THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – MILITARY EXPANSIONISM : THE RED DRAGON’S EXPANSIONISM USING ITS SUPERIOR MILITARY POWER OVER ITS WEAKER NEIGHBORS .
Red China’s land reclamation activities in South China Sea are mere symptoms of a serious disease called Military Expansionism. Red China is projecting its military power by acting against the interests of its neighbors for she thinks there is no one besides her. In Red China’s estimate, all other nations will submit to her superior military power or at a minimum avoid a direct military conflict to change her behavior. The word ‘APOCALYPSE’ means unveiling or revelation, it refers to a revelation depicting symbolically the ultimate destruction of Evil and triumph of Good. The word ‘DOOM’ refers to what is laid down, decree, judgment, a sentence of condemnation, destiny, tragic fate, ruin, to ordain as a penalty. Doomsayer is a person disposed to predicting catastrophe or disaster. As Doomsayer of Doom Dooma, I am predicting the downfall of The Evil Red Empire without the need for fighting against its military power.
“Therefore in one day her plagues will overtake her death, mourning and famine. She will be consumed by fire, for mighty is the Lord God who judges her.” (REVELATION 18:4)
I am not surprised to read REUTERS news story published by David Brunnstrom that the US Secretary of State John Kerry would take tough approach in China over South China Sea during his visit to Beijing on Saturday, May 16, 2015.
U.S. Kerry to take tough approach in China over South China Sea
By David Brunnstrom 16 hours ago
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Chinese President Xi Jinping (L) speaks with U.S. State Secretary John Kerry (R), through a translator, …
By David Brunnstrom
WASHINGTON (Reuters) – U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry will leave China “in absolutely no doubt” about Washington’s commitment to ensuring freedom of navigation and flight in the South China Sea when he visits Beijing this weekend, a senior State Department official said on Wednesday.
Setting the scene for what could be contentious encounters with Chinese leaders, including President Xi Jinping, the official said Kerry would warn that China’s land reclamation work in contested waters could have negative consequences for regional stability – and for relations with the United States.
On Tuesday, a U.S. official said the Pentagon was considering sending military aircraft and ships to assert freedom of navigation around rapidly growing Chinese-made artificial islands in the disputed South China Sea.
China’s Foreign Ministry responded by saying that Beijing was “extremely concerned” and demanded clarification.
U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense David Shear told a Senate hearing the United States had right of passage in areas claimed by China. “We are actively assessing the military implications of land reclamation and are committed to taking effective and appropriate action,” he said, but gave no details.
Cui Tiankai, China’s ambassador to the United States, responded by warning Washington not to interfere in the South China Sea dispute and rebuked it for “double standards” in its criticism of Beijing, state news agency Xinhua said on Thursday.
“Just who is creating tensions in the South China Sea?” Cui was quoted as saying. “In the past few years, the United States has intervened in such a high-profile way. Is that to stabilize the situation or to further mess it up? The facts are out there.”
Cui, in an interview with Chinese media in the United States on Wednesday, noted that some countries had already begun reclaiming land on reefs that Beijing says belong to China, but the United States had not singled them out.
On the Pentagon’s plan to send military aircraft and ships to the South China Sea, Cui “stressed that many things in the world cannot rely on a show of force to solve them and that the knee-jerk ‘Cold War’ mentality to use force is outdated”.
The senior State Department official said “the question about what the U.S Navy does or doesn’t do is one that the Chinese are free to pose” to Kerry in Beijing, where he is due on Saturday for meetings with civilian and military leaders.
Kerry’s trip is intended to prepare for the annual U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue next month in Washington and Xi’s expected visit to Washington in September. But growing strategic rivalry rather than cooperation look set to dominate.
China’s Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said that freedom of navigation did not mean that foreign military ships and aircraft can enter another country’s territorial waters or airspace at will.
“YOU CAN’T BUILD SOVEREIGNTY”
The State Department official dismissed the idea that constructing islands out of half-submerged reefs gave China any right to territorial claims.
“Ultimately no matter how much sand China piles on top of a submerged reef or shoal … it is not enhancing its territorial claim. You can’t build sovereignty,” he said.
He said Kerry would “reinforce … the very negative consequences to China’s image and China’s relationship with its neighbors on regional stability and potentially on the U.S.- China relationship from their large-scale reclamation efforts and the behavior generally in the South China Sea.”
Beijing claims sovereignty over most of the South China Sea, through which $5 trillion in ship-borne trade passes every year. The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan and Brunei have overlapping claims.
Last month, the U.S. military commander for Asia, Admiral Samuel Locklear, said China could eventually deploy radar and missile systems on the islands it is building in the Spratly archipelago that could be used to enforce an exclusion zone should it move to declare one.
The U.S. official who spoke on Tuesday said U.S. Defense Secretary Ash Carter had requested options that include sending aircraft and ships within 12 nautical miles (22 km) of the reefs China has been building up.
U.S. President Barack Obama announced a strategic shift toward Asia in 2011 in response to growing Chinese power and influence, but critics have questioned his commitment to this “rebalance” given U.S. security distractions elsewhere in the world and stretched resources.
News of the possibly tougher U.S. stance came as the key economic pillar of the rebalance suffered a blow at the hands of Obama’s Democrats in the U.S. Senate, who blocked debate on a bill that would have smoothed the path for a 12-nation Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade deal.
