberia lived 41, 000 years ago. Homo sapiens floresiensis(Flores Man) of Indonesia suddenly disappeared 12, 000 years ago. Hominid Red Deer discovered in China lived 14.5 to 11.5 thousand years ago. To make a credible claim about interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, we need to demonstrate presence of traits characteristic of Homo sapiens in the DNA extracted from Neanderthal fossil specimens. It will be correct to claim that from Holocene Epoch or Series, approximately for the last 10, 000 years, modern humans constitute the only surviving members of the Hominid Family found on planet Earth.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY CAN EASILY ESTABLISH THE FACT THAT THIS HUMAN BABY HAS TWO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN PARENTS . EVERY BABY ARRIVES WITH ORIGINAL, UNIQUE, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME( A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES, OR 23 CHROMOSOMES FROM EACH PARENT) THAT NEVER EXISTED IN THE PAST AND WILL NEVER EXIST AGAIN IN FUTURE WHILE ALL HUMANS ARE BORN WITH A DIPLOID SET THAT HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES .
Charles Darwin uses the term species to signify “a set of individuals closely resembling each other” – a class of plants or animals having certain characteristics. The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon(1707-1788) in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle General et Particuliere, 44 Volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. Two individual animals or plants are of the same species if they can produce fertile offspring. According to Buffon, a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon opened the way to development of Paleontology to discover lost species. The status of Anatomically Modern Humans as a distinct species is verified as human populations consist of members that are genetically similar, interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals that share the same collection of inherited characteristics, whose combination is unique to our species. Diverse species cannot interbreed. Organisms different in species cannot reproduce productively and if crossbred, like the horse and the ass, they produce a sterile hybrid like the mule. Hybrid is the term for the offspring of a cross between two different subspecies or species. In Genetics, hybrid is the term for the offspring of parents differing in any genetic characteristic.Interbreeding or Hybridization means to produce offspring by crossing two individuals of unlike genetic constitution. The offspring of different races, varieties, species, etc., are called ‘hybrids’. If Neanderthal is one of the parents of Anatomically Modern Humans, identity of the second Hominid parent has to be ascertained, and the characteristics of that parent are accounted for using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. The social and cultural behavior of anatomically modern man consistently displays a tendency that prefers and encourages ‘inbreeding’. The prevailing social and cultural norms of human society in general tend to oppose sexual behavior that may be identified as ‘interbreeding’. In selection of a mate for breeding, anatomically modern man prefers an individual who closely resembles the members of his/her own stock.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : A SPECIES IS RECOGNIZED BY ITS HISTORY OF PROPAGATION . MULE, A PRODUCT OF CROSSBREEDING , OR HYBRIDIZATION CANNOT FURTHER REPRODUCE PRODUCTIVELY WITH OTHER MULES, OR WITH HORSE , OR ASS FOR IT IS BORN STERILE . HYBRIDIZATION WILL NOT HELP TO TRANSFORM A SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES IF ITS PARENTS BELONG TO DIFFERENT SPECIES .
The concept of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans cannot be verified in absence of any surviving members of Neanderthal, Denisova, or other Hominid population with whom modern man may have reproduced about 10, 000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : IT WILL BE IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS ARE NOT HEREDITARY AND THERE IS NO INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MENDEL DEMONSTRATED INHERITANCE PATTERNS THROUGH BREEDING EXPERIMENTATION. THE IMAGE SHOWS SOME OF THE HEREDITARY TRAITS OR CHARACTERS INVESTIGATED BY MENDEL WHILE EXPERIMENTING ON GARDEN PEA PLANTS WITH WHITE OR VIOLET FLOWERS.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FOR UNIT CHARACTERS NAMED R(DOMINANT), r(RECESSIVE), Y(DOMINANT), AND y(RECESSIVE), THE DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE OPERATION OF MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY STATES THAN AN INHERITED CHARACTERISTIC IS DETERMINED BY THE COMBINATION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS( NOW CALLED GENES ), ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AS PER THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY , IF MODERN HUMANS INTERBREED WITH NEANDERTHALS , IN EACH GENERATION OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED , THREE INDIVIDUALS COULD BE MODERN HUMANS ( DOMINANT TRAIT ) AND ONE INDIVIDUAL WOULD BE NEANDERTHAL ( RECESSIVE TRAIT ). SUCH INTERBREEDING WOULD IN REALITY SAVE NEANDERTHAL POPULATION FROM TOTAL EXTINCTION .
Mendel demonstrated the inheritance patterns through breeding experimentations. He discovered in 1866 hereditary factors or “genes” whose existence he deduced without seeing them. Mendel’s statistical analysis of his data provided the mathematical basis for modern Genetics. There are four principles of hereditary phenomenon discovered and formulated by Mendel :
1. The Law of Independent Unit Characters which states that characters such as height, color, etc., are inherited separately as Units,
2. The Law of Segregation which states that body cells and primordial germ cells contain pairs of such Unit Characters and that when gametes(Sperm or Egg Cell) are produced, each gamete receives only one member of each such pair,
3. The Law of Dominance which states that in every individual there is a pair of determining factors for each Unit Character, one from each parent, if these factors are different(heterozygous), one Character( the Dominant) appears in the organism, the other( Recessive) being latent; the Recessive Character can appear in the organism only when the Dominant is absent; hence in all crossbred generations, Unit Characters are shown in varying combinations, each appearing in a definite proportion of the total number of offspring, and
4. The Law of Independent Assortment which states that any one pair of Characters is inherited independently, not withstanding the simultaneous transmission of other traits. This Law is modified by the discovery of Linkage and Pleiotropy. Linkage describes the tendency of some genes to remain together and act as a Unit or Linkage Group. In Inheritance, the Linkage Group of genes are generally found in the same chromosome. Pleiotropy is the condition in which a single gene exerts simultaneous effects on more than one character in the offspring.
ABOUT GENETICS AND THE CONSTANCY OF GENETIC CODE :
Genetics is an important aspect of many areas of Biology. Genetics helps in the study and identification of specific types of organisms; research in Molecular Genetics involves studies on chemical structure and functions of genes at molecular level; Cyto Genetics studies location of genetic material in cells and the role of genes in cell division; Developmental Genetics studies the genetic function in embryological phenomena; Behavior Genetics studies the role of gene in regulating behavior; Population Genetics studies genetics in relation to the “evolutionary” process. Medical Genetics involves application of genetic principles to the practice of Medicine such as the study of inheritance of diseases in families. Genetic factors cause many health disorders affecting man. Some human diseases are entirely genetic in origin and environmental factors play little if any part. This group of genetic disorders includes chromosomal abnormalities, and so-called “Unifactorial Disorders” which are due to single gene defects or Mendelian factors. There are over 3 thousand of such unifactorial disorders. The mode of inheritance of such disorders is straight forward and follows Mendelian Principles. Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance have their practical applications in Medical Genetics. However, the use of Mendel’s Principles in Population Genetics to verify The Theory of Evolution is highly controversial because of the speculative postulates about transformation of old species into a new species . Several single-celled Blue-Green algae, plankton, microbes, viruses, protozoans, insects, crocodiles, turtles, sharks and other organisms are known to be existing upon Earth from billions to several millions of years. The unchanging genetic code in all past and present members of these long-lived species permit the genes to have the same effects on their carriers from generation to generation. Because of constancy of the genetic code, we can identify existence of individual species which maintain their species-specific traits as per Mendelian Principles. There are numerous kinds of longest living species on Earth and their identification is possible because of their genetic codes have essentially remained unchanged.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE . BLUE-GREEN ALGAE, CYANOBACTERIA MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS SINCE PRECAMBRIAN TIME, 3,800 TO 700 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPONGES ARE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF THE PHYLUM PORIFERA . SPONGES ARE AMONG THE LONGEST LIVING ANIMAL SPECIES OF EARTH . THEY APPEARED IN CAMBRIAN PERIOD ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . ANTARCTIC SPONGE CAN LIVE FOR CENTURIES . OLDEST KNOWN SPONGE ESTIMATED AGE 1, 550 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE PERMIT THE GENES TO HAVE THE SAME EFFECTS ON THEIR CARRIERS FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION . AMERICAN COCKROACH IS EXISTING ON EARTH BASICALLY UNCHANGED FOR 300 MILLION YEARS . MOST ABUNDANT DURING THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD DURING WHICH A VARIETY OF INSECTS APPEARED .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARCTICA ISLANDICA . OCEAN QUAHOG OR CLAM . MOLLUSKS ARE ORGANISMS WITH SHELLS DATE BACK TO THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD, 500 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE GIVES THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE EXISTENCE OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES WHICH MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS . OVER 350 MILLION YEARS, SINCE THE END OF DEVONIAN PERIOD SHARKS HAVE MAINTAINED THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPHENODON TUATARA . THIS LIZARDLIKE REPTILE OF NEW ZEALAND IS KNOWN AS A LIVING FOSSIL . THIS SPECIES IS IN EXISTENCE FOR ABOUT 200-225 MILLION YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : BASED UPON THEIR UNIQUE GENETIC CODES, ORGANISMS ARE KNOWN TO BE EXISTING UPON EARTH FOR SEVERAL MILLIONS OF YEARS . CROCODILES LIVED ALONG WITH DINOSAURS . ORIGINATED DURING THE LATE TRIASSIC PERIOD 200 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN OF THE GENETIC CODE IS UNKNOWN . THE VAST MAJORITY OF ORGANISMS BREED WITH OTHER MEMBERS OF THEIR OWN SPECIES PROPAGATING THEIR OWN UNIQUE GENETIC CODES . WE KNOW ABOUT LONG-LIVED ORGANISMS LIKE SEA TURTLES BECAUSE OF THE CONSTANCY OF THEIR GENETIC CODES . TURTLES ARE IN EXISTENCE FROM THE TRIASSIC PERIOD, 200 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ALASKA BOWHEAD WHALE . WHALES ORIGINATED IN THE EARLY TERTIARY OR UPPER CRETACEOUS ABOUT 70 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MONOTREMES . DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS ORNITHO RHYNCHUS ANATINUS IS A SPECIES SURVIVING SINCE AUSTRALIAN PLEISTOCENE ABOUT 2 MILLION YEARS AGO.
While describing Genetics as the area of Biology concerned with the study of inheritance, the process by which certain characteristics or traits of organisms are handed down from parent to offspring, I would like to suggest that a creative mechanism, a creative process or a creative operation could be at work when Genetics accounts for variations in similar or related animals and plants. I would like to emphasize the fact of all organisms existing as Individuals with Individuality. In Nature, living things have no choice other than that of existence as Individuals with Individuality. Even a mob of genetically identical(“CLONES”) colony of bacteria of E. coli are experimentally proved to behave as Individuals with Individuality.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DOUBLE – HELIX DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID OR DNA IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, THE STRUCTURES FOUND INSIDE THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS. THE DNA MOLECULE ALWAYS EXHIBITS INDIVIDUALISTIC VARIATION IN ITS BEHAVIOR .
In higher organisms with cells that contain a Nucleus, the genetic material called DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is carried by structures known as Chromosomes in the Nucleus, and the cytoplasmic structures known as Mitochondria. The genetic material called RNA(ribonucleic acid) is found in the Nucleolus(present inside the Nucleus) and structures called Ribosomes found in the Cytoplasm.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CELL IS THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF LIVING THINGS . THE UNITS OF INHERITANCE ARE KNOWN AS GENES. THE GENES ARE FOUND INSIDE CHROMOSOMES THAT ARE PRESENT IN THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS . DNA, IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, MITOCHONDRIA, AND RNA IS FOUND IN THE NUCLEOLUS AND RIBOSOMES .
The Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis present in the Cytoplasm. DNA interacts with ‘transfer RNA'(t-RNA), ‘Messenger RNA'(m-RNA), and Ribosomal RNA in the process of protein synthesis. The Chromosome is divided into Units called Genes. Each Gene is responsible for a particular trait and hence Gene is the Unit of inheritance. The term ‘allele’ describes either of a pair of genes at the same position on both members of a pair of chromosomes and conveying traits that are inherited by Mendelian Laws.There could be small chemical differences in genes that are expressed as different versions of the same trait (‘alleles’). Each gene is responsible for the manufacture of a particular protein which is involved in development of a trait associated with it. Each chromosome of each species of higher organisms has a definite number and arrangement of genes which govern the structure and functions of the cells. It is important to note that, while genes are located inside the Nucleus of the cell, the actual protein synthesis occurs in structures called Ribosomes present in the Cytoplasm outside the Nucleus. While we appreciate the role of genes as Units of Inheritance, we should give equal importance to the Living Substance, the Living Material, or the Living Matter called Cytoplasm that is found inside the living cells, outside the Nucleus of the cell. There are basically three classes of Genes: 1. Structural genes which determine the sequences of amino acids that go to makeup proteins or the smaller chain of molecules known as polypeptides, 2. Coding genes which specify molecules that function in the processes involved in protein synthesis, and 3. Regulatory genes which are called Noncoding genes for they act solely as “Recognition” sites for enzymes and other proteins involved in controlling protein synthesis.
THE GENETIC CODE AND THE ROLE OF MUTATIONS:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GENETIC CODE DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMPOSITION OF DNA AND THAT OF PROTEINS PRODUCED BY GENES .
The Genetic Code describes the relationship between composition of DNA and that of proteins produced by genes. Genetic Code is the chemical equation by which hereditary information is translated from genes into proteins. Changes in the genetic code are called Mutations. Mutations can cause a change in protein synthesis. In higher organisms, when mutation involves the germ-line cells that eventually develop into sperm or egg cells, the mutation and its consequence of altered protein synthesis is inherited by offspring. A mutation can be minor and relatively insignificant, or it can cause serious deformity or metabolic deficiency in the organism. Most mutations tend to be harmful. Fortunately, a typical gene in higher organisms is segmented and the entire genetic information of a gene is not contained in a single, unbroken strand of DNA molecule. The value of having the genetic code in segments is to reduce the chances of mutations causing harmful changes in protein synthesis. Certain self-repair mechanisms also exist to deal with the damage done to DNA. Very often, the damaged DNA is repaired or the cell carrying the damaged DNA is killed and destroyed. For this reason, it is important to recognize the simple fact of DNA damage associated with mutations irrespective of its cause. The Theory of Evolution proposes that random, unguided, and apparently purposeless mutations lead to gradual changes in a species and eventually lead to its descent as a new species. As per the Theory of Evolution, mutations may bring about three kinds of changes; 1. Changes in the morphological appearance of an organism, 2. Changes in the skeletal and other anatomical structures of an organism, and 3. Changes in the behavior displayed by an organism.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MUSCLE TWITCH IN FROG MUSCLE EXPERIMENT . MUTATIONS CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR GUIDED, SEQUENTIAL, AND PURPOSEFUL NATURE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS WHICH HAVE SEVERAL CREATIVE APPLICATIONS IN THE NATURAL WORLD .
In higher organisms, the cells are differentiated to perform special functions. For example, muscle cells have ability of contraction. This physiological function of contraction is easily demonstrated by applying an electrical stimulus to muscle as done in Muscle Twitch in Frog Experiment. Animals have different abilities of locomotion; some crawl or creep, or slide on a surface, some swim, or move in water, some fly or glide in air, and others walk, run, climb, and swing in a variety of amazing manners. Whatever may be the mode of locomotion, all animal muscle cells display the same physiological function of contraction. While the physiology remains the same, the muscles of each animal species display individualistic functional characteristics. For mutations are random, unguided, and purposeless, they cannot account for guided, sequential and purposeful nature of muscle contractions which have several creative applications in the natural world.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE AND OTHER APES HAVE 48 CHROMOSOMES WHEREAS MAN HAS ONLY 46 CHROMOSOMES . CHROMOSOMES 2 a AND 2 b FOUND IN APES ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION THAT CAN FUSE CHROMOSOME 2 a AND 2 b TO ASSEMBLE CHROMOSOME # 2 FOUND IN MAN .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : WHAT IS GENETIC DRIFT ???? CAN IT ACCOUNT FOR THE ARRIVAL OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS ??? CAN WE EXPLAIN MAN AS A PRODUCT OF HYBRIDIZATION AND THE PHENOMENON CALLED GENETIC DRIFT ????
In ‘Evolution’ the term ‘Genetic Drift is used to describe a random change in gene frequency within a small population, resulting in mutations which regardless of their adaptive value, become fixed within the group. Variations in diet, variations in physical activity, variations in reproductive behavior, and variations in external environmental conditions may contribute to minor variations in ‘allele’ frequencies without transforming an old species into a new species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND THE MISSING LINK :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : TAXONOMY IS A BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT FORMULATES THE BASIS FOR SYSTEMATIC CATEGORIZATION OF ORGANISMS INTO CATEGORIES SUCH AS PHYLUM(OR DIVISION), CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, SUB-FAMILY, GENUS, AND SPECIES . WITHIN THE GENUS HOMO SAPIENS, ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN IS UNIQUE, AND DISTINCT FOR HUMAN NATURE STANDS BY ITSELF .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . CHIMPANZEES ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MOUNTAIN GORILLA IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . GORILLAS ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NO EXTINCT OR LIVING SPECIES IS ABLE TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN MODERN MAN(HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS) AND HIS NEAREST ALLIES AMONG HOMINID FAMILY . WHO IS THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMALS LIKE CHIMPANZEE AND GORILLA ????
The above image reveals a fundamental problem faced by Darwinism when it attempts to account for Human Evolution. No extinct or living species is able to bridge the gap between modern man(Homo sapiens sapiens) and his nearest allies among Hominid Family and other Primates such as Chimpanzee and Gorilla.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SOME EVOLUTIONARY GENTICISTS CLAIM THAT MODERN HUMANS HAVE DESCENDED BY INTERBREEDING AND REPRODUCING WITH OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS HOMO . INTERBREEDING OR INBREEDING CANNOT TRANSFORM AN OLD SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM, NO NATURAL PROCESS, NO NATURAL CONDITION, OR NATURAL CAUSE THAT CAN TRANSFORM NEANDERTHAL SPECIES INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS. ANATOMICAL TRAITS PECULIAR TO NEANDERTHALS WILL NOT BE WIPED OUT BY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DENISOVA HOMINIDS DISCOVERED IN DENISOVA CAVE , ALTAI MOUNTAINS , SOUTHERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA . DENISOVA MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHALS AS COMPARED TO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . THEY LIVED 41, 000 YEARS AGO . CAN ONLY BREED TRUE TO THEIR OWN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARTISTIC RENDITION OF DENISOVA CHILD . DNA EXTRACTED FROM A FRAGMENT OF PHALANX OF HAND AND A MOLAR (TOOTH). THIS DENISOVA GIRL IN APPEARANCE IS MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHAL THAN TO MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHALS LIVED FOR ABOUT 300, 000 YEARS . NEANDERTHAL BELONGS TO MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . NEANDERTHAL HAD A PRECISION GRIP SIMILAR TO THAT OF MODERN HUMANS BUT DID NOT DISPLAY WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHAL HAD POWER GRIP AND PRECISION GRIP LIKE ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . BUT HIS ANATOMICAL TRAITS WERE NOT ENOUGH FOR HIM TO ADVANCE INTO MESOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . THIS SPECIES LIVED FOR A LONG TIME WITHOUT THE POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS NICKNAMED “TOUMAI.”
NATURAL HISTORY OF HOMINID FAMILY :
Senckenberg Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Germany prepared replicas of Hominid species using the fossils discovered at different geographical locations. Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived 6.8 million years ago. It is one of the oldest Hominid specimens, found in 2003 in Djurab desert in Chad, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS, AFRICAN HOMINID LIVED 3.2 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus afarensis discovered in Afar region of Ethiopia, Africa in 1975. This Hominid lived 3.2 million years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMINID AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus africanus ,this Hominid replica nicknamed “Mrs Ples” lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered in 1947, at Sterfontein, South Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS AETHIOPICUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus aethiopicus lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered near Lake Turkana in Kenya, Africa, in 1985.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS BOISEI LIVED 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus boisei, nicknamed “Zinz” lived 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1959 in the Olduvai Gorge of Tanzania, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO RUDOLFENSIS LIVED ABOUT 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo Rudolfensis lived about 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1972 in Koobi Fora, Kenya, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER . LIVED ABOUT 1.5 MILLION YEARS AGO. NICKNAMED “TURKANA BOY.”
“TURKANA BOY” Homo ergaster lived about 1.5 million years ago. Initially thought to be an important “missing link” in Human Evolution.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER IS RELATED TO HOMO ERECTUS SPECIES THAT LIVED IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA FROM ABOUT 1.89 MILLION YEARS AGO .
In Africa, Homo ergaster and Homo erectus are viewed as relatives and thought to be the ancestral forms of later Hominids such as Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. But, African Homo erectus is not related to Asian species of Homo erectus like Java Man, and Peking Man.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS(AFRICA), ERECT MAN, VERTICAL GAIT, LIVED ABOUT 1.8 TO 0.3 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo erectus of Africa had prominent brow ridges, projecting face, and a brain volume of about a litre as compared to modern man’s average brain volume of about 1,360 cubic centimetres. Some evolutionary biologists suggested that Homo erectus migrated to Asia, and Southern Europe.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS ALSO NAMED HOMO RHODESIENSIS LIVED ABOUT 500, 000 TO 350, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo heidelbergensis or Homo rhodesiensis. This replica is made from the fossils found in Sima de los Huesos, Spain in 1993. He lived about 500,000 to 350,000 years ago. Fossils also found in other places like Italy, France, and Greece. Homo sapiens may have appeared 300,000 years ago. Heidelbergensis could be the ancestor of Neanderthals which is often described as a subspecies of Sapiens species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS, HOMINID THAT LIVED 1.5 MILLION TO 300, 000 YEARS AGO.
Homo erectus lived 1, 500, 000 to 300, 000 years ago. Homo erectus discovered in Republic of Georgia, China, and Indonesia lived until about 70,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION PILTDOWN MAN OF SUSSEX, ENGLAND. HOMINID SPECIES OF THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OR OLD STONE AGE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS , HOMO ERECTUS . THE REPLICA OF “JAVA MAN.”
Pithecanthropus, “JAVA MAN” discovered in 1891 could be the first to use fire. He used stone tools and belongs to the Lower Pleistocene Period.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : RHODESIAN MAN HAD A BRAIN LARGER THAN THAT OF MODERN HUMANS.
It could be of interest to note that Rhodesian Man( Heidelberg Man – Germany) had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, a chinless jaw, a brain larger than that of modern man. The height was about five feet(152 cm) or slightly over.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERECTUS PEKINENSIS . SINANTHROPUS OR PEKING MAN .
Sinanthropus, Homo erectus pekinensis, or PEKING MAN belonged to the Middle Pleistocene.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS . THIS REPLICA IS NICKNAMED “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE .” HE LIVED 56, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived 56,000 years ago. The above is the replica nicknamed “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE” found near La Chapelle aux-Saints in France in 1908.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS . NICKNAMED “HOBBIT. ” LIVED ABOUT 18, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens floresiensis, the FLORES MAN discovered in Liang Bua Cave, Flores, Indonesia in 2003. Lived about 18,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS – FLORES MAN OF INDONESIA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FLORES MAN . HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS. IT COULD BE OF INTEREST TO NOTE THAT FLORES MAN WAS ONLY ABOUT 3 FEET IN HEIGHT. Initially thought to be a subspecies of Sapiens and now considered as a separate species. This Hominid species disappeared without any trace for unknown reasons.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS. LIVED BETWEEN 100, 000 TO 90, 000 YEARS AGO BUT NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
The above is a replica of Homo sapiens found in a cave in Israel in 1969. He lived between 100,000 to 90, 000 years ago. It is important to note that it is not representative of true, modern humans called Homo sapiens sapiens.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU . IDALTU MAN LIVED ABOUT 160, 000 YEARS AGO . NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU OR “HERTO MAN ” DISCOVERED IN 1997 AT HERTO, ETHIOPIA , AFRICA .
Homo sapiens idaltu lived about 160, 000 years ago in Pleistocene Period(Middle Paleolithic), in Ethiopia, Africa, may mark the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens, making distinction between Homo erectus species and Homo sapiens species. They were at the threshold of modern anatomy but not fully modern humans.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS RED DEER , SOUTHERN CHINA LIVED 11, 500 TO 14, 500 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens Red Deer represents “Red Deer Cave” people who lived 11, 500 to 14, 500 years ago in Maludong, Yunnan Province, Southern China. Red Deer Man had high domed braincase, small eyebrow ridges, lower jaw ended in a prominent chin, with a body less muscular than those of earlier Hominids.
THE ORIGIN OF MAN – MONOGENISM VS POLYGENISM :
The term “RACE” is used to describe any of the different varieties or populations of human beings distinguished by physical traits such as hair, eyes, skin color, shape of body, head, facial features, and blood groups. These characteristics are transmitted by heredity but they are highly variable; not every member of a race will exhibit all distinguishing traits. It is apparent to claim that races arose in response to inbreeding. Across majority of human cultures prevalent in Old World, inbreeding is the established cultural norm. In his ‘Systema Naturae'(1735) Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist, gave a very precise description of man placing him among the Mammals in the order of Primates along the apes and the bat. Linnaeus presented a summary of the diverse varieties of human species. He described varieties such as The Asian, The African, and The European. Linnaeus created a system of classification that depended only on external characteristics to place objects into a rational set of categories.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN VARIETIES OR RACES AROSE IN RESPONSE TO INBREEDING . CAROLUS LINNAEUS DESCRIBED HUMAN VARIETIES SUCH AS THE ASIAN, THE AFRICAN, AND THE EUROPEAN .
The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc comte de Buffon in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle general et particuliere, 44 volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. He held the view that a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon claimed that it is absurd to use the same principles for classifying living and nonliving things. Most important, apes and other animals lack the ability to speak. Buffon saw the rise of human intelligence as a product of development of an articulated language. For animals may lack the ability to attach meaning to their articulated sounds, human language can be used as a basis to define human species and its varieties. Monogenism is the theory that all human beings are descended from a single pair of ancestors. Polygenism is the theory that each race of people has descended from distinct, ultimate ancestors and hence asserts that races are created separately. If anatomically modern humans are products of interbreeding between different Hominid Family members, it would be difficult to suggest that hybridized humans stopped interbreeding and preferred inbreeding to establish the races or varieties that can be observed today. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach(1752-1840), Father of Physical Anthropology known for his work ‘De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa(1775-76), did his research in measurement of craniums. He divided mankind into five great families – Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, and Ethiopian. Physical anthropologists initially described three primary divisions of people, 1. Caucasoid, 2. Mongoloid, and 3. Negroid. Thomas Huxley in his paper titled “On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind” (1870) described racial varieties such as 1. Bushmen, 2. Africoid, 3. Negritoes, 4. Melanochroi, 5. Australoids, 6. Xanthochroi, 7. Polynesians, 8. Mongoloids A, B, & C, and 9. Esquimaux. Today, some anthropologists entirely reject the concept of “RACE.” The apparent variations among members of human population have to be explained using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance which alone can account for breeding behavioral patterns.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN AND THE EXTINCTION OF DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF HOMINID SPECIES CANNOT BE ACCOUNTED ON THE BASIS OF NATURAL CAUSES, NATURAL MECHANISMS , OR NATURAL CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE LIFE AND DEATH OF LIVING ORGANISMS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE : JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH(1752-1840), FATHER OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY DIVIDED MANKIND INTO FIVE GREAT FAMILIES – CAUCASIAN, MONGOLIAN, MALAYAN, AND ETHIOPIAN .
CHARLES DARWIN – DARWINISM – THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859):
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1892) . HIS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDE THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859), AND THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871).
Charles Darwin claimed that new species originate in the course of time. In his view, one species is transformed into another as a product of ‘Natural Selection’ of randomly produced genetic mutations. He formulated an opinion about the factors or circumstances under which some forms of life cease to have the status of species or become extinct. Darwin states, “The Origin of Species, like their extinction, is entirely a natural process which requires no factors other than those at work everyday in the life, death, and breeding of plants and animals.” To make transition from an old species to a new species, certain intermediate forms become extinct combined with the survival of one or more of the extreme varieties. Darwin further attests, “If my theory be true, numberless intermediate varieties, linking closely together all the species of the same group, must assuredly have existed, but the very process of natural selection constantly tends as has been so often remarked to exterminate the parent forms and the intermediate links.” As per Darwin’s analysis, anatomically modern human species may have to be viewed as a variety of one of the Hominid species that simply survived while this ancestral species and all other Hominid species perished towards the end of Pleistocene(Ice Age).
Darwin’s theory of ‘The Origin of Species’ depends on causes that can be divided into two sets of factors:
1. Mechanism of Survival that includes causes or factors which determine the extinction or survival of organisms, and with their survival, their opportunities for mating and reproduction, and
2. Mechanism of Heredity that includes causes or factors which determine transmission of characteristics from one generation to another and variation of offspring from their ancestors and from each other.
In Darwin’s estimate, the factors of ‘Natural Selection’ operate on genetic variations that cause a range of differences within a group. At the same time it may be noted that the variations generated in the breeding process are never enough to change the basic criteria applied in identification of any given species. For perpetuation of group characteristics in organisms which manage to survive and reproduce, inheritance of ancestral traits is of utmost importance. Darwin’s view on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. If anatomically modern human species appeared suddenly due to abrupt mutations in a single generation of as yet unknown Hominid species, it will not validate Darwin’s view that new forms of life arise gradually as the result of a continuous accumulation of slight and imperceptible variations. According to Darwin, environment acts as a selective agency and it acts upon variations produced entirely by causes operating in the breeding process. During the period of the Great Ice Age, Pleistocene Series or Epoch, 1.8 million to 10, 000 years ago, 28 percent of Earth’s land area was covered by ice. Continental glaciers covered much of N. North America and NW Europe. Holocene Epoch or Series that began 10, 000 years ago witnessed a dramatic change in land area that is covered by ice. Now, about 10 percent of land area is covered by ice and continental glaciers are restricted to Antarctica and Greenland. In other words, areas of Earth’s surface have become more hospitable for all kinds of Hominid population. There was no geographical catastrophe and there was no environmental change of cataclysmic proportion with serious consequences for the survival of any variety of Hominid species. To adapt to changed environment was easy, food supply became abundant and there is nothing to suggest that Hominid Family members were preying upon one another in a bitter struggle of existence.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY WILL DEMOLISH DARWINISM :
According to Geologic Time Chart which records the physical nature and history of planet Earth, we are living in the Cenozoic Era the beginning of which was marked by the K-T extinction. Most of the major and minor extinction events were the result of causes that are not natural to Earth or terrestrial factors. The exposure of living things to consequences such as collisions with asteroids, comets, or exposure to ionizing radiation do not belong to a category of circumstances that can be called ‘natural’. I would prefer to use the term ‘supernatural’ to describe extinction events initiated by extraterrestrial factors. The origin, the beginning, appearance of anatomically modern man during Holocene Epoch or Series has no natural cause. No natural condition, no natural factor, no natural mechanism, no natural process and no natural event can alter the shape and size of man’s cranium. Inbreeding, or interbreeding do not change genes, the Units of Inheritance. The sudden, and abrupt change in man’s form and morphological appearance is not due to imperceptible changes and genetic variations that accumulated over a prolonged period of time. If skeletal structures undergo a change due to mutations caused by external factors like climate, physical activity, diet, and opportunities for breeding or reproductive behavior, the skeletal structures of all members of the diverse Hominid Family living at that time have to register a change that affects the germ cells and gets propagated to their offspring as stated by Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. If a natural condition, a natural factor, or a natural cause can account for a mutation in anatomically modern human, I would like to examine the evidence for its operation in other members of Hominid Family such as Neanderthal who lived at the same time.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : LIVING FORMS EMERGED AND DIVERSIFIED IN SUDDEN SPURTS AND WERE ELIMINATED ABRUPTLY IN MAJOR AND MINOR EXTINCTION EVENTS DURING GEOLOGIC PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL PROCESS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING THAT CAN TRANSFORM ANATOMICAL TRAITS OF NEANDERTHAL INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON SKULL . CRO-MAGNON MAN IS NOT CONSIDERED AS A SEPARATE SPECIES OR SUBSPECIES . LIVED 40, 000 TO 35, 000 YEARS AGO .
Cro-Magnon Man lived 40, 000 to 35, 000 years ago. He was discovered in southwestern France in 1868. His height was about 6 feet(180 Cms), had high forehead, short and wide face, developed prominent chin, and large brain. His brain capacity of 1600 cubic centimetres is larger than the average 1,360 cubic centimetres for anatomically modern human species. He belonged to upper paleolithic culture of Old Stone Age whereas anatomically modern human species had established its presence in the Mesolithic Period or Middle Stone Age at the end of the last glacial era about 10, 000 years ago. Anatomically modern human species developed a culture that included gradual domestication of plants and animals, formation of settled communities, use of the bow, development of delicate stone ‘Microliths’, and pottery.
THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN LANGUAGE:
In my view, Human Speech(spoken and written) is the criteria by which the difference between anatomically modern man and other members of Hominid Family is made. Human Language is one of the principal characteristics of the specifically human world. Language is the peculiar possession of human beings. While Neanderthal, and Cro-Magnon Man share certain anatomical and physiological traits possessed by the zoological species identified as human beings, they were not true representatives of Homo sapiens sapiens. In the use of ‘Precision Grip’, both Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon Man fall short of the status called ‘human’. Paleolithic art, paintings, and drawings are not the same as human writing.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON MAN AND PRECISION GRIP . PALEOLITHIC ART IS NOT EQUIVALENT TO HUMAN ARTISTIC EXPRESSION . DRAWINGS AND PAINTINGS ARE NOT THE SAME AS HUMAN WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN PRECISION GRIP . HOMINIDS LIKE NEANDERTHAL HAD ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES THAT GIVE FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES CALLED 1. PRESSURE GRIP, AND 2. PRECISION GRIP . NEUROMUSCULAR COORDINATION BETWEEN BRAIN AND FINGERS CONTRIBUTES TO A CREATIVE ABILITY CALLED WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION . PALEOLITHIC ART . CAVE PAINTINGS IN N SPAIN AND SW FRANCE . c. 14,000- c. 13,500 B.C. LASCAUX CAVE PAINTINGS – THE AURIGNACIO – PERIGORDIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PALEOLITHIC ART . MURALS AT ROUFFIGNAC, NIAUX, AND CAVE PAINTINGS OF ALTAMIRA , SPAIN . c. 14,000 – c. 9500 B.C. THE SOLUTREO – MAGDALENIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : KUNDA TOOLS , MICROLITHS, c. 10,000 -c.8000 B.C. MESOLITHIC PERIOD OR MIDDLE STONE AGE . THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN . HUMANS ARE KNOWN BY THEIR CULTURE .
The reproductive history of modern man does not support Darwinism and its assumptions about breeding . To identify and to recognize man as a zoological species, the yardstick has to be defined as morphological appearances are inadequate. I coined the phrase ‘Whole Linguistics’ to use Human Language as the chief characteristic of human species. Whole Linguistics involves three entities, namely 1. A Language User, 2. A Language Interpreter and 3. A Language Creator. It introduces a concept about the Creative Beginning of Man and his Language.
HUMAN IDENTITY, INDIVIDUALITY, AND THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX:
All said and done, man has no choice about the nature of his physical existence in natural world. Each man without any choice exists as an Individual with Individuality. Man deploys protein molecules called antigens to identify ‘self’ and ‘non-self’. The antigens causing the immune response that results in rejection of a tissue allograft are known as ‘Major Histocompatibility Antigens'(HLA). In man, the Major Histocompatibility Complex(MHC) is the HLA cluster on Chromosome 6. As MHC antigens were originally described on human Leukocytes(White Blood Cells), they are still referred to as Human leukocyte Antigens(HLA). The role of MHC is not limited to transplantation rejection as the proteins encoded in this region are involved in many aspects of immunological recognition and immunity response. The HLA antigens are remarkable for the extensive degree of genetic polymorphism which makes variability between individuals very great . Even among members of human population, most unrelated persons possess different HLA . This antigenic specificity established at molecular level is the evidence for a creative process, a creative mechanism, and a creative principle which determines the Subjective and Objective Physical Reality of Man’s Status in Nature.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN . MAN DEPLOYS UNIQUE PROTEIN MOLECULES TO IDENTIFY SELF AND NON-SELF . HUMAN EXISTENCE AND HUMAN IDENTITY IS DEFINED BY MOLECULES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MAN IS ABLE TO EXIST IN NATURE FOR HE IS ABLE TO DEFEND HIS EXISTENCE BY DEPLOYING MOLECULES THAT CAN MAKE THE RECOGNITION AND DISTINCTION BETWEEN SELF AND NON-SELF.
THE PROOF OF PUDDING IS IN THE EATING :
Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle introduced notion of Form, Nature, or Essence. Plants and animals are derived from seeds that already contain within them the Form, Nature, or Essence of the species from which they were derived and into which they would subsequently develop. To exist as a thing of a given kind, there could be an innate tendency to strive to develop into a perfect example of itself to fulfill its nature and to realize its full potential. In a purposive or teological view of the natural world, each natural thing by its intrinsic nature strives to realize its own ideal Form or Essence. Darwinism proposes a view that explains development of a natural thing in a “mechanistic” and nonpurposive manner. If a new form of life is a product of unguided, random, and purposeless genetic mutations, it will be hard to explain and account for its Form, Nature, and Essence.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR MENDEL CONDUCTED EXPERIMENTS ON GARDEN PEA(PISUM SATIVUM) PLANTS TO DISCOVER THE NATURAL LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION . I DISCOVER THE ‘MAGIC OF CREATION’ BY SIMPLY TASTING A FEW SWEET PEAS .