Failure to clinch an agreement could damage Washington’s leadership image in Asia, where China has been forging ahead with a new Beijing-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) seen as a challenge to U.S. global financial leadership.
(Additional reporting by Phil Stewart and David Alexander, and Ben Blanchard and Sui-Lee Wee in Beijing; Editing by Emily Stephenson, W Simon, Christian Plumb, Chris Reese and Alex Richardson)
Mao Zedong proclaims the founding of the People’s Republic of China in Beijing on Oct. 1, 1949.
The Evil Red Empire proclaimed by Mao Zedong or Mao Tse-Tung on October 01, 1949 began its existence with ambitious plans to extend its power and influence in all directions. Red China claims that it had released its ‘Nine-Segment Map to demarcate its maritime boundaries.
the evil red empire THE RED DRAGON’S EXPANSIONISM .RED CHINA – EXPANSIONISM – SOUTH CHINA SEA .
Red China’s regional neighbors are left with no choice for they are no match to the Red Dragon’s military power. Red China wants to affix its seal of authority and decide its maritime boundaries as if there is no one besides her. While the United States considers its military options to the security threats posed by Red China, I predict the downfall of The Evil Empire using the prophecy revealed by Prophet Isaiah in The Old Testament Book of Isaiah, Chapter 47, verses # 7 to 15:
the evil red empire the fall of evil empire Prediction by Prophet Isaiah
Please note that Babylon is a byword for Evil and the symbolism of “Babylon The Great” is applicable to The Evil Red Empire, The Red Dragon, The Expansionist, Red China.
“You said, ‘I will continue forever the eternal queen!’ But you did not consider these things or reflect on what might happen.”
“Now then, listen, you wanton creature, lounging in your security and saying to yourself, ‘I am and there is none besides me. I will never be a widow or suffer the loss of children.’
Both of these will overtake you in a moment, on a single day: loss of children and widowhood. They will come upon you in full measure, in spite of your many sorceries and all your potent spells.
You have trusted in your wickedness and have said, ‘No one sees me.’ Your wisdom and knowledge mislead you When you say to yourself, ‘I am, and there is none besides me.’
Disaster will come upon you, and you will not know how to conjure it away. A calamity will fall upon you that you cannot ward off with a ransom; a catastrophe you cannot foresee will suddenly come upon you.
Keep on, then, with your magic spells and with your many sorceries, which you have labored at since childhood. Perhaps you will succeed, perhaps you will cause terror.
All the counsel you have received has only worn you out ! Let your astrologers come forward, those stargazers who make predictions month by month, let them save you from what is coming upon you.
Surely they are like stubble; the fire will burn them up. They cannot even save themselves from the power of the flame. Here are no coals to warm anyone; here is no fire to sit by.
That is all they can do for you- these you have labored with and trafficked with since childhood. Each of them goes on in his error; there is not one that can save you.”
Doomsayer of Doom Dooma predicts, Beijing Is Doomed, and there is no one that can save Beijing for its time of reckoning has arrived.
Washington (AFP) – The United States is weighing sending warships and surveillance aircraft near artificial islands built by China to challenge Beijing’s territorial claims in the South China Sea, officials said.
But the US officials acknowledge Beijing’s massive land reclamation effort, dubbed by an American naval commander as China’s “great wall of sand,” may be difficult to stop.
The Pentagon is weighing a range of options, including sailing destroyers or other naval ships within 12 nautical miles of the man-made islands, as well as flying P-3 and P-8 surveillance planes overhead, two defense officials told AFP on Wednesday.
The maritime and air patrols would be designed “to demonstrate support for freedom of navigation” and “to reassure our allies,” said one official, who spoke on condition of anonymity.
“We have never recognized these artificial islands as legitimate claims,” the official said.
US officials increasingly believe Washington needs to send a clear signal about China’s dredging activities around the Spratly Islands and other disputed territories, though they want to calibrate any military operation to avoid triggering a crisis.
Officials admitted China has been building at a rapid pace in recent years and that concerns expressed by the United States and regional governments so far have had little effect.
Pentagon officials last week revealed that China is building artificial islands on top of coral reefs at an unprecedented pace. The rapid construction comes to 2,000 acres (800 hectares), with 75 percent of the total just in the last five months.
the evil red empire Subi Reef 05 11 2015
Alleged on-going reclamation by China on Subi Reef is seen from Pagasa Island (Thitu Island), in the …
At four reclamation sites, China has moved from dredging to infrastructure work that could include harbors for larger ships, communications systems and at least one airfield, a Defense Department report said.
“We are actively assessing the military implication of land reclamation and are committed to taking effective and appropriate action,” David Shear, assistant secretary of defense for Asian and Pacific security affairs, told senators Wednesday.
Building on submerged features did not qualify as a recognized territorial claim, he said.
“It is difficult to see how Chinese behavior in particular comports with international law,” he said.
NO CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR:
Washington is concerned China’s increasingly assertive stance could undermine the sovereignty of neighboring nations and undercut America’s naval power in the Pacific.
To try to check Beijing’s expansion in the South China Sea, the United States has backed diplomatic efforts by regional governments to defuse rival territorial claims and bolstered its military profile.
the evil red empire manila protest 05 11 2015
Filipino activists rally outside China’s consular office in Manila on May 11, 2015, against Chin …
Washington has started deploying Littoral Combat Ships to Singapore, increased port calls in and around the South China Sea, stepped up reconnaissance flights and tried to bolster coast guard forces in the area.