All living things define their existence using about 20 Amino Acids. Protein Synthesis involves unique and creative ways of arranging these amino acids into chains called polypeptides. Protein Synthesis is a creative process for the product created by one species has ability to impart unique sensory experience in an unrelated species. Man can distinguish plant and animal proteins by using his organs of sense perception. The creative aspect of protein synthesis is in the taste, smell, flavor, color, texture, and palatability of plant and animal proteins. Man further improves palatability of proteins he consumes by refining his culinary skills.To refute the concept called ‘DARWINISM’, the Proof or Verification is in Eating Sweet Garden Peas and recognizing them from their color, taste, smell, flavor, texture, and palatability. Plants and animals do not use sensory functions like vision, olfaction, and taste in protein synthesis. The sensory experience of man is possible for living things exist with an innate tendency to express their Form, Nature, and Essence. I am asking my readers to contemplate upon supernatural circumstances that may define Form, Nature, and Essence of living things that are not explained by a study of their genes and genetic code.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE Vs HUMAN EVOLUTION WHOLE MENDELISM #WholeMendelism Vs DARWINISM:
The origin of Man, or the Beginning of Man as a new form of Life may have a basis that lies outside operation of natural causes. Mendelism, ‘The Theory of Heredity’ formulated by Gregor Mendel provides insights to the problem of man’s origin. on the basis of Mendelism, it can be said that man did not descend from Primates and is not truly related to other members of Hominid Family. Man’s relationship with other zoological species has to be explained on the basis of reproductive history and inheritance of biological traits. I coined the phrase “Whole Mendelism” #WholeMendelism to claim that man had arrived on planet Earth due to a special act of creation. There are no natural conditions, no natural factors, no natural mechanisms, no natural processes and no natural causes to transform any of previously existing members of Hominid Family to establish the reality of anatomically modern man. To make transition from an old species to a new species which is often called ‘EVOLUTION’ or ‘DARWINISM’, the breeding interactions of species involved must operate according to the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Gregor Johann Mendel, the Father of Genetics. In this article, I would like to describe the Laws of Inheritance and the problems that I encounter to verify Darwinism while using the Mendelian Principles of Heredity and Variation. For example, if evolutionary biologists or anthropologists claim that anatomically modern human species or its immediate ancestral species had reproduced with archaic hominids such as Neanderthals, the human genome has to include one complete ‘Haploid’ set of chromosomes normally occurring in the mature germ cell called egg or sperm which means 22 chromosomes(Autosomes), and 1 X or Y chromosome(Sex chromosome) derived exclusively from Neanderthal genome. Secondly, human population must include a few members that can be clearly identified as Neanderthal.
THE ORIGIN AND EXTINCTION OF SPECIES:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AFTER THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH FOR A VERY, VERY LONG TIME( ABOUT 3.5 BILLION YEARS) IT COMPRISED OF SIMPLER FORMS OF LIFE . SUDDENLY, ABOUT 600 MILLION YEARS AGO NUMEROUS MARINE CREATURES ARRIVED TO CAUSE AN “EXPLOSION OF LIFE.”
It will be interesting to note that a vast majority of species found on Earth have emerged suddenly and have disappeared suddenly. For example, Cambrian, first geologic Period in the Paleozoic Era witnessed sudden emergence of a great variety of marine animals especially trilobites and brachiopods about 600 million years ago. This “Explosion of Life” is aptly named ‘Cambrian Explosion’. Similarly, towards the end of Cretaceous Period, third geologic Period of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era, about 65 million years ago, a global extinction event called K-T Event was responsible for eliminating approximately 80 percent of all species of animals. Dinosaurs which reached maximum development became extinct while new forms of life appeared with new hereditary traits.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THESE DEEP SEA CREATURES OF ATLANTIC OCEAN, LAMELLIBRACHIA LUYMESI, TUBE WORMS, INVERTEBRATES BELONG TO PHYLUM ANNELIDA LIVE ON THE OCEAN FLOOR ALONG HYDROCARBON VENTS. TUBE WORMS TAKE 170 TO 250 YEARS TO GROW AND HAVE SURVIVED AS A SPECIES WITHOUT CONCERN FOR CHANGING TIMES SINCE PRECAMBRIAN ERA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR SUDDEN APPEARANCE OF A VARIETY OF MARINE LIFE FORMS IN AN EVENT CALLED ‘CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION’ ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . PANOPEA GENEROSA, GEODUCK(NATIVE AMERICAN CHINOOK NAME), BIVALVE, WORLD’S LARGEST BURROWING SALT WATER CLAMS FOUND IN THE US PUGET SOUND ARE AMONG THE OLDEST ANIMALS IN THE WORLD WITH LIFESPANS OF ABOUT 146 TO 160 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY EXTINCTION EVENT ABOUT 65 MILLION YEARS AGO WIPED OUT APPROXIMATELY 80 PERCENT OF ALL SPECIES OF ANIMALS INCLUDING A GREAT VARIETY OF DINOSAURS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT EXPLAIN EITHER THE EMERGENCE OF NEW SPECIES OR EXTINCTION OF OLD SPECIES. NATURAL FACTORS, NATURAL CONDITIONS, NATURAL MECHANISMS , AND NATURAL CAUSES CANNOT FULLY ACCOUNT FOR EXTINCTION OF THE LARGE-BODIED ICE AGE MAMMALS SUCH AS WOOLLY RHINOCEROS, WOOLY MAMMOTHS, MASTODONS, AND SABERTOOTH CARNIVORES .
In Darwinism, new species arise when, among the varieties of an existing species, certain intermediate forms become extinct, and the other circumstances are such that the surviving varieties now become more sharply separated from one another in type, and are able to reproduce their kind, and , in the course of many generations of interbreeding, also tend to breed true. This ‘Theory of Evolution’ is not consistent with Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance and Variation. The Unit Character called ‘GENE’ conserves its identity during the process of reproduction which could be either ‘Inbreeding’, or ‘Interbreeding’. A species is always known by its reproductive history for the Unit Characters or Genes get propagated to the next generation during both inbreeding and interbreeding process.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL(1822-1884), THE FATHER OF GENETICS . AT THE AUGUSTINIAN MONASTERY IN BRNO(1843-1868), HE CONDUCTED OVER 29,000 BREEDING EXPERIMENTS CHIEFLY ON GARDEN PEAS(PISUM SATIVUM).
Gregor Johann Mendel(1822-1884), Austrian monk noted for his experimental work on Heredity. At the Augustinian monastery in Brno(1843-1868) he conducted experiments chiefly on Garden Peas(Pisum sativum) using a controlled pollination technique and a careful statistical analysis of his results. He produced the first accurate and scientific explanation of ‘Hybridization’. Some evolutionary geneticists and evolutionary anthropology scholars have shared opinions claiming that the ‘hybridization’ of unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens with other species of the genus Homo such as Neanderthals, and Denisova hominids may have resulted in production of anatomically modern humans(Homo sapiens sapiens). Their views on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. The hypothesis of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans is fundamentally inconsistent with the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Mendel. If modern man is a product of Hybridization, the present, surviving human population would include a few surviving members of Neanderthals, Denisova, and other ancestral hominids who successfully reproduced with an unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens species which got transformed into ‘HAM’ humans.
THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DIPLOID SET OF HUMAN CHROMOSOMES AND HUMAN GENOTYPE . MAN REPRODUCES AND FURTHER PROPAGATES HIS CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION . HUMAN OFFSPRING WILL ALWAYS BE OF THE SAME SPECIES AS THE PARENT ORGANISM . THE TERM GENOME DESCRIBES THE SET OF GENES CHARACTERISTIC OF EACH SPECIES .
The term ‘Generation’ means to produce offspring. The term ‘Propagation’ means to transmit hereditary characteristics by reproduction. The Law of Biogenesis states the Principle that living organisms originate only from other living organisms closely similar to themselves. It is ‘The Law of Like Generating Like’. A species always breeds true to its own species. Its members always generate organisms which are classified as belonging to the same species, however much they vary among themselves as individuals within the group. The sub-groups, the races, or varieties of species are able to breed with one another, but diverse species cannot interbreed. By the Law of Natural Generation, offspring will always be of the same species as the parent organism. Hence, species is self-perpetuating and maintain stability of all other groupings like the genera, phyla, and families which remain as fixed from generation to generation. In Plant and Animal Kingdom, a species distinguishes itself by its ability to maintain its stability from generation to generation. The Mendelian System of Heredity states that an inherited characteristic is determined by the combination of two hereditary units(now called genes), one from each of the parental reproductive cells or gametes(Sperm and Egg Cell). The term genome describes the complete haploid set of chromosomes of a sexually reproducing organism normally occurring in mature germ cell called egg or sperm. This number of chromosomes is characteristic of each species. Every human being arrives on planet Earth with an original, unique, distinctive, and one of its own kind of genome that has never, ever existed in the past, and would never exist again in the future. Sexual reproduction is a creative process which involves a type of cell division called ‘MEIOSIS’ that results in production of Sperm or Egg Cell. Fertilization of egg cell by sperm always creates a new kind of genome while the number of chromosomes(Diploid set) that is the chief attribute of species is held constant.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN BIRTH REQUIRES THE UNION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS, ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES (SPERM AND EGG CELL) . MEIOSIS OR HAPLOID DIVISION IS A HIGHLY CREATIVE PROCESS AS IT GENERATES A UNIQUE , ORIGINAL, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME, A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES WHILE THE DIPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES AFTER FERTILIZATION OR CONCEPTION IS CONSTANT .
THE ORIGIN OR THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS:
To explain the Origin of Man, The Beginning of Man on the basis of Darwinism, demands presence of two, identical, rare, mutant individuals(a male, and a female) to produce offspring and to establish an entirely new, modern human population in all geographical regions of the Old World. About 10, 000 years ago, modern humans may have shared the planet with a few surviving members of Neanderthals and other hominid species. Techniques of DNA extraction and genomic sequencing have advanced and find application in the understanding of the genus Homo. The claims about Hybridization of archaic humans such as Neanderthals with Homo sapiens finds support from DNA studies of the current, members of human population as compared to DNA sequences extracted from Neanderthal fossils. But those shared genetic traits are not of major significance and do not account for the morphological appearance of either Neanderthal or modern man. At the same time, it may be noted that 30 – 35, 000 years ago, Neanderthals disappeared from the fossil record. Similarly, Hominid Denisova, discovered in Altai Mountains, Southern Siberia lived 41, 000 years ago. Homo sapiens floresiensis(Flores Man) of Indonesia suddenly disappeared 12, 000 years ago. Hominid Red Deer discovered in China lived 14.5 to 11.5 thousand years ago. To make a credible claim about interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, we need to demonstrate presence of traits characteristic of Homo sapiens in the DNA extracted from Neanderthal fossil specimens. It will be correct to claim that from Holocene Epoch or Series, approximately for the last 10, 000 years, modern humans constitute the only surviving members of the Hominid Family found on planet Earth.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY CAN EASILY ESTABLISH THE FACT THAT THIS HUMAN BABY HAS TWO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN PARENTS . EVERY BABY ARRIVES WITH ORIGINAL, UNIQUE, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME( A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES, OR 23 CHROMOSOMES FROM EACH PARENT) THAT NEVER EXISTED IN THE PAST AND WILL NEVER EXIST AGAIN IN FUTURE WHILE ALL HUMANS ARE BORN WITH A DIPLOID SET THAT HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES .
Charles Darwin uses the term species to signify “a set of individuals closely resembling each other” – a class of plants or animals having certain characteristics. The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon(1707-1788) in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle General et Particuliere, 44 Volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. Two individual animals or plants are of the same species if they can produce fertile offspring. According to Buffon, a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon opened the way to development of Paleontology to discover lost species. The status of Anatomically Modern Humans as a distinct species is verified as human populations consist of members that are genetically similar, interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals that share the same collection of inherited characteristics, whose combination is unique to our species. Diverse species cannot interbreed. Organisms different in species cannot reproduce productively and if crossbred, like the horse and the ass, they produce a sterile hybrid like the mule. Hybrid is the term for the offspring of a cross between two different subspecies or species. In Genetics, hybrid is the term for the offspring of parents differing in any genetic characteristic.Interbreeding or Hybridization means to produce offspring by crossing two individuals of unlike genetic constitution. The offspring of different races, varieties, species, etc., are called ‘hybrids’. If Neanderthal is one of the parents of Anatomically Modern Humans, identity of the second Hominid parent has to be ascertained, and the characteristics of that parent are accounted for using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. The social and cultural behavior of anatomically modern man consistently displays a tendency that prefers and encourages ‘inbreeding’. The prevailing social and cultural norms of human society in general tend to oppose sexual behavior that may be identified as ‘interbreeding’. In selection of a mate for breeding, anatomically modern man prefers an individual who closely resembles the members of his/her own stock.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : A SPECIES IS RECOGNIZED BY ITS HISTORY OF PROPAGATION . MULE, A PRODUCT OF CROSSBREEDING , OR HYBRIDIZATION CANNOT FURTHER REPRODUCE PRODUCTIVELY WITH OTHER MULES, OR WITH HORSE , OR ASS FOR IT IS BORN STERILE . HYBRIDIZATION WILL NOT HELP TO TRANSFORM A SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES IF ITS PARENTS BELONG TO DIFFERENT SPECIES .
The concept of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans cannot be verified in absence of any surviving members of Neanderthal, Denisova, or other Hominid population with whom modern man may have reproduced about 10, 000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : IT WILL BE IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS ARE NOT HEREDITARY AND THERE IS NO INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MENDEL DEMONSTRATED INHERITANCE PATTERNS THROUGH BREEDING EXPERIMENTATION. THE IMAGE SHOWS SOME OF THE HEREDITARY TRAITS OR CHARACTERS INVESTIGATED BY MENDEL WHILE EXPERIMENTING ON GARDEN PEA PLANTS WITH WHITE OR VIOLET FLOWERS.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FOR UNIT CHARACTERS NAMED R(DOMINANT), r(RECESSIVE), Y(DOMINANT), AND y(RECESSIVE), THE DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE OPERATION OF MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY STATES THAN AN INHERITED CHARACTERISTIC IS DETERMINED BY THE COMBINATION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS( NOW CALLED GENES ), ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AS PER THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY , IF MODERN HUMANS INTERBREED WITH NEANDERTHALS , IN EACH GENERATION OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED , THREE INDIVIDUALS COULD BE MODERN HUMANS ( DOMINANT TRAIT ) AND ONE INDIVIDUAL WOULD BE NEANDERTHAL ( RECESSIVE TRAIT ). SUCH INTERBREEDING WOULD IN REALITY SAVE NEANDERTHAL POPULATION FROM TOTAL EXTINCTION .
Mendel demonstrated the inheritance patterns through breeding experimentations. He discovered in 1866 hereditary factors or “genes” whose existence he deduced without seeing them. Mendel’s statistical analysis of his data provided the mathematical basis for modern Genetics. There are four principles of hereditary phenomenon discovered and formulated by Mendel :
1. The Law of Independent Unit Characters which states that characters such as height, color, etc., are inherited separately as Units,
2. The Law of Segregation which states that body cells and primordial germ cells contain pairs of such Unit Characters and that when gametes(Sperm or Egg Cell) are produced, each gamete receives only one member of each such pair,
3. The Law of Dominance which states that in every individual there is a pair of determining factors for each Unit Character, one from each parent, if these factors are different(heterozygous), one Character( the Dominant) appears in the organism, the other( Recessive) being latent; the Recessive Character can appear in the organism only when the Dominant is absent; hence in all crossbred generations, Unit Characters are shown in varying combinations, each appearing in a definite proportion of the total number of offspring, and
4. The Law of Independent Assortment which states that any one pair of Characters is inherited independently, not withstanding the simultaneous transmission of other traits. This Law is modified by the discovery of Linkage and Pleiotropy. Linkage describes the tendency of some genes to remain together and act as a Unit or Linkage Group. In Inheritance, the Linkage Group of genes are generally found in the same chromosome. Pleiotropy is the condition in which a single gene exerts simultaneous effects on more than one character in the offspring.
ABOUT GENETICS AND THE CONSTANCY OF GENETIC CODE :
Genetics is an important aspect of many areas of Biology. Genetics helps in the study and identification of specific types of organisms; research in Molecular Genetics involves studies on chemical structure and functions of genes at molecular level; Cyto Genetics studies location of genetic material in cells and the role of genes in cell division; Developmental Genetics studies the genetic function in embryological phenomena; Behavior Genetics studies the role of gene in regulating behavior; Population Genetics studies genetics in relation to the “evolutionary” process. Medical Genetics involves application of genetic principles to the practice of Medicine such as the study of inheritance of diseases in families. Genetic factors cause many health disorders affecting man. Some human diseases are entirely genetic in origin and environmental factors play little if any part. This group of genetic disorders includes chromosomal abnormalities, and so-called “Unifactorial Disorders” which are due to single gene defects or Mendelian factors. There are over 3 thousand of such unifactorial disorders. The mode of inheritance of such disorders is straight forward and follows Mendelian Principles. Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance have their practical applications in Medical Genetics. However, the use of Mendel’s Principles in Population Genetics to verify The Theory of Evolution is highly controversial because of the speculative postulates about transformation of old species into a new species . Several single-celled Blue-Green algae, plankton, microbes, viruses, protozoans, insects, crocodiles, turtles, sharks and other organisms are known to be existing upon Earth from billions to several millions of years. The unchanging genetic code in all past and present members of these long-lived species permit the genes to have the same effects on their carriers from generation to generation. Because of constancy of the genetic code, we can identify existence of individual species which maintain their species-specific traits as per Mendelian Principles. There are numerous kinds of longest living species on Earth and their identification is possible because of their genetic codes have essentially remained unchanged.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE . BLUE-GREEN ALGAE, CYANOBACTERIA MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS SINCE PRECAMBRIAN TIME, 3,800 TO 700 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPONGES ARE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF THE PHYLUM PORIFERA . SPONGES ARE AMONG THE LONGEST LIVING ANIMAL SPECIES OF EARTH . THEY APPEARED IN CAMBRIAN PERIOD ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . ANTARCTIC SPONGE CAN LIVE FOR CENTURIES . OLDEST KNOWN SPONGE ESTIMATED AGE 1, 550 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE PERMIT THE GENES TO HAVE THE SAME EFFECTS ON THEIR CARRIERS FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION . AMERICAN COCKROACH IS EXISTING ON EARTH BASICALLY UNCHANGED FOR 300 MILLION YEARS . MOST ABUNDANT DURING THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD DURING WHICH A VARIETY OF INSECTS APPEARED .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARCTICA ISLANDICA . OCEAN QUAHOG OR CLAM . MOLLUSKS ARE ORGANISMS WITH SHELLS DATE BACK TO THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD, 500 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE GIVES THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE EXISTENCE OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES WHICH MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS . OVER 350 MILLION YEARS, SINCE THE END OF DEVONIAN PERIOD SHARKS HAVE MAINTAINED THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPHENODON TUATARA . THIS LIZARDLIKE REPTILE OF NEW ZEALAND IS KNOWN AS A LIVING FOSSIL . THIS SPECIES IS IN EXISTENCE FOR ABOUT 200-225 MILLION YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : BASED UPON THEIR UNIQUE GENETIC CODES, ORGANISMS ARE KNOWN TO BE EXISTING UPON EARTH FOR SEVERAL MILLIONS OF YEARS . CROCODILES LIVED ALONG WITH DINOSAURS . ORIGINATED DURING THE LATE TRIASSIC PERIOD 200 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN OF THE GENETIC CODE IS UNKNOWN . THE VAST MAJORITY OF ORGANISMS BREED WITH OTHER MEMBERS OF THEIR OWN SPECIES PROPAGATING THEIR OWN UNIQUE GENETIC CODES . WE KNOW ABOUT LONG-LIVED ORGANISMS LIKE SEA TURTLES BECAUSE OF THE CONSTANCY OF THEIR GENETIC CODES . TURTLES ARE IN EXISTENCE FROM THE TRIASSIC PERIOD, 200 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ALASKA BOWHEAD WHALE . WHALES ORIGINATED IN THE EARLY TERTIARY OR UPPER CRETACEOUS ABOUT 70 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MONOTREMES . DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS ORNITHO RHYNCHUS ANATINUS IS A SPECIES SURVIVING SINCE AUSTRALIAN PLEISTOCENE ABOUT 2 MILLION YEARS AGO.