But lawmakers told Pentagon and State Department officials that the United States needed a tougher policy and that so far China has shrugged off Washington’s objections.
“I don’t see their behavior changing, It seems to me that in a very short amount of time, they are going to have de facto control of the South China Sea,” said Senator Bob Corker, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
Officials told senators that China has had to back off at times when faced with concerted diplomatic pressure and resistance from neighboring countries.
China was forced to withdraw a giant oil rig last year in disputed waters off of Vietnam’s coast, said David Russel, assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific Affairs.
Beijing pulled back the rig after the move prompted repeated clashes at sea between Chinese vessels deployed to guard it and Vietnamese boats.
China on Wednesday denounced any expansion in the US military’s presence in the area.
“Freedom of navigation does not mean that the military vessels or aircraft of a foreign country can willfully enter the territorial waters or airspace of another country,” Chinese foreign ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said in Beijing.
China claims nearly all of the South China Sea, even waters approaching the coasts of its Asian neighbors.
The disputed waters are home to vital global shipping lanes and are believed to be rich in oil and gas.
Washington has flexed its military muscle previously to try to counter what it considers Beijing’s aggressive moves.
Last November, two long-range B-52 bombers flew over China’s newly declared Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) in the East China Sea.
China’s dredging work could ultimately hamper America’s ability to project its military power and heighten the risk of a dangerous miscalculation, said Alexander Sullivan of the Center for a New American Security, a Washington think tank.
“Politically, Chinese control over the South China Sea would strike a major blow to perceptions of US power in Asia, the world’s most consequential region,” Sullivan said.
Mao Zedong proclaims the founding of the People’s Republic of China in Beijing on Oct. 1, 1949.
Filipino environmental activists aim water guns at mock Chinese flags as they stage a rally outside the Chinese Consulate in suburban Makati, south of Manila, Philippines on Monday, May 11, 2015 to protest against the continued building of infrastructures along a disputed group of islands known as the Spratlys in the South China Sea. The group is accusing the Chinese military of destroying the fragile ecosystem and livelihood of fishermen during their reclamation projects in the area which both countries have claimed ownership. (AP Photo/Aaron Favila)
the evil red empire manila protest 05 11 2015
the evil red empire mischief reef 05 11 2015
Gen. Gregorio Pio Catapang, second left, the Philippines’ military chief, waves as he is welcomed by residents waving the Philippines flags during his visit at Pag asa Island in the Spratly group of islands in the South China Sea, west of Palawan, Philippines Monday, May 11, 2015. Catapang has flown to a Filipino occupied island in the South China Sea amid territorial disputes in the area with China, vowing to defend the islet and help the mayor develop tourism and marine resources there. (Ritchie B. Tongo/Pool Photo via AP)
Environmental activists display placards as they march towards the Chinese Embassy in Makati City, Metro Manila May 11, 2015. The activists demanded that Chinese authorities immediately put a stop to the ecological destruction caused by the reclamation activities of China in the South China Sea, which the Philippines calls West Philippine Sea. They also condemned what they say is the bullying by Chinese naval and coast guard forces of Filipino fishermen in the disputed seas, a environmental activist said. REUTERS/Romeo Ranoco
the evil red empire subi reef 05 11 2015
the evil red empire the dragon covets the arctic the route to iceland
THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – MILITARY EXPANSIONISM : THE RED DRAGON’S EXPANSIONISM USING ITS SUPERIOR MILITARY POWER OVER ITS WEAKER NEIGHBORS .
Filipino soldiers wave from the dilapidated Sierra Madre ship of the Philippine Navy as it is anchored near Ayungin shoal (Second Thomas Shoal) in the Spratly group of islands in the South China Sea, west of Palawan, Philippines, May 11, 2015. REUTERS/Ritchie A. Tongo/Pool
THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – BEIJING IS DOOMED – NO ONE CAN SAVE RED CHINA: The Fall of Babylon – Evil Empire – Prophet Isaiah
doomsayerofdoomdooma beijingisdoomed asteroid
doomsayerofdoomdooma earth asteroid impact
doomsayerofdoomdooma the evil red empire destroyed in one hour
The Evil Red Empire – The Red Dragon – The Expansionist
Whole Evil: The Evil Red Empire – The Red Dragon – The Expansionist
Red China’s Policy of Expansionism is formulated by Mao Zedong or Mao Tse-Tung the founder of China’s Communist Party. Tibet is her first victim. Red China’s claim for the entire South China Sea began with maps it published in 1947 in which she used “NINE- SEGMENTS” to demarcate its maritime boundaries. For Red China is unwilling to withdraw its fraudulent claims, Southeast Asia nations like Philippines, and Vietnam have to consider a military option to defend their territorial rights.
Red China’s claim for the entire South China Sea began with maps it published in 1947 in which she used “NINE- SEGMENTS” to demarcate its maritime boundaries.