While describing Genetics as the area of Biology concerned with the study of inheritance, the process by which certain characteristics or traits of organisms are handed down from parent to offspring, I would like to suggest that a creative mechanism, a creative process or a creative operation could be at work when Genetics accounts for variations in similar or related animals and plants. I would like to emphasize the fact of all organisms existing as Individuals with Individuality. In Nature, living things have no choice other than that of existence as Individuals with Individuality. Even a mob of genetically identical(“CLONES”) colony of bacteria of E. coli are experimentally proved to behave as Individuals with Individuality.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DOUBLE – HELIX DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID OR DNA IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, THE STRUCTURES FOUND INSIDE THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS. THE DNA MOLECULE ALWAYS EXHIBITS INDIVIDUALISTIC VARIATION IN ITS BEHAVIOR .
In higher organisms with cells that contain a Nucleus, the genetic material called DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is carried by structures known as Chromosomes in the Nucleus, and the cytoplasmic structures known as Mitochondria. The genetic material called RNA(ribonucleic acid) is found in the Nucleolus(present inside the Nucleus) and structures called Ribosomes found in the Cytoplasm.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CELL IS THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF LIVING THINGS . THE UNITS OF INHERITANCE ARE KNOWN AS GENES. THE GENES ARE FOUND INSIDE CHROMOSOMES THAT ARE PRESENT IN THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS . DNA, IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, MITOCHONDRIA, AND RNA IS FOUND IN THE NUCLEOLUS AND RIBOSOMES .
The Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis present in the Cytoplasm. DNA interacts with ‘transfer RNA'(t-RNA), ‘Messenger RNA'(m-RNA), and Ribosomal RNA in the process of protein synthesis. The Chromosome is divided into Units called Genes. Each Gene is responsible for a particular trait and hence Gene is the Unit of inheritance. The term ‘allele’ describes either of a pair of genes at the same position on both members of a pair of chromosomes and conveying traits that are inherited by Mendelian Laws.There could be small chemical differences in genes that are expressed as different versions of the same trait (‘alleles’). Each gene is responsible for the manufacture of a particular protein which is involved in development of a trait associated with it. Each chromosome of each species of higher organisms has a definite number and arrangement of genes which govern the structure and functions of the cells. It is important to note that, while genes are located inside the Nucleus of the cell, the actual protein synthesis occurs in structures called Ribosomes present in the Cytoplasm outside the Nucleus. While we appreciate the role of genes as Units of Inheritance, we should give equal importance to the Living Substance, the Living Material, or the Living Matter called Cytoplasm that is found inside the living cells, outside the Nucleus of the cell. There are basically three classes of Genes: 1. Structural genes which determine the sequences of amino acids that go to makeup proteins or the smaller chain of molecules known as polypeptides, 2. Coding genes which specify molecules that function in the processes involved in protein synthesis, and 3. Regulatory genes which are called Noncoding genes for they act solely as “Recognition” sites for enzymes and other proteins involved in controlling protein synthesis.
THE GENETIC CODE AND THE ROLE OF MUTATIONS:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GENETIC CODE DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMPOSITION OF DNA AND THAT OF PROTEINS PRODUCED BY GENES .
The Genetic Code describes the relationship between composition of DNA and that of proteins produced by genes. Genetic Code is the chemical equation by which hereditary information is translated from genes into proteins. Changes in the genetic code are called Mutations. Mutations can cause a change in protein synthesis. In higher organisms, when mutation involves the germ-line cells that eventually develop into sperm or egg cells, the mutation and its consequence of altered protein synthesis is inherited by offspring. A mutation can be minor and relatively insignificant, or it can cause serious deformity or metabolic deficiency in the organism. Most mutations tend to be harmful. Fortunately, a typical gene in higher organisms is segmented and the entire genetic information of a gene is not contained in a single, unbroken strand of DNA molecule. The value of having the genetic code in segments is to reduce the chances of mutations causing harmful changes in protein synthesis. Certain self-repair mechanisms also exist to deal with the damage done to DNA. Very often, the damaged DNA is repaired or the cell carrying the damaged DNA is killed and destroyed. For this reason, it is important to recognize the simple fact of DNA damage associated with mutations irrespective of its cause. The Theory of Evolution proposes that random, unguided, and apparently purposeless mutations lead to gradual changes in a species and eventually lead to its descent as a new species. As per the Theory of Evolution, mutations may bring about three kinds of changes; 1. Changes in the morphological appearance of an organism, 2. Changes in the skeletal and other anatomical structures of an organism, and 3. Changes in the behavior displayed by an organism.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MUSCLE TWITCH IN FROG MUSCLE EXPERIMENT . MUTATIONS CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR GUIDED, SEQUENTIAL, AND PURPOSEFUL NATURE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS WHICH HAVE SEVERAL CREATIVE APPLICATIONS IN THE NATURAL WORLD .
In higher organisms, the cells are differentiated to perform special functions. For example, muscle cells have ability of contraction. This physiological function of contraction is easily demonstrated by applying an electrical stimulus to muscle as done in Muscle Twitch in Frog Experiment. Animals have different abilities of locomotion; some crawl or creep, or slide on a surface, some swim, or move in water, some fly or glide in air, and others walk, run, climb, and swing in a variety of amazing manners. Whatever may be the mode of locomotion, all animal muscle cells display the same physiological function of contraction. While the physiology remains the same, the muscles of each animal species display individualistic functional characteristics. For mutations are random, unguided, and purposeless, they cannot account for guided, sequential and purposeful nature of muscle contractions which have several creative applications in the natural world.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE AND OTHER APES HAVE 48 CHROMOSOMES WHEREAS MAN HAS ONLY 46 CHROMOSOMES . CHROMOSOMES 2 a AND 2 b FOUND IN APES ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION THAT CAN FUSE CHROMOSOME 2 a AND 2 b TO ASSEMBLE CHROMOSOME # 2 FOUND IN MAN .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : WHAT IS GENETIC DRIFT ???? CAN IT ACCOUNT FOR THE ARRIVAL OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS ??? CAN WE EXPLAIN MAN AS A PRODUCT OF HYBRIDIZATION AND THE PHENOMENON CALLED GENETIC DRIFT ????
In ‘Evolution’ the term ‘Genetic Drift is used to describe a random change in gene frequency within a small population, resulting in mutations which regardless of their adaptive value, become fixed within the group. Variations in diet, variations in physical activity, variations in reproductive behavior, and variations in external environmental conditions may contribute to minor variations in ‘allele’ frequencies without transforming an old species into a new species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND THE MISSING LINK :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : TAXONOMY IS A BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT FORMULATES THE BASIS FOR SYSTEMATIC CATEGORIZATION OF ORGANISMS INTO CATEGORIES SUCH AS PHYLUM(OR DIVISION), CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, SUB-FAMILY, GENUS, AND SPECIES . WITHIN THE GENUS HOMO SAPIENS, ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN IS UNIQUE, AND DISTINCT FOR HUMAN NATURE STANDS BY ITSELF .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . CHIMPANZEES ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MOUNTAIN GORILLA IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . GORILLAS ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NO EXTINCT OR LIVING SPECIES IS ABLE TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN MODERN MAN(HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS) AND HIS NEAREST ALLIES AMONG HOMINID FAMILY . WHO IS THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMALS LIKE CHIMPANZEE AND GORILLA ????
The above image reveals a fundamental problem faced by Darwinism when it attempts to account for Human Evolution. No extinct or living species is able to bridge the gap between modern man(Homo sapiens sapiens) and his nearest allies among Hominid Family and other Primates such as Chimpanzee and Gorilla.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SOME EVOLUTIONARY GENTICISTS CLAIM THAT MODERN HUMANS HAVE DESCENDED BY INTERBREEDING AND REPRODUCING WITH OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS HOMO . INTERBREEDING OR INBREEDING CANNOT TRANSFORM AN OLD SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM, NO NATURAL PROCESS, NO NATURAL CONDITION, OR NATURAL CAUSE THAT CAN TRANSFORM NEANDERTHAL SPECIES INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS. ANATOMICAL TRAITS PECULIAR TO NEANDERTHALS WILL NOT BE WIPED OUT BY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DENISOVA HOMINIDS DISCOVERED IN DENISOVA CAVE , ALTAI MOUNTAINS , SOUTHERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA . DENISOVA MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHALS AS COMPARED TO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . THEY LIVED 41, 000 YEARS AGO . CAN ONLY BREED TRUE TO THEIR OWN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARTISTIC RENDITION OF DENISOVA CHILD . DNA EXTRACTED FROM A FRAGMENT OF PHALANX OF HAND AND A MOLAR (TOOTH). THIS DENISOVA GIRL IN APPEARANCE IS MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHAL THAN TO MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHALS LIVED FOR ABOUT 300, 000 YEARS . NEANDERTHAL BELONGS TO MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . NEANDERTHAL HAD A PRECISION GRIP SIMILAR TO THAT OF MODERN HUMANS BUT DID NOT DISPLAY WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHAL HAD POWER GRIP AND PRECISION GRIP LIKE ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . BUT HIS ANATOMICAL TRAITS WERE NOT ENOUGH FOR HIM TO ADVANCE INTO MESOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . THIS SPECIES LIVED FOR A LONG TIME WITHOUT THE POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS NICKNAMED “TOUMAI.”
NATURAL HISTORY OF HOMINID FAMILY :
Senckenberg Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Germany prepared replicas of Hominid species using the fossils discovered at different geographical locations. Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived 6.8 million years ago. It is one of the oldest Hominid specimens, found in 2003 in Djurab desert in Chad, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS, AFRICAN HOMINID LIVED 3.2 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus afarensis discovered in Afar region of Ethiopia, Africa in 1975. This Hominid lived 3.2 million years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMINID AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus africanus ,this Hominid replica nicknamed “Mrs Ples” lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered in 1947, at Sterfontein, South Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS AETHIOPICUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus aethiopicus lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered near Lake Turkana in Kenya, Africa, in 1985.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS BOISEI LIVED 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus boisei, nicknamed “Zinz” lived 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1959 in the Olduvai Gorge of Tanzania, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO RUDOLFENSIS LIVED ABOUT 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo Rudolfensis lived about 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1972 in Koobi Fora, Kenya, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER . LIVED ABOUT 1.5 MILLION YEARS AGO. NICKNAMED “TURKANA BOY.”
“TURKANA BOY” Homo ergaster lived about 1.5 million years ago. Initially thought to be an important “missing link” in Human Evolution.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER IS RELATED TO HOMO ERECTUS SPECIES THAT LIVED IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA FROM ABOUT 1.89 MILLION YEARS AGO .
In Africa, Homo ergaster and Homo erectus are viewed as relatives and thought to be the ancestral forms of later Hominids such as Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. But, African Homo erectus is not related to Asian species of Homo erectus like Java Man, and Peking Man.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS(AFRICA), ERECT MAN, VERTICAL GAIT, LIVED ABOUT 1.8 TO 0.3 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo erectus of Africa had prominent brow ridges, projecting face, and a brain volume of about a litre as compared to modern man’s average brain volume of about 1,360 cubic centimetres. Some evolutionary biologists suggested that Homo erectus migrated to Asia, and Southern Europe.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS ALSO NAMED HOMO RHODESIENSIS LIVED ABOUT 500, 000 TO 350, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo heidelbergensis or Homo rhodesiensis. This replica is made from the fossils found in Sima de los Huesos, Spain in 1993. He lived about 500,000 to 350,000 years ago. Fossils also found in other places like Italy, France, and Greece. Homo sapiens may have appeared 300,000 years ago. Heidelbergensis could be the ancestor of Neanderthals which is often described as a subspecies of Sapiens species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS, HOMINID THAT LIVED 1.5 MILLION TO 300, 000 YEARS AGO.
Homo erectus lived 1, 500, 000 to 300, 000 years ago. Homo erectus discovered in Republic of Georgia, China, and Indonesia lived until about 70,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION PILTDOWN MAN OF SUSSEX, ENGLAND. HOMINID SPECIES OF THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OR OLD STONE AGE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS , HOMO ERECTUS . THE REPLICA OF “JAVA MAN.”
Pithecanthropus, “JAVA MAN” discovered in 1891 could be the first to use fire. He used stone tools and belongs to the Lower Pleistocene Period.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : RHODESIAN MAN HAD A BRAIN LARGER THAN THAT OF MODERN HUMANS.
It could be of interest to note that Rhodesian Man( Heidelberg Man – Germany) had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, a chinless jaw, a brain larger than that of modern man. The height was about five feet(152 cm) or slightly over.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERECTUS PEKINENSIS . SINANTHROPUS OR PEKING MAN .
Sinanthropus, Homo erectus pekinensis, or PEKING MAN belonged to the Middle Pleistocene.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS . THIS REPLICA IS NICKNAMED “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE .” HE LIVED 56, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived 56,000 years ago. The above is the replica nicknamed “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE” found near La Chapelle aux-Saints in France in 1908.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS . NICKNAMED “HOBBIT. ” LIVED ABOUT 18, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens floresiensis, the FLORES MAN discovered in Liang Bua Cave, Flores, Indonesia in 2003. Lived about 18,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS – FLORES MAN OF INDONESIA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FLORES MAN . HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS. IT COULD BE OF INTEREST TO NOTE THAT FLORES MAN WAS ONLY ABOUT 3 FEET IN HEIGHT. Initially thought to be a subspecies of Sapiens and now considered as a separate species. This Hominid species disappeared without any trace for unknown reasons.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS. LIVED BETWEEN 100, 000 TO 90, 000 YEARS AGO BUT NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
The above is a replica of Homo sapiens found in a cave in Israel in 1969. He lived between 100,000 to 90, 000 years ago. It is important to note that it is not representative of true, modern humans called Homo sapiens sapiens.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU . IDALTU MAN LIVED ABOUT 160, 000 YEARS AGO . NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU OR “HERTO MAN ” DISCOVERED IN 1997 AT HERTO, ETHIOPIA , AFRICA .
Homo sapiens idaltu lived about 160, 000 years ago in Pleistocene Period(Middle Paleolithic), in Ethiopia, Africa, may mark the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens, making distinction between Homo erectus species and Homo sapiens species. They were at the threshold of modern anatomy but not fully modern humans.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS RED DEER , SOUTHERN CHINA LIVED 11, 500 TO 14, 500 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens Red Deer represents “Red Deer Cave” people who lived 11, 500 to 14, 500 years ago in Maludong, Yunnan Province, Southern China. Red Deer Man had high domed braincase, small eyebrow ridges, lower jaw ended in a prominent chin, with a body less muscular than those of earlier Hominids.
THE ORIGIN OF MAN – MONOGENISM VS POLYGENISM :
The term “RACE” is used to describe any of the different varieties or populations of human beings distinguished by physical traits such as hair, eyes, skin color, shape of body, head, facial features, and blood groups. These characteristics are transmitted by heredity but they are highly variable; not every member of a race will exhibit all distinguishing traits. It is apparent to claim that races arose in response to inbreeding. Across majority of human cultures prevalent in Old World, inbreeding is the established cultural norm. In his ‘Systema Naturae'(1735) Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist, gave a very precise description of man placing him among the Mammals in the order of Primates along the apes and the bat. Linnaeus presented a summary of the diverse varieties of human species. He described varieties such as The Asian, The African, and The European. Linnaeus created a system of classification that depended only on external characteristics to place objects into a rational set of categories.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN VARIETIES OR RACES AROSE IN RESPONSE TO INBREEDING . CAROLUS LINNAEUS DESCRIBED HUMAN VARIETIES SUCH AS THE ASIAN, THE AFRICAN, AND THE EUROPEAN .
The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc comte de Buffon in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle general et particuliere, 44 volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. He held the view that a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon claimed that it is absurd to use the same principles for classifying living and nonliving things. Most important, apes and other animals lack the ability to speak. Buffon saw the rise of human intelligence as a product of development of an articulated language. For animals may lack the ability to attach meaning to their articulated sounds, human language can be used as a basis to define human species and its varieties. Monogenism is the theory that all human beings are descended from a single pair of ancestors. Polygenism is the theory that each race of people has descended from distinct, ultimate ancestors and hence asserts that races are created separately. If anatomically modern humans are products of interbreeding between different Hominid Family members, it would be difficult to suggest that hybridized humans stopped interbreeding and preferred inbreeding to establish the races or varieties that can be observed today. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach(1752-1840), Father of Physical Anthropology known for his work ‘De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa(1775-76), did his research in measurement of craniums. He divided mankind into five great families – Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, and Ethiopian. Physical anthropologists initially described three primary divisions of people, 1. Caucasoid, 2. Mongoloid, and 3. Negroid. Thomas Huxley in his paper titled “On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind” (1870) described racial varieties such as 1. Bushmen, 2. Africoid, 3. Negritoes, 4. Melanochroi, 5. Australoids, 6. Xanthochroi, 7. Polynesians, 8. Mongoloids A, B, & C, and 9. Esquimaux. Today, some anthropologists entirely reject the concept of “RACE.” The apparent variations among members of human population have to be explained using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance which alone can account for breeding behavioral patterns.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN AND THE EXTINCTION OF DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF HOMINID SPECIES CANNOT BE ACCOUNTED ON THE BASIS OF NATURAL CAUSES, NATURAL MECHANISMS , OR NATURAL CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE LIFE AND DEATH OF LIVING ORGANISMS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE : JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH(1752-1840), FATHER OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY DIVIDED MANKIND INTO FIVE GREAT FAMILIES – CAUCASIAN, MONGOLIAN, MALAYAN, AND ETHIOPIAN .
CHARLES DARWIN – DARWINISM – THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859):
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1892) . HIS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDE THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859), AND THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871).
Charles Darwin claimed that new species originate in the course of time. In his view, one species is transformed into another as a product of ‘Natural Selection’ of randomly produced genetic mutations. He formulated an opinion about the factors or circumstances under which some forms of life cease to have the status of species or become extinct. Darwin states, “The Origin of Species, like their extinction, is entirely a natural process which requires no factors other than those at work everyday in the life, death, and breeding of plants and animals.” To make transition from an old species to a new species, certain intermediate forms become extinct combined with the survival of one or more of the extreme varieties. Darwin further attests, “If my theory be true, numberless intermediate varieties, linking closely together all the species of the same group, must assuredly have existed, but the very process of natural selection constantly tends as has been so often remarked to exterminate the parent forms and the intermediate links.” As per Darwin’s analysis, anatomically modern human species may have to be viewed as a variety of one of the Hominid species that simply survived while this ancestral species and all other Hominid species perished towards the end of Pleistocene(Ice Age).
Darwin’s theory of ‘The Origin of Species’ depends on causes that can be divided into two sets of factors:
1. Mechanism of Survival that includes causes or factors which determine the extinction or survival of organisms, and with their survival, their opportunities for mating and reproduction, and
2. Mechanism of Heredity that includes causes or factors which determine transmission of characteristics from one generation to another and variation of offspring from their ancestors and from each other.
In Darwin’s estimate, the factors of ‘Natural Selection’ operate on genetic variations that cause a range of differences within a group. At the same time it may be noted that the variations generated in the breeding process are never enough to change the basic criteria applied in identification of any given species. For perpetuation of group characteristics in organisms which manage to survive and reproduce, inheritance of ancestral traits is of utmost importance. Darwin’s view on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. If anatomically modern human species appeared suddenly due to abrupt mutations in a single generation of as yet unknown Hominid species, it will not validate Darwin’s view that new forms of life arise gradually as the result of a continuous accumulation of slight and imperceptible variations. According to Darwin, environment acts as a selective agency and it acts upon variations produced entirely by causes operating in the breeding process. During the period of the Great Ice Age, Pleistocene Series or Epoch, 1.8 million to 10, 000 years ago, 28 percent of Earth’s land area was covered by ice. Continental glaciers covered much of N. North America and NW Europe. Holocene Epoch or Series that began 10, 000 years ago witnessed a dramatic change in land area that is covered by ice. Now, about 10 percent of land area is covered by ice and continental glaciers are restricted to Antarctica and Greenland. In other words, areas of Earth’s surface have become more hospitable for all kinds of Hominid population. There was no geographical catastrophe and there was no environmental change of cataclysmic proportion with serious consequences for the survival of any variety of Hominid species. To adapt to changed environment was easy, food supply became abundant and there is nothing to suggest that Hominid Family members were preying upon one another in a bitter struggle of existence.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY WILL DEMOLISH DARWINISM :
According to Geologic Time Chart which records the physical nature and history of planet Earth, we are living in the Cenozoic Era the beginning of which was marked by the K-T extinction. Most of the major and minor extinction events were the result of causes that are not natural to Earth or terrestrial factors. The exposure of living things to consequences such as collisions with asteroids, comets, or exposure to ionizing radiation do not belong to a category of circumstances that can be called ‘natural’. I would prefer to use the term ‘supernatural’ to describe extinction events initiated by extraterrestrial factors. The origin, the beginning, appearance of anatomically modern man during Holocene Epoch or Series has no natural cause. No natural condition, no natural factor, no natural mechanism, no natural process and no natural event can alter the shape and size of man’s cranium. Inbreeding, or interbreeding do not change genes, the Units of Inheritance. The sudden, and abrupt change in man’s form and morphological appearance is not due to imperceptible changes and genetic variations that accumulated over a prolonged period of time. If skeletal structures undergo a change due to mutations caused by external factors like climate, physical activity, diet, and opportunities for breeding or reproductive behavior, the skeletal structures of all members of the diverse Hominid Family living at that time have to register a change that affects the germ cells and gets propagated to their offspring as stated by Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. If a natural condition, a natural factor, or a natural cause can account for a mutation in anatomically modern human, I would like to examine the evidence for its operation in other members of Hominid Family such as Neanderthal who lived at the same time.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : LIVING FORMS EMERGED AND DIVERSIFIED IN SUDDEN SPURTS AND WERE ELIMINATED ABRUPTLY IN MAJOR AND MINOR EXTINCTION EVENTS DURING GEOLOGIC PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL PROCESS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING THAT CAN TRANSFORM ANATOMICAL TRAITS OF NEANDERTHAL INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON SKULL . CRO-MAGNON MAN IS NOT CONSIDERED AS A SEPARATE SPECIES OR SUBSPECIES . LIVED 40, 000 TO 35, 000 YEARS AGO .
Cro-Magnon Man lived 40, 000 to 35, 000 years ago. He was discovered in southwestern France in 1868. His height was about 6 feet(180 Cms), had high forehead, short and wide face, developed prominent chin, and large brain. His brain capacity of 1600 cubic centimetres is larger than the average 1,360 cubic centimetres for anatomically modern human species. He belonged to upper paleolithic culture of Old Stone Age whereas anatomically modern human species had established its presence in the Mesolithic Period or Middle Stone Age at the end of the last glacial era about 10, 000 years ago. Anatomically modern human species developed a culture that included gradual domestication of plants and animals, formation of settled communities, use of the bow, development of delicate stone ‘Microliths’, and pottery.
THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN LANGUAGE:
In my view, Human Speech(spoken and written) is the criteria by which the difference between anatomically modern man and other members of Hominid Family is made. Human Language is one of the principal characteristics of the specifically human world. Language is the peculiar possession of human beings. While Neanderthal, and Cro-Magnon Man share certain anatomical and physiological traits possessed by the zoological species identified as human beings, they were not true representatives of Homo sapiens sapiens. In the use of ‘Precision Grip’, both Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon Man fall short of the status called ‘human’. Paleolithic art, paintings, and drawings are not the same as human writing.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON MAN AND PRECISION GRIP . PALEOLITHIC ART IS NOT EQUIVALENT TO HUMAN ARTISTIC EXPRESSION . DRAWINGS AND PAINTINGS ARE NOT THE SAME AS HUMAN WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN PRECISION GRIP . HOMINIDS LIKE NEANDERTHAL HAD ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES THAT GIVE FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES CALLED 1. PRESSURE GRIP, AND 2. PRECISION GRIP . NEUROMUSCULAR COORDINATION BETWEEN BRAIN AND FINGERS CONTRIBUTES TO A CREATIVE ABILITY CALLED WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION . PALEOLITHIC ART . CAVE PAINTINGS IN N SPAIN AND SW FRANCE . c. 14,000- c. 13,500 B.C. LASCAUX CAVE PAINTINGS – THE AURIGNACIO – PERIGORDIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PALEOLITHIC ART . MURALS AT ROUFFIGNAC, NIAUX, AND CAVE PAINTINGS OF ALTAMIRA , SPAIN . c. 14,000 – c. 9500 B.C. THE SOLUTREO – MAGDALENIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : KUNDA TOOLS , MICROLITHS, c. 10,000 -c.8000 B.C. MESOLITHIC PERIOD OR MIDDLE STONE AGE . THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN . HUMANS ARE KNOWN BY THEIR CULTURE .
The reproductive history of modern man does not support Darwinism and its assumptions about breeding . To identify and to recognize man as a zoological species, the yardstick has to be defined as morphological appearances are inadequate. I coined the phrase ‘Whole Linguistics’ to use Human Language as the chief characteristic of human species. Whole Linguistics involves three entities, namely 1. A Language User, 2. A Language Interpreter and 3. A Language Creator. It introduces a concept about the Creative Beginning of Man and his Language.
HUMAN IDENTITY, INDIVIDUALITY, AND THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX:
All said and done, man has no choice about the nature of his physical existence in natural world. Each man without any choice exists as an Individual with Individuality. Man deploys protein molecules called antigens to identify ‘self’ and ‘non-self’. The antigens causing the immune response that results in rejection of a tissue allograft are known as ‘Major Histocompatibility Antigens'(HLA). In man, the Major Histocompatibility Complex(MHC) is the HLA cluster on Chromosome 6. As MHC antigens were originally described on human Leukocytes(White Blood Cells), they are still referred to as Human leukocyte Antigens(HLA). The role of MHC is not limited to transplantation rejection as the proteins encoded in this region are involved in many aspects of immunological recognition and immunity response. The HLA antigens are remarkable for the extensive degree of genetic polymorphism which makes variability between individuals very great . Even among members of human population, most unrelated persons possess different HLA . This antigenic specificity established at molecular level is the evidence for a creative process, a creative mechanism, and a creative principle which determines the Subjective and Objective Physical Reality of Man’s Status in Nature.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN . MAN DEPLOYS UNIQUE PROTEIN MOLECULES TO IDENTIFY SELF AND NON-SELF . HUMAN EXISTENCE AND HUMAN IDENTITY IS DEFINED BY MOLECULES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MAN IS ABLE TO EXIST IN NATURE FOR HE IS ABLE TO DEFEND HIS EXISTENCE BY DEPLOYING MOLECULES THAT CAN MAKE THE RECOGNITION AND DISTINCTION BETWEEN SELF AND NON-SELF.
THE PROOF OF PUDDING IS IN THE EATING :
Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle introduced notion of Form, Nature, or Essence. Plants and animals are derived from seeds that already contain within them the Form, Nature, or Essence of the species from which they were derived and into which they would subsequently develop. To exist as a thing of a given kind, there could be an innate tendency to strive to develop into a perfect example of itself to fulfill its nature and to realize its full potential. In a purposive or teological view of the natural world, each natural thing by its intrinsic nature strives to realize its own ideal Form or Essence. Darwinism proposes a view that explains development of a natural thing in a “mechanistic” and nonpurposive manner. If a new form of life is a product of unguided, random, and purposeless genetic mutations, it will be hard to explain and account for its Form, Nature, and Essence.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR MENDEL CONDUCTED EXPERIMENTS ON GARDEN PEA(PISUM SATIVUM) PLANTS TO DISCOVER THE NATURAL LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION . I DISCOVER THE ‘MAGIC OF CREATION’ BY SIMPLY TASTING A FEW SWEET PEAS .
All living things define their existence using about 20 Amino Acids. Protein Synthesis involves unique and creative ways of arranging these amino acids into chains called polypeptides. Protein Synthesis is a creative process for the product created by one species has ability to impart unique sensory experience in an unrelated species. Man can distinguish plant and animal proteins by using his organs of sense perception. The creative aspect of protein synthesis is in the taste, smell, flavor, color, texture, and palatability of plant and animal proteins. Man further improves palatability of proteins he consumes by refining his culinary skills.To refute the concept called ‘DARWINISM’, the Proof or Verification is in Eating Sweet Garden Peas and recognizing them from their color, taste, smell, flavor, texture, and palatability. Plants and animals do not use sensory functions like vision, olfaction, and taste in protein synthesis. The sensory experience of man is possible for living things exist with an innate tendency to express their Form, Nature, and Essence. I am asking my readers to contemplate upon supernatural circumstances that may define Form, Nature, and Essence of living things that are not explained by a study of their genes and genetic code.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF :
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF : WHO AM I ??? HOW DOES THE BODY KNOWS THE IDENTITY OF MAN WHO LIVES INSIDE THE BODY ??? IF THE BODY KNOWS ITS OWNER, OR IF THE OWNER KNOWS THE BODY HE OCCUPIES, THERE IS A FUNCTION CALLED KNOWING SELF.
WHO AM I ? THE INQUIRY ABOUT SELF :
Man’s role in the vast universe is insignificant. When man looks around, he as the rational observer gets easily overwhelmed by his irrelevance to the great universal order. Man has no choice other than that of knowing himself better. Man has to understand the truth and reliability of his own cognitive powers. Man has to know the truth about Self. Many of my Indian readers are familiar with India’s epic poem, Valmiki Ramayana. While Indians believe that Lord Rama is the Ultimate Reality or the Absolute Truth, in Ramayana’s Book Six, Yuddha Kanda, Sarga or Chapter 117(the final chapter), Prince Rama spoke to Lord Brahma(the Lord God Creator) inquiring, “I think of myself to be a human being by name Rama, the son of Dasaratha; You, as a gracious Divinity, tell me Who am I and Why I am like this ?” To know the truth and reality, man must begin his inquiry with the question, “WHO AM I ?”
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF : MAN, THE ENTIRE HUMAN ORGANISM IS DERIVED FROM A SINGLE FERTILIZED EGG CELL . HOW IS THE IDENTITY AND INDIVIDUALITY IS ESTABLISHED AND IS KNOWN IN THIS COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM ???
Man is a physical being, a being with Matter and Form. What is ‘real’ must be distinguished from what is called ‘appearance’. In Indian tradition, the human body is described as unreal as its Form or appearance is subject to constant change. At the same time, it must be recognized that Matter has no independent existence of its own, and Matter gets recognition when it exists while it is associated with a Form. The inquiry about Self must include both Matter and the Form. The existence of Self is known and is experienced by the part of the body called “The Knowing-Self.”
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF : IN THE DIVINE SONG CALLED THE BHAGAVAD GITA, CHAPTER II, SANKHYA YOGA, VERSE#13, LORD KRISHNA EXPLAINS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAN AND HIS CHANGING FORM OR APPEARANCE.
The Bhagavad Gita, Chapter II, Sankhya Yoga, verse#13 reads:
“dehinosmin yatha dehe kaumaram, yauvanam, jara
tatha dehantara praptir dhiras tatra na muhyati.”
As the embodied Soul continually passes in this body from boyhood to youth and then to old age, a man of courage must not grieve about the passing of Soul after the body dies. This verse needs a very careful interpretation for Matter is neither created nor destroyed. The condition called death applies to the Form or appearance while the Matter has the divine attribute called imperishability. The Soul preserves the Individuality of the Individual who passes through various stages like childhood, youth, and old age with varying physical identities.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF : IN INDIAN TRADITION, THE TOTAL MATERIAL SUBSTANCE OR MATTER IS CALLED BRAHMA AND LORD BRAHMA IS THE CREATOR AND IS ESSENTIALLY PRESENT IN THE MATTER THAT HE CREATES.
The Bhagavad Gita, Chapter XIV, Gunatraya Vibhaga Yoga, Three Modes of Material Nature, verse#3 describes the total material substance as Brahma, is the source of birth, and in that Brahma, Lord Krishna causes pregnancy(or the generation of varied forms) and thereby causing the possibilities for the births of all living beings. If Matter is Brahma, Lord Krishna is the Creator of Form or appearance using His creative potency which in Indian tradition is described as ‘Maya Shakti’. Brahma, Prakriti or Material Nature describe the material substratum pervading physical existence. Inanimate and inert Earth, Water, Fire, Air, Ether along with Manas(the seat of Mind, Buddhi, Intellect), and Ahankara(EGO) together constitute Lord Krishna’s eightfold material energies or differentiated aspects of Matter.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF : MAN IN HIS INQUIRY ABOUT SELF, MUST UNDERSTAND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATTER AND FORM AS BOTH REPRESENT THE DIVINE ATTRIBUTES OF A SINGLE INFINITE SUBSTANCE.
Both Matter and Form represent the divine attributes of a single, infinite Substance. In the Bhagavad Gita, Chapter XIII, Kshetra – Kshetrajna Vibhaga Yoga, verses 1,2, and 3 describe the material body as the Field of Activity called ‘KSHETRA’ and one who knows this body is called the Knower of the Field of Activity or ‘KSHETRAJNA’. Lord Krishna further clarifies that He is also the Knower of the Field of Activity in all living bodies. In Indian tradition to understand the human body and its owner is called Knowledge or ‘JNANA’.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF : MATTER REPRESENTS GOD AS UNMANIFESTED REALITY FOR GOD’S FORM OR APPEARANCE CANNOT BE DISCERNED BY SIMPLY EXPLORING MATTER. THE LIVING THINGS ACQUIRE A HUGE DIVERSITY IN THEIR FORMS AND APPEARANCE BECAUSE OF A CREATIVE POTENCY(MAYA SHAKTI) THAT TRANSFORMS MATTER INTO LIVING FORMS.
The subject of man’s inquiry about Self is not about investigating the Infinite Substance or Nature called God. Man must explore his own body and understand what he knows and as to how he knows his own identity. For purposes of clarity, I divide man into two categories; 1. SELF which represents man as a Physical, Mental, and Social being. Self represents the thinking person, and the feeling person, or the person having thoughts and feelings, and 2. THE KNOWING-SELF which represents man as a Moral and Spiritual being. The Knowing-Self is the seat of consciousness where the contents of consciousness are composed in a very selective manner. The Knowing-Self is responsible for the condition called ‘AROUSAL’ that can keep man fully alert and awake. The Knowing-Self knows man’s thoughts, feelings, actions, and sensory experiences. The Knowing-Self plays a central role in maintaining and sustaining the vital functions like circulation, and respiration to support existence.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF : IN THIS IMAGE OF HUMAN BRAIN, THE GREEN PORTION OF BRAIN STEM IS CALLED RETICULAR FORMATION. I AM PROPOSING TO CALL IT AS THE KNOWING-SELF AND IT IS THE “KNOWER” OF THE HUMAN BODY WHICH CONSTANTLY CHANGES ITS MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TIME CALLED THE AGING PROCESS.
Indian tradition and various religious and philosophical traditions speak about Soul, Spirit, and Atman without describing its precise location in the human body which is comprised of trillions of independent, individual living cells which have their own individual life span or lifetime. If the information about Soul, Spirit, and Atman is valid, there must be some useful or practical applications of that information. Indian tradition while being silent about the anatomical description of Soul, Spirit, and Atman, speaks about the hierarchical arrangement of mental functions and guides man to control or exercise supervision of his intellect, mind, sense organs, and the body.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING SELF : INDIAN TRADITION AND OTHER TRADITIONS OF WORLD DO NOT DESCRIBE THE PRECISE ANATOMICAL LOCATION OF SPIRIT, SOUL, OR ATMAN. THIS IMAGE DESCRIBES THE HIERARCHICAL RELATIONSHIPS THAT MANAGE MAN’S MENTAL FUNCTIONS. THIS MODEL SUGGESTS THAT SOUL IS THE CONTROLLER OF INTELLECT, MIND, SENSE ORGANS, AND BODY.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF : THIS STATEMENT FOUND IN KATHA UPANISHAD – 1:3:4 IS OF INTEREST AS IT DESCRIBES THE STRUCTURAL, AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF MAN.
Indian tradition uses the term “SELF” to describe Soul, Spirit, or Atman. The “SELF” is the ‘Knower’, the Controller, and the ‘Supreme Enjoyer’, or the ‘Indweller’ of the Body which is often called the house or a place of residence. For example, KathOpanishad(KATHA + UPANISHAD),1:3:4 states:
“Atmanam rathinam viddhi,
Sariram ratham eva cha,
Buddhim tu Sarathim viddhi,
Manah pragraham eva cha,
Indriyani hayan ahur,
Visayams tesu gocaran,
Atmendriya -Mano-yuktam
Bhoktety ahur Manisinah.”
This statement may not give the precise location of Soul or Atman in man’s human body but shows as to how man manages his intellect(BUDDHI) to apply restraint on his mind which in return controls the organs of sense perception which are in hot pursuit of desires and cravings of the body whose actions and responses are driven by the sensory experiences of various kinds. It uses the analogy of a Chariot to assign Man and his organs to perform specific roles.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF : FROM KATHA UPANISHAD WE GET A DESCRIPTION OF MAN AND HIS STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION WHILE HE LIVES HIS LIFE CHASING HIS DESIRES.
This statement must be carefully interpreted for it can have useful practical applications in promoting Man’s Physical, Mental, Social, Moral, and Spiritual Well-being.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF : USING THIS STATEMENT, I WANT TO DESCRIBE MAN, SELF, SOUL, SPIRIT, OR ATMAN AS RESIDING IN THE RETICULAR FORMATION OF BRAIN STEM.
Indian tradition is fully concerned about knowing the ‘identity’ of things. My concern is about the ‘unity’ of various parts to establish the Objective and the Subjective Reality of Man’s existence in the natural world. Man is a Mortal Being and his physical existence provides a finite experience for it is related, connected, bonded, associated, partnered or yoked with an Infinite Substance of which Soul, Spirit, or Atman is of interest for it brings Unity between the Infinite and Finite Man’s Physical Reality.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF : TO KNOW MAN, THE SELF, SOUL, SPIRIT, OR ATMAN AS THE KNOWER OF BODY IS THE FIRST STEP IN MAN’S INQUIRY ABOUT SELF. THE KNOWLEDGE WILL HELP AND GUIDE MAN TO REACH HIS DESTINATION USING HIS BODY LIKE A CHARIOT.