China pursuing huge South China Sea land reclamation: US – Yahoo News
The Evil Red Empire – Red China – Expansionism: Manila, Philippines Protest- April 23, 2015Filipino fisherman Efren Montehermosa, 20, speaks about how his fishing boat was hit by Chinese Coastguard water cannon while he was fishing in Scarborough Shoal, on April 13, 2015, during an interview with Reuters at his home in coastal town of Infanta, Pangasinan in northern Philippines April 22, 2015. China on Wednesday defended the actions of its vessels in the disputed South China Sea after the Philippines accused China’s coast guard of using water cannon on Philippine fishing boats and urged Manila to increase its “education” of its fishermen. Filipino fishermen said that China’s coast guard boarded their fishing boats and threw away fish catch and fishing gear last week after spraying them with water in a disputed shoal in the South China Sea. REUTERS/Erik De CastroThe Evil Red Empire – Red China – Expansionism poses military threat to regional nations. April 19, 2015. Philippines – US Exercise BalikatanU.S. troops take their positions during a combined assault exercise at a beach facing one of the contested islands off the South China Sea known as Scarborough Shoal in the West Philippine Sea Tuesday, April 21, 2015 at the Naval Education and Training Command at San Antonio township, Zambales province, northwest of Manila, Philippines. More than ten thousand troops from both the US and Philippine militaries are taking part in the annual military drill that focuses on regional security, terrorism, disaster preparedness and inter operability of both countries. (AP Photo/Bullit Marquez)U.S. troops set up their mortars during a combined assault exercise with Philippine counterpart facing one of the contested islands in the South China Sea known as the Scarborough Shoal in the West Philippine Sea Tuesday, April 21, 2015 at the Naval Education and Training Command at San Antonio township, Zambales province, northwest of Manila, Philippines. More than ten thousand troops from both the U.S. and Philippine militaries are taking part in the annual military drill that focuses on regional security, terrorism, disaster preparedness and inter operability of both countries. (AP Photo/Bullit Marquez)THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA – EXPANSIONIST – FIERY CROSS REEF – Images taken on January 22, 2006 and April 02, 2015.Philippine Marines watch U.S. Navy amphibious assault vehicles storm the beach during a combined assault exercise facing one of the contested islands in the South China Sea known as the Scarborough Shoal in the West Philippine Sea Tuesday, April 21, 2015 at the Naval Education and Training Command at San Antonio township, Zambales province, northwest of Manila, Philippines. More than ten thousand troops from both the U.S. and Philippine militaries are taking part in the annual military drill that focuses on regional security, terrorism, disaster preparedness and inter operability of both countries. (AP Photo/Bullit Former police officer and mayor Abner Afuang, sets on fire to the first of two Chinese flag in protest against recent reclamation activities by China in the contested group of islands known as the Spratlys in the South China Sea Thursday, April 23, 2015 in Manila, Philippines. The reclamation works by China drew protests both from the Government and civil society groups which they claim are well within the Philippines Exclusive Economic Zone. (AP Photo/Bullit Marquez)Philippine Marines cheer as a U.S. Navy AAV (Amphibious Assault Vehicle) storms the beach during a combined assault exercise facing one of the contested islands in the South China Sea known as the Scarborough Shoal in the West Philippine Sea Tuesday, April 21, 2015 at the Naval Education and Training Command at San Antonio township, Zambales province, northwest of Manila, Philippines. More than ten thousand troops from both the U.S. and Philippine militaries are taking part in the annual military drill that focuses on regional security, terrorism, disaster preparedness and inter operability of both countries. (AP Photo/Bullit Marquez)RED DRAGON – RED CHINA – DICTATORIAL REGIME. RED CHINA CREATED TERRITORIAL DISPUTES WITH ALL OF HER REGIONAL NEIGHBORS FOR SHE IS EVIL POWER.
The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire.
I have a great pleasure in sharing the blog post titled “China’s Opening to Russia” by Dina Badie published by Huffington Post on April 27, 2015. It clearly exposes Dr. Henry Alfred Kissinger, PhD as Whole Villain for he formulated the US-China relations without any concern for values that define United States of America. Red China’s opening to Russia will compel the United States to define its national values while it defends its security interests in present day world.I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China as The Evil Red Empire.
The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: US President Ronald Reagan addressed National Association of Evangelicals on March 08, 1983. He coined the phrase “Evil Empire” to describe the Soviet Union. He framed the US-Soviet confrontation as “Good vs Evil.”
What is Evil?
The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China as The Evil Red Empire: The Woman riding the Scarlet Beast is the personification of the Evil Red Empire – Red China.🇨🇳
The term Evil describes conduct regarded as morally bad, morally wrong, wicked, depraved, causing pain, or trouble, harmful, injurious, offensive, disgusting, threatening, and bringing misfortune and misery to those affected by it. Red China is Evildoer for it does evil actions habitually. Red China is Evil-Minded for its disposition is malicious. Red China is the Evil One, a term used for The Devil or Satan.
Dina Badie, Assistant Professor of Politics and International Studies at Centre College in Danville, KY
China’s Opening to Russia. The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 .
When Henry Kissinger returned from a secret meeting in China in 1971, he laid the groundwork for a historic diplomatic opening after more than 20 years of rejecting the Communist Party government. Within a year, Richard Nixon visited Mao Zedong in Beijing, the Shanghai Communiqué was signed, and the process of normalizing Sino-America relations began. Since then, most scholars and analysts have considered Nixon’s opening to China to be a resounding foreign policy success. In the midst of the Cold War, it successfully exploited existing divisions within the communist bloc and improved the U.S. strategic position vis-à-vis the USSR. Rather than three powerful states existing in isolation of one another, it was now 2 against 1: the U.S. and China vs. the USSR.
At the time, however, Nixon’s policy did not come without criticism. Mao Zedong’s brand of communism along with his brutal implementation of a “cultural revolution,” made him an improbable target for U.S. policymakers looking for diplomatic partners. Given the importance of the “democracy and capitalism” narrative of the Cold War, trading the recognition of the old Kuomintang government in Taiwan for the Communist Party state in the mainland was a contentious move. Yet, Nixon and Kissinger looked beyond ideology to open dialogue for strategic purposes.
Today, the U.S. is on the other end of an opening.
American and European statesmen are currently boycotting, sanctioning, condemning, and isolating Russia as punishment for its Ukraine policy. In the way that the U.S. picked off China after recognizing the Sino-Soviet split, China is now picking off Russia given the American-Russian split. The Ukraine crisis indirectly created an opportunity for China to expand a “strategic partnership” with Russia as the only major power not taking part in the sanctions regime. This is not to say that Russia and China had no diplomatic relations prior to the Ukraine crisis; rather, that Western policy toward Russia is creating an opening that China can easily exploit. As far as Russia policy goes, the further the West goes, the closer China comes.
While it is easy to criticize China’s noninterference policy and neutrality on Ukraine, it is not significantly different from Nixon and Kissinger’s decision to look beyond ideology in the 1970s. Pursuing a tangible national interest over ideological considerations, China has been able to deepen economic ties with Russia to ease the impact of Western sanctions. To address its growing energy needs, China is working on a second pipeline project with Russia to import much-needed natural resources. And next month, Xi Jinping will be the guest of honor at Russia’s WWII commemorative parade, which American and European leaders plan to boycott.
China’s strategic opening should come as no surprise to the U.S. There remain significant differences between Russia and China but the more Washington pushes and pivots, the closer Moscow and Beijing will become. Rather than continually isolating Russia over its actions in Ukraine and denouncing China for remaining neutral, the U.S. would be best served to once again cast off ideologically motivated policy in favor of real politik.
The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 . The Evil Red Empire – Evil One – Evildoer: I am inspired by US President Ronald Reagan to describe Red China 🇨🇳 as The Evil Red Empire. Kissinger was sworn in as US Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he abused his position to Open the Door to Communist China in 1971 .
WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: DRAGON SYMBOLIZED IMPERIAL CHINA’S POWER. THE RED DRAGON OF BIBLE SYMBOLIZES SIN, DISOBEDIENCE, RECKLESSNESS, FORCEFULNESS, REBELLIOUSNESS OF SATAN, THE DEVIL.WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF TIBET? FOR HOW LONG TIBETANS HAVE TO LIVE UNDER THE TYRANNY OF OCCUPATION? WHEN WILL COMMUNIST CHINA LOSE ITS MILITARY GRIP OVER LHASA?
On Wednesday, April 15, 2015, People’s Republic of China released a white paper to describe Tibet’s Progress and Development. The Tibet it describes is known as TAR or Tibetan Autonomous Region that Red China created in 1965. As such this white paper does not describe the national entity called Tibet. The white paper traces the history of origin of Tibetan Resistance Movement that eventually resulted in creation of a military organization called Special Frontier Force. This Organization aims to evict the occupier of Tibet. China’s white paper describes China’s position on the demand for full autonomy. China claims that it is rejecting the demand for full autonomy as it may lead to Tibet’s full independence.
WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF TIBET? FOR HOW LONG TIBETANS HAVE TO LIVE UNDER THE TYRANNY OF OCCUPATION? WHEN WILL COMMUNIST CHINA LOSE ITS MILITARY GRIP OVER LHASA?
In human history, empires have risen, and empires have fallen. The Evil Empire of Red China will not be an exception and I predict Beijing is Doomed and its fate or destiny was written long ago and sealed in a scripture called ‘Revelation’ which describes The Day of Reckoning.
WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF TIBET? FOR HOW LONG TIBETANS HAVE TO LIVE UNDER THE TYRANNY OF OCCUPATION? WHEN WILL COMMUNIST CHINA LOSE ITS MILITARY GRIP OVER LHASA?WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: FOR SIXTY FIVE YEARS, TIBETANS HAVE LIVED UNDER MILITARY OCCUPATION. WHAT IS TIBET’S FUTURE? HOW TO EVICT THE EVIL RED EMPIRE FROM TIBET?
In my view, the Occupier of Tibet faces inevitable destruction by an apocalyptic event without the need to fight him in a direct battle. The prophetic vision of this enemy’s defeat is in The Old Testament Book of Isaiah, The Book of Psalms-Psalm 137, and The New Testament Book of Revelation.
WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: IN MY PROPHETIC VISION, I PREDICT THAT THE EVIL RED EMPIRE WILL BE DESTROYED BY AN APOCALYPTIC EVENT FORETOLD IN THE BOOKS OF BIBLE.
They predict a sudden destruction of Evil not through warfare but by a cosmic event which involves the Evil Empire getting hit by an asteroid thrown down to cause its utter ruin.