Using the analogy of a ‘CHARIOT’, Man can reach the Final Destination or ‘The Goal’ using the Knowledge(JNANA) about Self, Soul, Spirit, or Atman.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : THIS ARTICLE IS DEDICATED TO THIS INDIAN LADY WHO SYMBOLIZES THE PRINCIPLE OF UNITY THAT APPEARS AS THE VERBAL SOUND OR “SHABDA”CALLED “ASMI” WHICH MEANS ALWAYS PRESENT, OR EVER-EXISTING.
This article is dedicated to this Indian Lady who symbolizes the Principle of Unity that appears as the verbal Sound or “SHABDA” called “ASMI” which means always present or ever-existing.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : ON THIS MOST AUSPICIOUS DAY, DECEMBER 05, 2014, INDIANS ARE CELEBRATING THE FESTIVAL OF “KARTHIGAI DEEPAM” . “KARTHIKAI DEEPAM” OR ‘KARTIKA DEEPAM’. SHOULD MAN SEARCH INWARDS OR SEARCH OUTWARDS TO FIND GOD??? I CAN SEARCH IF MY EXISTENCE IS SUPPORTED. FOR MY EXISTENCE, I DEPEND UPON THE ABILITY OF PLANTS CALLED PHOTORECEPTION.
Should man search inwards or search outwards to find God??? I can search, if and only if my existence is supported. For my existence, I depend upon the ability of plants called Photoreception. If God is Light, the Light that sustains Life is not about the human ability of sensory perception called Vision.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : THE THOUGHTS OF VARIOUS INDIAN THINKERS HAVE TO BE CAREFULLY INTERPRETED. EVERYTHING THAT EXISTS IS NOT EXACTLY THE SAME OR IDENTICAL TO BRAHMAN. IT WILL BE CORRECT TO INTERPRET THE ABOVE STATEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF UNITY BETWEEN ORDERS LIKE GOD, ENERGY, MATTER, AND LIVING THINGS. THIS UNITY OR EIKYATA IS THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS FOR EXISTENCE AND IS CALLED “ASMI” TO DESCRIBE BRAHMAN AS THE ‘CAUSE’ OF EXISTENCE.
I am asking my readers, specially those who study Indian Schools of Thought, to recognize the need for careful interpretation of the insights provided by Indian thinkers. The concern is not about duality and differentiation. The problem is not that of establishing the exact Identity between God and orders like Matter, Energy, Time, Space, Man, and Living Entities. The concern is about the fact of existence. Everything that exists is not exactly the same or identical to Brahman. It may be correct to state that everything finds its existence because of Unity or “EIKYATA”, the fundamental basis for existence and this Unity becomes the verbal Sound known as “ASMI” which describes BRAHMAN as the Cause of all that exists.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : IN THIS PRESENTATION I WOULD LIKE TO STRESS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE VERBAL SOUND CALLED “ASMI” THAT DESCRIBES THE UNITY BETWEEN GOD AND MAN. HENCE THE ISSUE IS NOT THAT OF IDENTITY OR DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MAN AND GOD.
It is indeed true that man’s existence on planet Earth could be short-lived, ephemeral, transitory, and may even last only one day. Man is an organism with a brief life cycle. But, the Physical Reality of this existence demands the Unity described by the verbal Sound called “ASMI” which means ‘always present’, or ‘ever-existing’. The Physical Dimension of human life and human existence cannot be rejected as unreal and it is not an illusion for there are always both Subjective and Objective criteria to verify and to validate the physical form and physical appearance that is associated with existence. Man’s true or real Essence called Self or ATMAN cannot manifest itself in the physical world without Unity between the mortal nature of man’s conditioned existence and the eternal nature of Brahman which is always present, or ever-existing.
SPIRITUALITY SELF – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : THE SPIRIT, SOUL, OR ATMAN HAS TO BE INTERPRETED AS THE VITAL, ANIMATING PRINCIPLE THAT IS PRIMARILY INVOLVED IN ESTABLISHING MAN’S PHYSICAL EXISTENCE IN THE WORLD AND THE ISSUE IS NOT ABOUT ITS EXISTENCE WHEN SEPARATED FROM HUMAN BODY.
I use the word Spirit, Soul, or ATMAN to describe the Vital, Animating Principle that is involved in establishing man’s physical existence in the world. The issue is not about Soul or ATMAN’s existence when separated from its human body. The human form, the human appearance, and the human existence at any given age or condition is always dependent upon the Unity between Body and Soul.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : THE EXISTENCE OF SELF OR ATMAN REPRESENTS THE CONDITION CALLED “ASMI” THE VERBAL SOUND FOR UNITY BETWEEN BRAHMAN, ATMAN, AND MAN.
It should not be of any surprise to note that ATMAN could be Unborn, Eternal, Everlasting, Immortal, and Imperishable. Those are the fundamental attributes of all Physical Matter that exists in this Universe. Matter is made up of Chemical Elements and the Fundamental Laws of Conservation state that Matter is neither created, nor destroyed.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF UNITY AND UNIFYING PRINCIPLE, WE NEED NOT IGNORE THE BEAUTIFUL REALITY THAT MANIFESTS ITSELF IN NUMEROUS, COUNTLESS FORMS AND SHAPES. THERE ARE NO IDENTICAL LIVING THINGS. EVERY LIVING THING, EVERY MEMBER OF ALL KNOWN LIVING SPECIES SIMPLY EXIST AS INDIVIDUALS WITH INDIVIDUALITY AND THERE IS NO SECOND ONE OR A COPY, A TRUE REPLICA OF THE ORIGINAL FORM.
To understand the concept of Unity and the Unifying Principle, we need not ignore the beautiful Reality that manifests itself in numerous, countless forms and shapes. There are no identical living things. Every living thing, every member of all known living species simply exist as Individuals with Individuality. The Statement about The Atman, “The One Without Second” is a mere reflection of the Reality that Science can experimentally verify. To know about Life, we have to know about each individual, living thing.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : GOD IS DESCRIBED AS THE CREATOR, THE ARTIST, THE DESIGNER, AND THE ARCHITECT OF THE UNIVERSE. EVERY CREATED OBJECT EXISTS AS AN ORIGINAL, UNIQUE, DISTINCT, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF OBJECT. AND YET THIS DIFFERENTIATION IS DEPENDENT UPON A MATERIAL SUBSTANCE AND NATURE THAT IS SHARED BY ALL CREATED OBJECTS.
Brahman or God is variously described as the Creator, the Artist, the Designer, and the Architect of the Universe. Every created object exists as an original, unique, distinct, and one of its own kind of object. For the Architect uses Imagination to draw a Plan or Design, there is Unity while there is Diversity, Variation, and Differentiation of various parts that come together in Harmony to give the Whole Experience.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : THE MORTALITY OF ALL LIVING THINGS RELATES TO THEIR INDIVIDUALISTIC IDENTITIES. DEATH INVOLVES THE SPECIFIC FORM AND ITS APPEARANCE AND NOT THE SUBSTANCE AND THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS THAT CONSTITUTE PHYSICAL MATTER.
The discussion about Life and Death need not involve the separation of human body into separate or distinct parts like the Body, and Soul. At no time, the Body exists without its operating Principle called Soul, or ATMAN. The phenomenon of Death involves the physical form and appearance and not that of the Substance and the Chemical Elements that constitute the Living Things.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : IT WILL BE DIFFICULT TO SPEAK OF ABSOLUTE, TOTAL IDENTITY BETWEEN GOD AND MAN FOR LORD KRISHNA IN THIS STATEMENT CLAIMS THAT HE IS THE CAUSE OF ALL THINGS, AND ALL THINGS EXIST IN HIM, WHILE HE NEED NOT DWELL IN THEM, OR CAN BE DETACHED FROM THEM.
Man’s mortal or conditioned existence demands the operation of Unity or Unifying Principle that allows man and other living entities to exist in relationship with God. At the same time, Lord Krishna in the above image(The Bhagavad Gita, Chapter IX, Verse #4) clarifies that God’s Existence is Unconditioned and God does not depend upon man and other living entities to maintain or sustain His own eternal, everlasting Existence.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : I WOULD BE VERY CAREFUL TO INTERPRET THE ABOVE STATEMENT AS MAN HAS NO ABILITY TO SEPARATE THE LIVING ENTITY FROM ITS LIVING PRINCIPLE.. THE UNION OF BODY AND SOUL IS NOT ACCOMPLISHED BY MAN’S MENTAL OR PHYSICAL ACTIONS AND MAN EXISTS WITH NO CONTROL OR ABILITY TO RULE OR GOVERN HIS OWN EXISTENCE AT ANY GIVEN INSTANT.
Indian tradition such as the above image of a statement from Kathoponishad(KATHA+UPANISHAD) may suggest the separation of human body from its indwelling Soul, Atman, or PURUSHA, I would ask my readers to be very careful to make an interpretation after recognizing the simple fact that man has no ability to separate the living entity from its Living Principle. Man may kill himself, man can kill other men and other forms of Life. But, the Union of Body and its Soul or ATMAN, or PURUSHA is not accomplished by man’s mental, or physical actions. Man exists with no Control, or ability to Rule or Govern his own existence at any given instant.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : MAN IS NOT THE CAUSE OF HIS OWN EXISTENCE. MAN MAY DESCRIBE HIS EXISTENCE AS THAT OF UNITY BETWEEN MAN AND PURUSHA, THE ETERNAL, COSMIC PERSON. MAN’S LIFE AND EXISTENCE HAS SEVERAL DIMENSIONS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF UNITY OR UNIFYING PRINCIPLE REPRESENTS THAT SINGLE, HARMONIOUS EFFECT THAT BRINGS STRUCTURAL, AND FUNCTIONAL UNITY BETWEEN VARIOUS INTERACTING PARTS.
Indian Tradition often describes the Identity between the Self, ATMAN, and PURUSHA, the Eternal Cosmic Person. For I recognize that man is not the Cause or Originating Seed of his own existence, man must carefully describe his existence as that of Unity between man, and PURUSHA, the eternal Cosmic Person. Man is the result of the harmonious effect that brings Structural, and Functional Unity between various interacting parts such as the trillions of individual, independent, living cells that constitute the human organism.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AHAM BRAHMASMI – UNITY VS IDENTITY : THE COMPLEXITY OF BRAHMAN, THE PURUSHA, OR THE COSMIC PERSON CAN BE UNDERSTOOD BY VIEWING THIS IMAGE OF “VIRAT PURUSHA” IN WHICH EVERY ENERGY, FORCE, OR POWER IS DEPICTED WITH A DISTINCT PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND FORM. MAN’S OWN PHYSICAL FORM AND APPEARANCE IS SIMPLY ONE AMONG THE NUMEROUS MANIFESTATIONS.
The Complexity of BRAHMAN, THE PURUSHA, OR THE COSMIC PERSON can be understood by viewing the above image of “VIRAT PURUSHA” in which every Energy, Force, or Power is depicted with a distinct physical appearance and form. Man’s own physical form and appearance is derived from this Universal Form and it simply represents one aspect among the numerous manifestations. Hence I submit that the “MAHAVAKYA” or the Great Statement that appears in the Brihadarnyaka Upanishad, “AHAM BRAHMASMI” should be interpreted with a pinch of Salt and in Reality, man may speak of his Unity and not of Identity with “VIRAT PURUSHA.”
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : THERE IS NO ESSENCE, THERE IS NO IDENTITY, AND THERE IS NO EXISTENCE OF MAN IF THERE IS NO UNITY BETWEEN THE THREE FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS CALLED 1. GOD, 2. SOUL, AND 3. MATTER. THE WORD “ASMI” STANDS FOR UNITY OR “EIKYATA.” FOR UNITY ALONE IS EVERLASTING AND IS ALWAYS PRESENT.
There is no ‘Essence’, there is no ‘Identity’, and there is no ‘Existence’ of man if there is no ‘Unity’ between the three fundamental orders called 1. God, 2. Soul, and 3. Matter. The Sanskrit word “ASMI” stands for ‘Unity’ or “EIKYATA” of the three fundamental orders. I want to invite my readers to join me in a discussion to interpret the terms Essence, Identity, Unity, and Existence that appear in the Indian Holy Scriptures and are variously interpreted by the major Indian Schools of Thought known as ‘Advaita'(Unqualified Non-Dualism), ‘Visistadvaita'(Qualified Non-Dualism), and ‘Dvaita'(Dualism).
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : ADI SHANKARA(c.788 – c.820?), EXPONENT OF ADVAITA OR NON-DUALISM AND THE THEORY OF MAYA OR ILLUSION.
Adi Shankara held that the Divine Soul or Paramatma, and the individual soul or Jeevatma are identical or the same. He did not account for the existence of his human body. He was satisfied by claiming that his human body does not describe his true or real identity or essence. In his view, the material world including the appearance of man is deceptive for it is the product of Illusion.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : RAMANUJA(c.1017 – c.1137), EXPONENT OF QUALIFIED NON-DUALISM OR VISISTADVAITA. HE STATED HIS GOAL OF ACHIEVING SOUL’S UNION WITH A PERSONAL GOD THROUGH THE PRACTICE OF BHAKTI OR DEVOTION.
Ramanuja held the view that God is modified by the orders of Matter and Soul. He stated that the Soul is modified by the body for the body has no separate existence from its Soul. Similarly, the Soul modifies God for it has no separate existence apart from God. His aim was to achieve Soul’s Union with a Personal God. He had not accounted for the existence of the living human being whose Body, and Soul have no separate existence without maintaining Unity with God.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : MADHVA(c. 1199 – c.1278), EXPONENT OF DVAITA OR DUALISM. HE REJECTED THE THEORY OF MAYA OR ILLUSION. HE CLAIMED THAT THERE IS A BASIC DIFFERENCE IN KIND BETWEEN GOD AND INDIVIDUAL SOULS. BUT, THE FACT OF DIFFERENCE OR DISTINCTION BETWEEN SOUL AND GOD WILL NOT ACCOUNT FOR MAN’S EXISTENCE.
Madhva maintained that the simple fact that things are transient and ever changing does not mean that they are not real. He rejected Shankara’s Theory of Maya or Illusion but, at the same time he may have failed to acknowledge that the phenomenon of Illusion could be an important basis for the reality of man’s existence on the surface of a very fast spinning object like Earth. Man’s existence demands a blissful state of ignorance of the realities of motion of planet Earth while he synchronizes his existence taking the cues from Sun’s apparent motions across the sky that generate the experience of Sunrise and Sunset.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : AITAREYA UPANISHAD SUGGESTS THAT GOD IS THE CAUSE OF ALL KINDS OF EXISTENCE.
Aitareya Upanishad claims that Consciousness is God or Brahman and it states that all existence is supported by Consciousness. To that extent, Consciousness can be defined as the awareness of the fact of one’s own Existence. In my view, the ‘Essence’ and ‘Identity’ of a thing can be described if, and only if the thing had a past ‘Existence’, or is existing in the present, or has the potential ability to exist in the future. Essence and Identity are predetermined by the requirement called ‘Existence’.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : THE TERM SOUL OR ATMAN HAS TO BE INTERPRETED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE REALITY OF MAN’S EXISTENCE THAT NEEDS A BODY THAT IS DIFFERENTIATED, HAS A FORM AND APPEARANCE THAT HELPS MAN TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE PERSON AS “I AM.”
If the universe is accounted by three distinct or separate orders such as God(“BRAHMAN”), Soul(“ATMAN”), and Matter, man represents the single, harmonious effect called ‘Unity’ or “ASMI.” The terms such as Soul or “ATMAN”, or “JEEVATMA” may have to be used to explain the fact of ‘Unity’ and the manifestation called ‘Existence’ by which the thing called “I” gets its name, and form, becomes differentiated and can be recognized as “I AM.” I want to categorically claim that it will be of no help or use if terms such as Soul, Atman, and Jeevatma are narrowly defined to simply describe the Essence or Identity of man. I would like to direct this discussion towards the importance of ‘Unity’ or of the term “ASMI” which means always present, and ever existing. Thus ‘Existence’ becomes the defining feature or chief attribute of all things and without the fact or reality called ‘Existence’, no truth can be known, and things have no Identity or Essence.
MY IDENTITY – MY CONNECTION – REBBAPRAGADA – KASTURI – SARVEPALLI – CONNECTION:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : MY IDENTITY AND MY CONNECTION. I CALL MYSELF AS ‘REBBAPRAGADA’, BUT MY MOTHER BELONGS TO THE ‘KASTURI’ FAMILY. THIS IS A PICTURE OF KASTURI BROTHERS. FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, 1. DR. KASTURI NARAYANA MURTHY, M.D.(MY MATERNAL GRANDFATHER), 2. KASTURI. SESHAGIRI RAO( MARRIED TO MRS. RUKMINI, DAUGHTER OF DR. SARVEPALLI RADHAKRISHNAN), 3. KASTURI NARASIMHA RAO, 4. KASTURI RAMACHANDRA RAO, 5. KASTURI SOMESHWARA RAO, 6. KASTURI KRISHNA RAO, AND 7. KASTURI SIVAPRASADA RAO(FAR RIGHT).
I am able to recognize and describe the ‘Identity’ of my maternal grandfather and his brothers for man always comes into existence with an original form, and gets a name for it can be clearly differentiated from all other men. My maternal grandfather’s younger brother was married to Mrs. Rukmini, daughter of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. This ‘Connection’ with Sarvepalli family is important for several reasons. Most of my readers of this blog post in India can easily identify the person who existed as Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. He served as India’s first Vice President for two consecutive terms from 1952 to 1962, and served as India’s second President from May 13, 1962 to May 13, 1967. Apart from being a statesman, Dr. Radhakrishnan is recognized as an Indian philosopher and had published 56 books. His most popular books are Indian Philosophy, two-volumes and The Principal Upanishads(1953).
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : I RECOGNIZE THE IDENTITY OF THIS PERSON AND DESCRIBE HIM AS DR. SARVEPALLI RADHAKRISHNAN FOR MAN ALWAYS EXISTS WITH A DIFFERENTIATED FORM THAT IS GIVEN A PROPER NAME. THIS INDIAN PHILOSOPHER HAD INTERPRETED INDIAN SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN SEVERAL BOOKS THAT HE HAD AUTHORED. IN MY OPINION, HE DID NOT EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF UNITY AND EXISTENCE IN HIS ANALYSIS OF THE MEANING OF GOD(BRAHMAN) AND SOUL(ATMAN OR JEEVATMA).
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : DR SARVEPALLI RADHAKRISHNAN’S MOST POPULAR BOOK, INDIAN PHILOSOPHY MAY NOT ACCOUNT FOR THE MEANING OF MAN AS A SUBSTANCE AND FAILS TO DESCRIBE THE BASIS FOR MAN’S PHYSICAL REALITY IN THIS WORLD.
Man must understand what it is to be a Substance and what it is to Exist. The Indian traditional thoughts about man tend to divide man into two categories; 1. The Sentient Soul or the Conscious Being, and 2. The Insentient or the Physical Being that is unreal, constantly changing, perishable, and leads a mortal, transient, or evanescent existence.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : IN INDIAN TRADITION, IT IS OFTEN CLAIMED THAT THE HUMAN BODY IS PERISHABLE. THIS REQUIRES CLARIFICATION. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ARE NOT PERISHABLE. IT IS THE FORM, AND APPEARANCE THAT IS SUBJECT TO THE NATURAL LAWS OF AGING AND DEATH.