The Evil Red Empire:
WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: MAO ZEDONG OR MAO TSE-TUNG PROCLAIMS THE FOUNDING OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN PEKING (BEIJING) ON OCTOBER 01, 1949. THIS NATION IS FOUNDED ON THE IDEOLOGY OF COMMUNISM FOLLOWING “RED REVOLUTION.” THIS RED CHINA IS AN EVIL EMPIRE FROM ITS BIRTH .
I am using the name Evil Red Empire to specifically describe a political entity called The People’s Republic of China proclaimed by Mao tse-Tung or Mao Zedong on October 01, 1949.
WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: RED CHINA FOUNDED BY MAO TSE-TUNG IS MORE EVIL THAN HITLER’S NAZI GERMANY. AFTER THE FALL OF SOVIET UNION, RED CHINA HAS BECOME THE MOST EVIL EMPIRE OF THE PRESENT DAY WORLD.
In the past, US President Ronald Reagan used the phrase ‘Evil Empire’ to describe Soviet Union. Now, that designation gets full applied to The People’s Republic of China.
WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: APRIL 26, 1984. US PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN WITH EVIL CHINA’S PRESIDENT LI XIANNIAN IN PEKING. RED CHINA IS MORE EVIL AS COMPARED TO RED SOVIET UNION IN 1984.
To the Jews of Biblical times, Babylonia became a byword for evil, for she was the nation that had destroyed Jerusalem and its Temple to God. The New Testament Book of Revelation refers to Babylonia and many experts recognize the symbolism of “Babylon The Great.” It is more likely Revelation used the word Babylon as a coded name and it simply intended to predict the downfall of Roman Empire.
Now, world is not facing any danger from former Evil Empires like Babylonia, Rome, or Soviet Union. Those empires got wiped out and do not exist any more. For all practical purposes, after the fall of Nazi Germany, the breakup of Soviet Union, the only Evil Empire that exists is that of Red China. Historically, China’s rulers include The Shang dynasty, Chou dynasty, Chin dynasty, Han dynasty, T’ang dynasty, Sung dynasty, Yuan dynasty, Ming dynasty, and Ch’ing or Manchu dynasty, the last one ruled from 1644 to 1912. Red China formulated by Communist Party Chairman Mao tse-Tung is ideologically driven and he and his party is responsible for pain and suffering imposed on millions of people.
The Red Dragon:
WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: RED DRAGON IS A MYTHICAL OR LEGENDARY ANIMAL OF FRIGHTENING PROPORTIONS . IT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR SATAN, THE DEVIL, WHO IS OFTEN DEPICTED AS A SERPENT, BEAST, JACKAL, MALE GOAT, SEA MONSTER, AND OTHERS SYMBOLIZING EVIL POWER WHICH IS PHYSICAL FORCE APPLIED IN RECKLESS MANNER TO EVENTUALLY CAUSE PAIN AND SUFFERING.
Dragon is a mythical or legendary animal which combines several features of snake and lizard. It symbolizes force and power that evokes a sense of great fear. In China, and Japan, the dragon may have some benevolent attributes.
In China, from ancient times, dragon was the emblem of the Imperial family, and until the founding of the Republic (1911), the dragon adorned the Chinese flag. In Christian tradition, the dragon symbolizes an evil power and it is thought to be a physical manifestation of Satan or The Devil. Satan symbolizes Sin, Disobedience of God, rebelliousness, recklessness, wickedness and supernatural power which brings people to utter ruination or eternal damnation in Hell.
The Hebrew words “TANNIM” and “TANNIN” appear thirteen and fourteen times respectively in The Old Testament Books. They are translated as Dragon, Jackal, sea-monster, Serpent, Whale, Wolf, and The Beast. These are large creatures with a frightening aspect.
WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: RED DRAGON IS A MYTHICAL OR LEGENDARY ANIMAL OF FRIGHTENING PROPORTIONS. IT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR SATAN, THE DEVIL, WHO IS OFTEN DEPICTED AS A SERPENT, BEAST, JACKAL, MALE GOAT, SEA MONSTER, AND OTHERS SYMBOLIZING EVIL POWER WHICH IS PHYSICAL FORCE APPLIED IN RECKLESS MANNER TO EVENTUALLY CAUSE PAIN AND SUFFERING .
In The New Testament Book of Revelation, Satan is referred to as a dragon in Chapter 12, verse 3: “Then another sign appeared in Heaven; an enormous red dragon with seven heads and ten horns and seven crowns on its heads.”
The Evil Red Empire – The Beast of Revelation: RED DRAGON IS A MYTHICAL OR LEGENDARY ANIMAL OF FRIGHTENING PROPORTIONS . IT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR SATAN, THE DEVIL, WHO IS OFTEN DEPICTED AS A SERPENT , BEAST , JACKAL, MALE GOAT, SEA MONSTER, AND OTHERS SYMBOLIZING EVIL POWER WHICH IS PHYSICAL FORCE APPLIED IN RECKLESS MANNER TO EVENTUALLY CAUSE PAIN AND SUFFERING.WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: THE WOMAN ON THE SCARLET BEAST. “THE WOMAN YOU SAW IS THE GREAT CITY THAT RULES OVER THE KINGS OF THE EARTH.” IT IS NOT BABYLON. IT IS NOT ROME. IT IS NOT BERLIN. IT IS NOT MOSCOW. INDEED IT IS BEIJING.
The relationship between the Evil Empire called Babylon and The Devil is described in Revelation, Chapter 17, verse 3: “Then the angel carried me away in the spirit into a desert. There I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast that was covered with blasphemous names and had seven heads and ten horns.” Revelation, Chapter 17, verse 18 describes the symbolism of The Woman on The Beast: “The woman you saw is the great city that rules over the kings of the earth.” In present times, the only great city associated with The Evil Empire is Peking or Beijing. It matches with description of Babylon as the seat of Power and Wealth.
WHOLE EVIL – THE EVIL RED EMPIRE: RED DRAGON IS A MYTHICAL OR LEGENDARY ANIMAL OF FRIGHTENING PROPORTIONS . IT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR SATAN, THE DEVIL, WHO IS OFTEN DEPICTED AS A SERPENT , BEAST , JACKAL, MALE GOAT, SEA MONSTER, AND OTHERS SYMBOLIZING EVIL POWER WHICH IS PHYSICAL FORCE APPLIED IN RECKLESS MANNER TO EVENTUALLY CAUSE PAIN AND SUFFERING .
The Fall of Evil Empire: A Prayer in the Book of Psalms:
THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – BEIJING IS DOOMED – NO ONE CAN SAVE RED CHINA: Red China Arrogant Nation, Evil Power.
Psalm 137 was composed by captive Jews in Babylon. Verse 8 reflects their hope and expectation: “O Daughter of Babylon, doomed to destruction, happy is he who repays you for what you have done to us….”
THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – BEIJING IS DOOMED – NO ONE CAN SAVE RED CHINA: Red China Arrogant Nation, Evil Power.
People in occupied Tibet are held captive in their own Land and they are all waiting for their release, for liberation, and for salvation that will end the pain, and misery of decades of brutal oppression and tyrannical rule by Beijing. Babylon is a coded substitute for Beijing and the Fall of Babylon is The Fall of Beijing.
The Fall of the Evil Red Empire by a Sudden Catastrophe:
God predicts that the Great Queen Babylon (Beijing) will become a harlot, and will be surprised by a sudden catastrophe. Prophet Isaiah reveals the scenario of this sudden catastrophe in Book of Isaiah, Chapter 47, verses 10, 11, 12, and 15:
God predicts that the Great Queen Babylon (Beijing) will become a harlot, and will be surprised by a sudden catastrophe. Prophet Isaiah reveals the scenario of this sudden catastrophe in Chapter 47, verses 10, 11, 12, and 15:
God predicts that the Great Queen Babylon (Beijing) will become a harlot, and will be surprised by a sudden catastrophe. Prophet Isaiah reveals the scenario of this sudden catastrophe in Book of Isaiah, Chapter 47, verses 10, 11, 12, and 15:
“You have trusted in your wickedness and have said, ‘No one sees me.’ Your wisdom and knowledge mislead you When you say to yourself, ‘I am and there is none besides me.’
“Disaster will come upon you that you cannot ward off with a ransom; a catastrophe you cannot foresee will suddenly come upon you.”
“Keep on, then, with your magic spells and with your many sorceries, which you have labored at since childhood. Perhaps you will succeed, perhaps you will cause terror.”
“That is all they can do for you – these you have labored with and trafficked with since childhood. Each of them goes on in his error; There is not one that can save you.”
The Fall of Babylon (Beijing) – Prophesy in the Book Revelation:
Whole Evil – The Evil Red Empire: The Book of Revelation, Chapter 18 gives a detailed account of the Fall of Evil Empire and describes the mechanism for its destruction.
The Book of Revelation, Chapter 18 gives a detailed account of the Fall of Evil Empire and describes the mechanism for its destruction. The kings of the earth who committed adultery with her, the merchants of the earth who traded with her, every sea-captain, the sailors, and all who earn their earn their living from the sea will stand far off, terrified at her torment. They will weep and mourn and cry out:
“Woe! Woe , O great city, dressed in fine linen, purple and scarlet, and glittering with gold, precious stones and pearls! In one hour such great wealth has been brought to ruin!”
In one hour, the great wealth and power of Beijing will be brought to ruin as foretold in verse# 21:
“Then a mighty angel picked up a boulder the size of a large millstone and threw it into the sea, and said: “With such violence the great city of Babylon will be thrown down, never to be found again.”
China calls on Dalai Lama to ‘put aside illusions’ about talks
Reuters
The Dalai Lama gestures during a public talk and teachings event at St. Jakobshalle, in Basel, February 2015.
BEIJING (Reuters) – China on Wednesday urged the exiled Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, to “put aside his illusions” about talks on Tibet’s future and accused him of insincerity and covertly pushing for independence, rather than autonomy.
China has ruled Tibet with an iron fist since troops “peacefully liberated” the region in 1950. The Dalai Lama fled into exile in India in 1959 after an abortive uprising against Chinese rule.
Representatives of the Nobel Peace laureate held rounds of talks with China until 2010, but formal dialogue has stalled amid leadership changes in Beijing and a crackdown in Tibet.
In a lengthy white paper released by the official Xinhua news agency, the government said that having failed to use violence to achieve their goals, the Dalai Lama and his supporters had little understanding of modern Tibet and “a sentimental attachment to the old theocratic feudal serfdom”.