The above statement that claims that the universe consists of a combination of the perishable and imperishable may need further clarification. It cannot be entirely true for the Chemical Elements that constitute Physical Matter cannot be destroyed or they are imperishable. Indian tradition describes man as “DEHA”, the physical body which is often compared to an empty vessel or house which is distinct, and separate from an entity called “DEHE”, or “DEHINAH”, the indweller, the embodied being, the tenant who occupies a place of dwelling or residence. The indweller of the physical human body is identified as Soul, Atman, or Jeevatma. This separation of Body/Mind, and its Soul into unrelated, or independent entities poses huge problems if I have to account for the physical reality of man’s Subjective and Objective Existence in the present world, the world that exists today as a self-evident truth.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : MAN’S EXISTENCE BEGINS WITH THE ACT CALLED CONCEPTION, THE UNION OF ORIGINATING PRINCIPLE OR SEED WITH EGG CELL. LORD KRISHNA CLAIMED THAT HE IS THE ORIGINATING SEED OF ALL TYPES OF EXISTENCE.
Man’s existence in the world begins with the act called ‘Conception’, the Union of the originating Principle or Seed with Egg Cell. In the Divine Song of The Bhagavad Gita, Chapter X, verse #39, Lord Krishna claims that He is the Originating Seed of all types of Existence and hence it must be understood that the fact of Existence requires an Original Cause, an Original Purpose, and an Originating Seed or Principle.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : MAN’S PHYSICAL EXISTENCE DEMANDS THE OPERATION OF AN ORIGINAL CAUSE, ORIGINAL PURPOSE, AND AN ORIGINATING SEED OR ORIGINATING PRINCIPLE.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : INDIAN HOLY SCRIPTURE “YAJUR VEDA” EXPLAINS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN EXISTENCE AND GOD(BRAHMAN).
If God is viewed as the fosterer of the People, and if God is explained as the Originating Seed that accounts for man’s existence, God, and man’s physical body cannot be separated into separate parts.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : GOD(BRAHMAN) IS DEFINED AS THE FIRST CAUSE AND MAN’S EXISTENCE BECOMES THE SINGLE, HARMONIOUS EFFECT OF THAT ORIGINAL CAUSE THAT BRINGS UNITY BETWEEN THE THREE ORDERS CALLED GOD, SOUL, AND MATTER.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : THE CAUSE, THE ORIGIN, THE ESSENCE, THE IDENTITY OF MAN HAVE A SINGLE PURPOSE FOR THERE IS ALWAYS UNITY IN THE BODY OF GOD WHO IS THE CONTROLLER.
For God(Brahman) is defined as the ‘First Cause’, man’s physical existence can be accounted as the single, harmonious “Effect” of that Original Cause that brings Unity between the three orders called God, Soul, and Matter.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : THIS FERTILIZED HUMAN OVUM OR EGG CELL BEGINS THE LIFE JOURNEY OF MAN. FROM THE BEGINNING, THERE IS UNITY BETWEEN, BODY, MIND, SOUL, AND GOD.
Man’s physical existence begins with the stage called ‘ZYGOTE’, the fertilized human ovum or Egg Cell. This single cell grows, multiplies, and fully differentiates to develop all the tissues, organs, and organ systems that are parts of the human body. The human body is the “Effect” of an Originating Seed, and cannot be considered as an empty vessel or an empty dwelling that is apart from its resident or indweller.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : THE SINGLE FERTILIZED EGG CELL RAPIDLY DIVIDES AND DEVELOPS INTO AN EMBRYO THAT IMPLANTS ITSELF INTO THE TISSUES OF MOTHER’S WOMB TO FURTHER SECURE ITS OWN EXISTENCE. THE EMBRYO IS CONSCIOUS OF THE FACT OR REALITY OF ITS OWN EXISTENCE.
The Single, Fertilized Egg Cell is conscious of its own existence and the developing Embryo on its sixth day of existence implants itself into the tissues of Mother’s womb to secure its own further existence.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : THE NEWBORN BABY ALWAYS ARRIVES INTO THE WORLD WITH AN ORIGINAL, UNIQUE, DISTINCT, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME THAT HAS NEVER EXISTED IN THE PAST AND WILL NEVER EXIST AGAIN IN THE FUTURE.
The Newborn Baby always arrives into the world with an original, unique, distinct, and one of its own kind of genome that has never existed in the past, and will never exist again in the future. Every man who is born can only exist as an Individual with Individuality. Every man can be identified as a specific individual. The Law of Generation and Propagation is based on the principle of Creation that always causes the production of original objects that cannot be further duplicated. For man’s form, and appearance is always associated with differentiation, man’s identity can be easily described by attaching a proper name.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : MAN’S EXISTENCE IS GOVERNED BY THE ETERNAL LAW OF AGING. MAN EXISTS WHILE HE PASSES THROUGH VARIOUS STAGES SUCH AS BOYHOOD, YOUTH, ADULTHOOD, AND OLD AGE THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN FORM AND APPEARANCE.
The word ‘Essence'(Latin. Essentia) describes that something which makes an entity what it is; intrinsic, fundamental nature, the most important quality of something to constitute its essential being. Essence is used to describe the inward nature of anything that is important to know its manifestations that can be physically observed. The word ‘Spirit’ or ‘Soul’ are often used to describe the ‘true’ or unchanging principle of man for man’s physical identity is not constant. The term ‘Identity'(Latin. idem) means the same(Sanskrit. idam). The Latin word identitas is related to Latin. essentitas and hence Identity and Essence are always related and they help to know the thing or entity that they describe. Identity is about the condition or fact of being the same, or exactly alike, sameness or oneness. In modern times, identity is about the condition or fact of being a specific person or thing. Whereas the term ‘Individuality’ describes the sum of characteristics or qualities that set one person or thing apart from others. Individuality is the condition of the Individual who exists as a single, separate, or particular thing. For man, his Individuality sets him apart from all other men. The term ‘Existence'(Latin. existere, or exsistere) is about the act of existing, the state, or the fact, or the reality of actual being. Existence demands that the thing or entity must come forth, stand forth, to manifest, living, or being alive. The term ‘Unity’ implies the state of being united to make something complete in itself, the quality or fact of being a totality or ‘Whole’. Unity is used to signify a Complex, the product of a Union of related parts, or an arrangement of parts that will produce a single, harmonious effect. Unity is thus concerned about the ‘Effect’ it generates while a thing could be made up of diverse elements or individuals. For human body is constituted by trillions of Individual, and Independent Living Units called Cells, the ‘Effect’ called ‘Unity’ is of fundamental importance to know man’s ‘Essence’, or ‘Identity’ that is manifested by his ‘Existence.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – EBOLA VIRUS – BIOTIC INTERACTIONS: THE BIOTIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MAN AND THE EBOLA VIRUS HELPS US TO DEFINE THE TERM SPIRITUALITY AND SPIRITUAL INTERACTIONS.
The most recent concerns about the outbreak of Ebola Virus infection in West Africa and its spread to the United States give us an opportunity to define the term Spirituality and Spiritual Biotic Interactions.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – EBOLA VIRUS – BIOTIC INTERACTIONS: SCIENTISTS HAVE DESCRIBED ABOUT SEVEN STRAINS OF THE VIRUS AND FOUR STRAINS ARE FOUND IN HUMAN INFECTIONS. IN WEST AFRICA, THE VIRUS STRAIN HAS UNDERGONE SEVERAL MUTATIONS WHILE SPREADING FROM MAN TO MAN.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – EBOLA VIRUS – BIOTIC INTERACTIONS: A BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY COMPRISES OF TWO OR MORE INTERACTING AND INTERDEPENDENT POPULATIONS OF LIVING ORGANISMS. A FRUIT BAT COULD BE THE NATURAL HOST AND RESERVOIR OF THE EBOLA VIRUS AND MAN IS INFECTED BY COMING INTO CONTACT WITH INFECTED ANIMALS. EBOLA IS DISCOVERED IN 1976 AND MAN’S INTERACTION WITH THE VIRUS COULD BE OF RECENT ORIGIN.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – EBOLA VIRUS – BIOTIC INTERACTIONS: THE EBOLA VIRUS INFECTION OUTBREAK IN WEST AFRICA WILL COMPEL MAN TO INVESTIGATE THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR HUMAN EXISTENCE. SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE IS FUNDAMENTALLY CONCERNED WITH THE NATURE OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BIOMOLECULES THAT DEFINE HUMAN EXISTENCE.
The problem of the Ebola Virus infection outbreak in West Africa helps us to investigate the molecular basis for human existence. In my view, Spirituality Science is fundamentally concerned with the nature of Interactions between biomolecules that define human existence.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – EBOLA VIRUS – BIOTIC INTERACTIONS: THE TERM “SPIRITUAL” DESCRIBES THE NATURE OF A RELATIONSHIP, A PARTNERSHIP, AN ASSOCIATION, OR BONDING, OR CONNECTION BETWEEN LIVING ENTITIES TO PROVIDE SOME BENEFIT TO THE MEMBERS PARTICIPATING IN THE BIOTIC INTERACTIONS IN A GIVEN ENVIRONMENT. THE EBOLA VIRUS MOLECULE PARTICIPATES IN INTERACTIONS WITH THE BIOMOLECULES OF HUMAN BODY WITHOUT ANY CONCERN ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE INTERACTIONS.
I define the word “Spiritual” as a relationship, a partnership, a connection, a bonding, or an association between living entities based upon characteristics such as compassion, sympathy, cooperation, mutual assistance, tolerance, voluntary subservience, and functional subordination to provide some benefit to the members of a biotic community participating in Biotic Interactions in a given environment. Viruses survive as parasites for they need a host cell to supply the chemical energy and matter to perform its basic living function called replication.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – EBOLA VIRUS – BIOTIC INTERACTIONS: THE EBOLA VIRUS INFECTION IS DEFINED BY THE NATURE OF PROTEIN MOLECULES THAT DEFINE THE VIRUS. EBOLA HAS 7 PROTEIN-ENCODING GENES. THE VP40, A PROTEIN OF EBOLA IS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST FOR IT CAN TRANSFORM INTO THREE DISTINCT SHAPES SHOWN IN THE IMAGE IN BLUE COLOR.
Ebola Hemorrhagic Virus is discovered in 1976. The Virus attacks the Endothelial Cells which form the lining of the blood vessels, the White Blood Cells called Phagocytes, Liver Cells or Hepatocytes and the cells of Kidney and the structural and functional damage caused can lead to unconsciousness apart from manifesting various symptoms due to bleeding from the affected organs and tissues.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – EBOLA VIRUS – BIOTIC INTERACTIONS: VP40, A PROTEIN MOLECULE OF THE VIRUS ASSUMES A BUTTERFLY SHAPE(TOP); NEAR THE NUCLEUS OF THE HOST CELL, VP40 TRANSFORMS INTO A RING(BOTTOM LEFT), AND AT THE CELL MEMBRANE, VP40 ASSEMBLES INTO A LINEAR STRUCTURE(BOTTOM RIGHT).
Humans have about 20,000 protein-encoding genes, whereas the Ebola Virus has 7 genes. But, the Virus uses a protein called VP40, a Transformer Protein that can assume three distinct shapes, each with a separate function that is critical to the Virus’s survival. Each of VP40’s structural arrangement is linked to a different function in the Virus life-cycle; it assumes a butterfly shape but, near the nucleus of the host cell, VP40 transforms into a ring that regulates how the Viral genetic information is copied. At the Cell Membrane of the host cell, VP40 assembles into a linear structure which plays a role in the creation of new Viruses. While the human host cells provides a variety of benefits to the Virus, the interactions between the Virus and the cells of the human organism contribute no benefit to the man. If we study the interactions that occur between the trillions of individual living cells that comprise the human organism, we witness mutually beneficial partnership between the cells of the human organism and the Whole Organism that represents the Human Individual. The interactions between Viral protein molecules and the biomolecules of human life are detrimental to human well-being for those interactions do not establish peace, harmony, and tranquility in the human living condition. At the same time, it may be realized that man is a natural host to trillions of microbes that reside in man’s gastrointestinal tract. It is estimated that these gut microbial flora have around 100 times as many genes in aggregate as there are in the human genome that comprises of 20,000 genes. The spiritual nature of the biotic interactions between the cells of the human organism and the microbes that naturally reside in the human stomach, and intestines shows that there is a spiritual basis for the molecules of life that define the human organism and support his existence.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: BLAISE PASCAL(1623-62), FRENCH SCIENTIST, MATHEMATICIAN, AND RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHER FOUNDED THE MODERN THEORY OF PROBABILITY AND IN PHYSICS, DISCOVERED PASCAL’S LAW BY CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS IN THE EQUILIBRIUM OF FLUIDS THAT LED TO INVENTIONS OF HYDRAULIC PRESS, HYDRAULIC JACK, AND HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR. HIS MENTAL CONCEPTS ARE LIVING GIVING A DIMENSION TO THE CONCEPT OF LONGEVITY.
I would like to pay my tribute to Blaise Pascal who shared his views about man and human nature; “Man is a nothing in comparison with the Infinite, an All in comparison with the Nothing, a mean between Nothing and Everything. Since he is infinitely removed from comprehending the extremes, the end of things and their beginning are helplessly hidden from him in an impenetrable secret; he is equally incapable of seeing the Nothing from which he was made, and the Infinite in which he swallowed up.” Since man exists as a Mortal Being, man has a natural tendency to investigate the Beginning of Life and the End of Life and seek a better understanding of the natural processes liking Aging that propels man to travel and reach the destination termed ‘Death’ without any choice. Aging is a widespread biological phenomenon and all living things display a natural tendency towards a decline of biological functions and a time-related disability to adapt to metabolic stress. At the same time, I ask my readers to note that the ‘Protoplasm’, the living substance that makes up both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm appears to be potentially immortal. The term ‘Longevity’, the length or duration of a life or lives, must be interpreted in the context of the potential ability of Protoplasm to survive while individual members of species take birth, live, and die after a period of time. The term Life-Span describes the longest period of time that a typical individual can be expected to live. Similarly, Lifetime is the period of time that someone lives, or that something lasts, functions, or is in effect. Human beings have the unique ability to use their Lifetime to create a legacy that can endure giving an aura of immortality to that specific human individual who may have finished his or her mortal existence.
THE PHENOMENON OF LONGEVITY:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: THIS IMAGE OF DIVIDING YEAST CELLS DESCRIBES A REAL POTENTIAL IMMORTALITY IN SIMPLE ORGANISMS THAT ARE SINGLE-CELLED AND REPRODUCE BY ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION CALLED FISSION.
The concept of Life-Span implies that there is an individual whose existence has a definite beginning and end. Within the Phylum Protozoa, organisms that consist of a single cell, are numerous species that reproduce by fission which is a form of asexual reproduction in which the parent organism divides into two or more approximately equal parts, each becoming an independent individual. In such organisms where it is not easy to establish the beginning and end of an individual organism, the growth seems to continue indefinitely and a potential immortality can be observed. In organisms that use sexual reproduction, the limits of the life-span of each species appear to be determined by ‘Heredity’ which refers to the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring by means of genes in the chromosomes. Each individual member of any given species has a life-span during which something of that individual lasts when transmitted to offspring as heritable information. The term heredity and the Laws of Inheritance and the Science called Genetics will have validity if, and only if some biological characteristics survive in spite of the death of any individual member of a species. It is very interesting to observe that there are several species of living things which have continuously lived for exceptionally long periods of time retaining their species-specific identity. Such organisms can be claimed to be immortal as they appear to be fully capable of surviving indefinitely. This faculty has been attributed to some insects, some simpler forms of invertebrate marine life (such as Tube Worms, Jellyfish, Clams, and Lobsters), certain fishes and reptiles which appear to be capable of unlimited growth. As the complexity of an organism increases, the internal changes associated with the aging process contribute to senescence and death of the organism. Even under the most favorable external conditions, there is a predetermined age beyond which a given individual of a species may not be able to survive. The Maximum Life-Span is often an estimate based on the longest lived organism of its species that is known to date. The Average Life-Span is a statistical concept that is derived by the analysis of mortality data for populations of each species. The Average Life-Span is related to Life Expectancy, the statistically probable length of time that a typical individual of any given species can be expected to live. Life Expectancy varies as it depends on the changing death rate over a period of time. Even species that have very slow-growing rates can experience higher than natural death rates due to external factors and may even face the threat of total extinction.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: COCKROACHES ARE AMONG THE OLDEST INSECT GROUPS HAVING SURVIVED BASICALLY UNCHANGED FOR 300 TO 350 MILLION YEARS(CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD).
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: ANTARCTIC SPONGE(PHYLUM- PORIFERA) CAN LIVE FOR CENTURIES, THE OLDEST KNOWN LIVING SPONGE COULD BE 1,550-YEARS OLD.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: TUBE WORMS(PHYLUM-ANNELIDA) SUCH AS LAMELLIBRACHIA LUYMESI LIVE ON THE FLOOR OF ATLANTIC OCEAN NEAR HYDROCARBON VENTS. THEY TAKE 170-250 YEARS TO GROW.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: GEODUCKS(PHYLUM-MOLLUSKA) DATE BACK TO CAMBRIAN PERIOD OR 500 MILLION YEARS AGO, FOUND IN THE US COASTAL SEA WATERS OF PUGET SOUND. ONE OF THE OLDEST ANIMALS IN THE WORLD. IT CAN LIVE FROM 140 TO 160 YEARS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: OCEAN QUAHOG(PHYLUM-MOLLUSKA) ARCTICA ISLANDICA, SALTWATER CLAM CAN LIVE FOR CENTURIES, ESTIMATED AGE 400 YEARS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: SEA URCHIN(PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA), STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANCISCANUS LIVES IN PACIFIC OCEAN. IT CAN LIVE FOR ABOUT 200 YEARS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: THIS UNIQUE SPECIES OF JELLYFISH(PHYLUM-COELENTERATA-CNIDARIA) AN INVERTEBRATE SEA CREATURE WITH STINGING CELLS KNOWN AS TURRITOPIS NUTRICULA USES A CELL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS CALLED TRANSDIFFERENTIATION AND IT CAN REVERT FROM A MATURE ADULT STAGE TO AN IMMATURE POLYP STAGE AND HENCE MAY HAVE NO NATURAL LIMITS TO ITS LIFE-SPAN OR IT BEHAVES LIKE AN IMMORTAL BEING BY REVERSING ITS AGING PROCESS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: THE WHITE SHARK, CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS, ONE OF ABOUT 350 SPECIES OF CARTILAGINOUS FISHES. SHARKS ARE REMARKABLY SUCCESSFUL ANIMALS WITH FEW PARASITES OR DISEASES AND ALMOST NO ENEMIES EXCEPT OTHER SHARKS. THEY ARE LIVING ALMOST UNCHANGED FOR ABOUT 350 MILLION YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE DEVONIAN PERIOD.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: CROCODILES ARE LARGE AMPHIBIOUS REPTILES THAT ORIGINATED DURING THE LATE TRIASSIC PERIOD, 200 MILLION YEARS AGO. DURING THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD, ABOUT 120 MILLION YEARS AGO, LARGE CROCODILES(40 FEET OR MORE) THAT EXISTED MAY HAVE PREYED ON DINOSAURS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: TORTOISE IS THE LAND-LIVING TURTLE SPECIES. THEY ARE IN EXISTENCE FROM THE TRIASSIC PERIOD, ABOUT 200 MILLION YEARS AGO. THIS GALAPAGOS GIANT TORTOISE(TESTUDO ELEPHANTOPUS) CAN LIVE UP TO 177 YEARS. THE ALDABRA GIANT TORTOISE NAMED ADWAITA LIVED FOR 250 YEARS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: SEA TURTLES ARE REPTILES, AMONG THE OLDEST LIVING GROUP OF REPTILES WHICH HAVE NOT CHANGED IN THEIR APPEARANCE FOR NEARLY 200 MILLION YEARS. IF THEY ARE ENDANGERED OR THREATENED, THE PROBLEM IS NOT CONTRIBUTED BY AGING OR NATURAL LONGEVITY.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: TUATARA(SPHENODON PUNCTATUM), NATIVE OF NEW ZEALAND IS NOT A LIZARD. THIS SPECIES IS IN EXISTENCE FOR ABOUT 225 MILLION YEARS. IT IS A VERY RARE, MEDIUM-SIZED, AMPHIBIOUS REPTILE WHICH BELONGS TO THE ORDER SPHENODONTIA. ALL OTHER SPECIES OF THIS ORDER BECAME EXTINCT 60 MILLION YEARS AGO. IT IS CALLED A LIVING FOSSIL. INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS MAY LIVE FROM 100 TO 200 YEARS. IT HAS A WELL-DEVELOPED THIRD EYE AND A ROW OF SPINES ALONG THE BACK.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: “KOI” ARE ORNAMENTAL, DOMESTICATED VARIETY OF THE COMMON CARP, CYPRINUS CARPIO. THESE FISH HAVE RECORDED LIVES OF 150 TO 226 YEARS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS, ORNITHORHYNCHUS ANATINUS, A MONOTREME, AN EGG-LAYING MAMMAL OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA. IT IS SEMIAQUATIC, HAS A DUCK-BILL SHAPED MUZZLE WITH NO TEETH, FEET ARE WEBBED, NO EARS, AND BODY COVERED WITH DARK-BROWN FUR. COMBINES FEATURES OF A DUCK, BEAVER, AND OTTER. HAS MILK GLANDS TO NOURISH THE YOUNG. THEY HAVE SURVIVED SINCE AUSTRALIAN PLEISTOCENE, ABOUT 2 MILLION YEARS AGO.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – AGING AND LONGEVITY: THE BOWHEAD WHALE OF ALASKA. RIGHT WHALE OR BALAENA MYSTICETUS ORIGINATED IN THE EARLY TERTIARY OR UPPER CRETACEOUS PERIOD ABOUT 70 MILLION YEARS AGO. IT IS THE LONGEST LIVING MAMMAL AND INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS HAVE RECORDED 150 TO 200 YEARS OF LIFE.
The issue of Life-Span of plants and trees and of Human Life-Span need special consideration. In all animals, where the organism is formed by sexual reproduction, the beginning of life is defined by the formation of the fertilized egg cell or zygote. Very often, physical birth is considered to be the beginning of the Life-Span. The end or death of an organism is reflected in its inability to support its structural and functional organization that gives it a distinctive physical identity. This generation of Life by the union of an egg and sperm is a most remarkable event. In the entire Animal and Plant Kingdom where the organisms achieve reproduction sexually, the Generative Mechanism remains the same and is unchanged over millions of years. This Generative Potential of Sexual Reproduction is unaltered and it describes a most creative process that is involved in the beginning of all living creatures. In my view, the immutability of Life’s beginning is dependent upon the Unchanging Principle called Soul or Spirit.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: “IN THE DESCENT OF MAN”(1871), CHARLES DARWIN SHARED A VIEW OF MAN’S ORIGIN BY A PROCESS OF NATURAL VARIATION FROM AN ANCESTRAL TYPE. WE HAVE YET TO DISCOVER A COMMON ANCESTOR FOR BOTH THE ANTHROPOID APES SUCH AS THE GORILLA AND THE MAN.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGISTS CLAIM THAT MAN HAS ARRIVED OR DESCENDED FROM AN ANCESTOR WITH 48 CHROMOSOMES AND CLAIM THAT ANCESTOR IS VERY LIKELY TO HAVE A GENOME SIMILAR TO THAT OF APES SUCH AS CHIMPANZEE AND BONOBO.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution involves the notion of a common ancestor for both man and the anthropoid apes. Both Gorilla and Chimpanzee are natives of Africa and they exist with 48 chromosomes as compared to man’s genome that consists of 46 chromosomes. Human Chromosome #2 attracted a lot of attention for the nearest ape relative bonobo has near identical DNA sequences . But, the problem is that of the separation of these DNA sequences into two chromosomes called #2 a, and #2 b giving the apes a genome with 48 chromosomes.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: Chromosome #2 IS THE SECOND LARGEST HUMAN CHROMOSOME. IT CONTAINS 1,491 GENES AND MILLIONS OF BASE PAIRS.
It would be very easy to speculate that the Human Chromosome #2 can result from an end to end fusion of two ancestral chromosomes such as the Chromosome #2 a, and Chromosome #2 b.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: IT IS NOT LIKELY TO PRODUCE HUMAN CHROMOSOME #2 FROM FUSION OF CHROMOSOMES #2 a and #2 b. APES DO NOT HAVE A FUSED CHROMOSOME.
Man and apes exist with genomes that are almost identical and yet man cannot directly descend from the anthropoid apes. The fusion of Chromosomes #2 a, and #2 b would cause the production of a non-viable mutant or an individual who may not produce any offspring. Firstly, we need a male and a female with this fused chromosome in their gametes; the sperm and the egg to produce an offspring with a unique set of 46 chromosomes; 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of (XY or XX) of Sex Chromosomes X,Y. It requires two identical, rare, mutant, male and female to produce offspring and to establish an entirely new population. The Theory of Evolution proposes that random, unguided, mutations lead to changes in a Species and eventually lead to its descent as a new Species. If fusion of two, distinct, separate chromosomes such as #2 a, and #2 b is required, the fusion event must happen in a Hominid population about 10,000 years ago and this population would have no relationship with the living apes.
THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN RACES:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN EVOLUTION HAS TO DEAL WITH TWO BASIC ISSUES; 1. THE DISCOVERY OF HUMAN ANCESTORS, AND 2. THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN RACES.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: AMONG ANTHROPOLOGISTS THERE ARE TWO VIEWS ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF HUMAN RACES; 1.MONOGENY, AND 2. POLYGENY.
The term “RACE” describes any of the different varieties or populations of human beings distinguished by physical traits such as hair, eyes, skin color, shape of body and head, facial features, and blood traits. These physical traits or characteristics are transmitted by heredity. However, it must be noted that such traits are highly variable, not every member of a race will exhibit all distinguishing traits. But, it is very clear that Human Races or varieties arose in response to inbreeding and not on account of interbreeding of different subspecies.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: ANTHROPOLOGISTS HAD INITIALLY DESCRIBED THREE PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF PEOPLE; 1. CAUCASOID, 2. MONGOLOID, AND 3. NEGROID. MEMBERS OF HUMAN SPECIES SHARE A COMMON HUMAN NATURE WHILE THERE IS VARIATION IN MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCES.
Anthropologists had initially described three primary divisions of people, 1. Caucasoid, 2. Mongoloid, and 3. Negroid. Thomas Huxley in his paper titled “On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind”(1870), had described racial varieties such as Bushman, Africoid, Negritoes, Melanochroi, Australoids, Xanthochroi, Polynesians, Mongoloids A, B, & C, and Esquimaux.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THOMAS HUXLEY DURING 1870 DESCRIBED THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS RACIAL VARIETIES. JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH(1775/76) DIVIDED MANKIND INTO FIVE GREAT FAMILIES – CAUCASIAN, MONGOLIAN, MALAYAN, ETHIOPIAN, AND AMERICAN.
It is of no surprise to note the controversy regarding the terms used to identify the varieties of mankind. As such there is no agreement and the word ‘Species’ has no defined meaning. There are two schools of thought to account for the apparent variations among the members of the Human Species. Monogeny describes a view that all human races came from a common ancestor. Polygeny is a view that asserts the separate creation of races.
THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR HUMAN RACES:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE VARIATIONS AMONG MEMBERS OF THE SAME SPECIES AND OF DIFFERENT SPECIES CANNOT BE IGNORED. WHILE ALL LIVING BEINGS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY ALIKE FOR THE LIVING MATTER OR LIVING SUBSTANCE IS THE SAME. THE VARIATIONS IN FORM DEMANDS THE OPERATION OF A MOST CREATIVE PROCESS.
Today, some anthropologists entirely reject the concept of “RACE.” However, they stress the heterogeneity of world population. In Biology, the term ‘race’ is used to describe a subspecies, or variety, or breed. The search for a common ancestor for the entire Human Species is not yet over. In recent times, the techniques of DNA extraction and genomic sequencing have advanced. Evolutionary geneticists are describing their findings with a degree of boldness by simply studying the DNA and using the finding to predict the behavior and nature of the Homo Species members.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO FLORESIENSIS, ABOUT 3 FEET TALL, DISCOVERED IN LIANG BUA CAVE, ON THE ISLAND FLORES, INDONESIA. THE FLORES MAN HAS A FOSSIL RECORD THAT EXTENDS FROM 38,000 YEARS TO 12,000 YEARS AGO AND MYSTERIOUSLY DISAPPEARED.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU HAS BROW RIDGES, PROMINENT JAW AND GLOBULAR HEAD, WITH SLOPING FOREHEAD. THE SKULLS of 160,000 YEARS OLD IDALTU MAN DISCOVERED IN ETHIOPIA.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE IDALTU MAN, ANATOMICALLY SPEAKING WAS AT THE THRESHOLD OF MODERN HUMAN SPECIES BUT WAS NOT FULLY A MODERN HUMAN BEING.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THIS REPLICA MAY REPRESENT A DENISOVAN GIRL WHOSE FINGER BONE CALLED PHALANX WAS DISCOVERED IN DENISOVA CAVE, ALTAI MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN SIBERIA. THE DENISOVA WAS MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTALS THAN TO MODERN HUMANS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO SAPIENS RED DEER DISCOVERED IN MALUDONG OR RED DEER CAVE, YUNNAN PROVINCE, SOUTHERN CHINA HAD LIVED FROM 14,500 TO 11,500 YEARS AGO. RED DEER CAVE PEOPLE ARE NOT CLASSIFIED AS MODERN HUMANS.
To resolve the problems about finding the biological basis for human races, we may have to take the help of the Science called Immunology that deals with man’s ability to defend his own existence by recognizing Self and Non-Self marker proteins(antigens), the protein molecules that cover the surfaces of every cell in the human body.
THE LAW OF CREATION AND INDIVIDUALITY:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX(MHC) IS THE HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN(HLA) GENE CLUSTER ON CHROMOSOME 6. HUMAN ORGANS AND TISSUES CANNOT BE TRANSPLANTED OR GRAFTED INTO THE BODIES OF UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS. HUMAN IDENTITY MUST BE DISCOVERED AT MOLECULAR LEVEL TO ESTABLISH THE AFFINITY BETWEEN TWO HUMAN INDIVIDUALS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HUMAN IDENTITY INVOLVES THE SURFACE MARKER PROTEINS FOUND ON EVERY CELL. TRANSPLANTED ORGANS AND TISSUES COULD BE REJECTED AS FOREIGN(NON-SELF) BY A HOST OR RECIPIENT FOR THE ANTIGENS ARE RECOGNIZED AS NON-SELF. SIMILARLY, INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PATHOGENS ARE RECOGNIZED GIVING THE BODY THE ABILITY TO RESIST INFECTIONS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HUMAN EXISTENCE DEMANDS THE ABILITY TO DEFEND ONE’S OWN EXISTENCE TO MAINTAIN THE ABILITY TO LIVE AS A SPECIFIC INDIVIDUAL WITH INDIVIDUALITY. THE RECOGNITION OF SELF AND NON-SELF IS THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS TO MAINTAIN SEPARATE IDENTITY TO ESTABLISH THE EXISTENCE OF THE HUMAN INDIVIDUAL.
The many aspects of immunological recognition is more important than that of the recognition of ancestral Species from which the Human Species may have arrived or descended. The HLA antigens are very remarkable for the extensive degree of genetic polymorphism; that is the variability between individuals is very great and there could be no two identical individuals as unrelated individuals have different HLA antigens. Histocompatibility is a condition of compatibility between the tissues of a graft or transplant and the tissues of the body receiving the graft or transplant. The understanding of histocompatibility is important for the success of organ transplantation and it clearly demonstrates that the Human Species has no choice other than that of existing as Specific Individuals with Individuality. The concept of descent from another Species cannot account for immunological recognition which formulates the basis for histocompatibility and Immunity from infections.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES:
The appearance of the Human Species about 8,000 to 10,000 years ago cannot be explained as a natural event and it cannot be accounted for by The Law of Natural Generation. There are two important principles involved; 1. The Biogenetic Law which stipulates that living organisms are generated only by living organisms, and 2. The Law of Natural Generation that states that offspring will always be of the same Species as the parent Species. In my view, the Origin of Human Species as a new form of life cannot be explained by the operation of natural causes. At the same time, I would like to respectfully avoid the term “Supernatural”, and would rather prefer to use the term “creative” to explain the Origin of Human Species and account for the Special Form of Man.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: The Science called Geology describes the physical nature and history of planet Earth. Pleistocene, First Epoch of the Quaternary Period in the Cenozoic Era, is known as the Period of the Great Ice Age records the appearance of the members of the species that belong to the Homo Genus. Modern Human activity belongs to the Holocene Epoch that began about 10,000 years ago.
During the Period of the Great Ice Age or Pleistocene, continental glaciers covered much of N. North America, and NW Europe. The Holocene Epoch or Series which started approximately 10,000 years ago began to witness a change in Earth’s surface. The continental glaciers are now restricted to Antarctica and Greenland. It was not a cataclysmic change with consequences for the survival of life. The climatic change has actually helped the development and spread of modern human culture. It is indeed very surprising to note that this improvement in Earth’s surface and climate was accompanied by the extinction of giant mammals and the disappearance of a large variety of the Hominid Species.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH IS DIVIDED AS UPPER PLEISTOCENE, MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE, AND LOWER PLEISTOCENE. THE EARLY HOMONID SPECIES SUCH AS THE HOMO ERECTUS ERECTUS OR THE JAVA MAN BELONG TO THE LOWER PLEISTOCENE.
To trace the Origin of the Human Species, we may take a look at the different Hominid Species and the time periods during which they existed.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: The discovery of this Metacarpal Bone of the Middle Finger at Kaitio site, West Turkana, Kenya, that could be more than 1.42 million years old raised the hope of finding an intermediate link between the Human Species and other Anthropoid Apes.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY IS USED AS EVIDENCE TO VALIDATE THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION. THIS PHOTO IMAGE OF METACARPAL BONES OF DIFFERENT SPECIES COMPARES THE STYLOID PROCESS AT THE END OF THE BONE THAT CONNECTS TO THE WRIST. THE BONE STRUCTURE IS SIMILAR IN MAN, NEANDERTHALS, AND OTHER ARCHAIC HOMINID SPECIES THAT HAVE GRASPING THUMB AND FINGERS AND GIVE THE FUNCTIONAL ABILITY CALLED THE PRECISION GRIP.
Comparative Anatomy is used by the evolutionary biologists as evidence to prove the origin of a new form of life from a previously existing form of life. However, the Human Species has a special form and the use of Comparative Anatomy may actually demolish the Theory of Evolution.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: HOMO ERECTUS, THE EARLY HOMINID SPECIES DATING FROM 1,500,000 to 300,000 YEARS AGO. THIS IS A REPLICA OF JAVA MAN, PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS FROM THE LOWER PLEISTOCENE.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN: THIS IS A REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS PEKINENSIS, PEKING MAN OR SINANTHROPUS FROM THE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: A REPLICA OF HOMINID, HOMO ERECTUS FROM AFRICA.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: REPLICA OF PILTDOWN MAN OF SUSSEX, ENGLAND, A HOMINID SPECIES OF THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OR OLD STONE AGE.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: HOMO SAPIENS MAY HAVE APPEARED 300,000 YEARS AGO. THIS IS A REPLICA OF RHODESIAN MAN, HOMO SAPIENS HEIDELBERGENSIS WHO COULD BE THE SAME AS RHODESIENSIS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: AN ARTISTIC RENDITION OF FLORES MAN, HOMO FLORESIENSIS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: A REPLICA OF HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALIS, NEANDERTHAL MAN WHO LIVED BETWEEN 100,000 TO 40,000 YEARS AGO DISCOVERED IN 1856, NEANDERTHAL, WEST GERMANY. HE BELONGED TO THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC CULTURE. MODERN HUMANS MAY HAVE STARTED IN UPPER PALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND DEFINITELY BELONG TO THE BRONZE AGE.
None of these Hominid Species could be considered as the intermediate link or intermediate species from which the Human Species has arrived. The precise physical form of man has special features and it has to be explained if there is a connection between the Origin of the Human Species and of other Hominid Species. Comparative Anatomy makes the explanation of Man’s Evolution a very controversial subject.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: COMPARING HUMAN SKULL WITH THAT OF NEANDERTHAL SKULL HELPS TO UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN EVOLUTION. MODERN HUMANS SHARE SEVERAL FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF OTHER HOMINID SPECIES BUT THOSE SIMILARITIES MAKE THE ISSUE MORE DIFFICULT TO EXPLAIN.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: THERE IS NO NATURAL CAUSE, NATURAL FACTOR, NATURAL CONDITION, OR NATURAL MECHANISM TO ACCOUNT FOR THE VARIATION SEEN WHEN THE NEANDERTHAL SKULL IS COMPARED WITH THE HUMAN SKULL.
THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECIAL FORM OF MAN:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1892) MADE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS AND HIS PUBLISHED WORKS INCLUDE THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859) AND THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871). HE FAILED TO DESCRIBE THE CREATIVE PROCESS, THE CREATIVE MECHANISM, OR THE CREATIVE EVENTS THAT CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE APPEARANCE OF NEW SPECIES AND THE EXTINCTION OF SPECIES FOR WHICH THERE IS NO NATURAL CAUSE.
In my view, there is no extinct or living Species that can bridge the gap between the Human Species and its nearest Hominid allies. About, 10,000 years ago, Earth’s surface had changed. The land area covered by Ice has steadily decreased; in Upper Pleistocene about 28 percent land area was covered by Ice and in Holocene, only about 10 percent land area is covered by ice. The warming of the climate has increased the area of habitation available to the various Hominid Species. Environmental conditions are entirely favorable to the survival of all the Hominid Species. If Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is a valid theory, we must witness the simultaneous co-existence of all intermediate varieties that may have progressed through incremental changes leading to the Origin of the Human Species. There was no geological catastrophe, it is relatively easy to adapt to the changed environment, food supply is adequate and particularly the Hominid Species were not preying upon one another in their struggle for existence. Actually, Darwin’s view on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Gregor Mendel’s classic experiments in hybridization. According to Mendel, Inheritance is particulate and his theory is fully validated. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without causing the loss of separate identities carried by specific genes. The genetic factors can therefore be assorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. There is no evidence to suggest that the new Human Species has arrived because of some abrupt mutations in a single generation of any particular Hominid Species. It may be noted that Darwin’s Theory claims that new species originate through natural processes of Heredity and Selection. The Natural Laws of Heredity, and the natural process named Natural Selection are not sufficient for the production of the new Human Species that replaced all other Hominid Species that survived until Middle and Upper Pleistocene.
Whole Dude - Whole Concept 