“The only sensible alternative is for the Dalai Lama and his supporters to accept that Tibet has been part of China since antiquity, to abandon their goals of dividing China and seeking independence for Tibet,” it said.
“The central government hopes that the Dalai Lama will put aside his illusions in his remaining years and face up to reality,” the government said in the white paper, released in both English and Chinese.
Beijing has been disappointed that the Dalai Lama remains committed to the Middle Way – which he says merely seeks genuine autonomy for the Himalayan region – and this is something China cannot accept as its real goal is still independence, it added.
“None of the negotiations were conducted in good faith – it was always the intention of the Dalai Lama and his supporters to divide China and achieve independence for Tibet,” it added.
The Tibetan government in exile, based in India, said in an emailed statement that condemning the Middle Way showed Beijing’s failure to come up with an alternative. “The Middle Way Policy seeks genuine autonomy within the framework of the constitution of the People’s Republic of China which is a win-win proposition for all parties and one lauded throughout the world including various governments,” it said.
The Dalai Lama denies espousing violence and says he only wants genuine autonomy for Tibet, though China has repeatedly said he is insincere. China has recently stepped up its rhetoric against the Dalai Lama. He is being received by fewer and fewer foreign leaders in recent years, because of the anger it draws from China, the world’s second-largest economy.
China rules out more Tibetan autonomy
(Reporting by Ben Blanchard; Editing by Clarence Fernandez
THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – BEIJING IS DOOMED – NO ONE CAN SAVE RED CHINA: Red China Arrogant Nation, Evil Power.THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – BEIJING IS DOOMED – NO ONE CAN SAVE RED CHINA: Red China Arrogant Nation, Evil Power. Red China’s Maritime Expansionism.
Welcome to Telugu New Year SRI “MANMADHA.” UGADI CELEBRATION ON MARCH 21, 2015. Best Wishes to all of my readers for Peace and Joy in Celebration of Spring Season.
Friday, March 20, 2015 is the first day of Spring Season. Today is also the day for Total Solar Eclipse and a New Moon.
THE CELEBRATION OF SPRING SEASON 2015 : FRIDAY, MARCH 20, 2015, THE FIRST DAY OF SPRING IS ALSO THE DAY FOR TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE .THE CELEBRATION OF SPRING SEASON : FRIDAY, MARCH 20, 2015 IS ALSO THE DAY FOR TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE . A VIEW OF ECLIPSE TAKEN AT FAEROE ISLANDS, NORWAY .
56th ANNIVERSARY OF TIBETAN NATIONAL UPRISING DAY ON MARCH 10, 2015 :
THE BATTLE OF RIGHT AGAINST MIGHT : SEEKING SOLIDARITY OF GLOBAL COMMUNITY IN SUPPORT OF FREEDOM IN OCCUPIED TIBET .THE BATTLE OF RIGHT AGAINST MIGHT : 56TH ANNIVERSARY OF TIBETAN NATIONAL UPRISING DAY . SEEKING JUSTICE IN OCCUPIED TIBET . OCCUPATION IS UNJUST, ILLEGAL , AND IS A LIE IMPOSED BY CHINA .THE BATTLE OF RIGHT AGAINST MIGHT : 56TH ANNIVERSARY OF TIBETAN NATIONAL UPRISING DAY, MARCH 10, 2015. SEEKING PEACE AND HARMONY IN OCCUPIED TIBET .THE BATTLE OF RIGHT AGAINST MIGHT : 56TH ANNIVERSARY OF TIBETAN NATIONAL UPRISING DAY, MARCH 10, 2015. THE BATTLE WILL CONTINUE TILL THE OCCUPIER IS EVICTED FROM TIBET .
THE TYRANT WILL ALWAYS FIND AN EXCUSE FOR HIS TYRANNY.
This story was told by Aesop, the legendary Greek story-teller. Once upon a time, a Wolf was lapping at a stream. When looking up, the Wolf saw a Lamb just beginning to drink a little down the stream. “There’s my supper,” thought the Wolf. The Lamb looked so very helpless and innocent. The Wolf felt he ought to have an excuse for taking its life. Then he called out to the Lamb, “How dare you muddle the water from which I am drinking?” “No, Master, No,” said the Lamb; “if the water be muddy up there, I cannot be the cause of it, for it runs down from you to me.” “Well then,” said the Wolf, “Why did you call me bad names this time last year?” “That cannot be,” said the Lamb, “I am…
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE Vs HUMAN EVOLUTION WHOLE MENDELISM #WholeMendelism Vs DARWINISM:
The origin of Man, or the Beginning of Man as a new form of Life may have a basis that lies outside operation of natural causes. Mendelism, ‘The Theory of Heredity’ formulated by Gregor Mendel provides insights to the problem of man’s origin. on the basis of Mendelism, it can be said that man did not descend from Primates and is not truly related to other members of Hominid Family. Man’s relationship with other zoological species has to be explained on the basis of reproductive history and inheritance of biological traits. I coined the phrase “Whole Mendelism” #WholeMendelism to claim that man had arrived on planet Earth due to a special act of creation. There are no natural conditions, no natural factors, no natural mechanisms, no natural processes and no natural causes to transform any of previously existing members of Hominid Family to establish the reality of anatomically modern man. To make transition from an old species to a new species which is often called ‘EVOLUTION’ or ‘DARWINISM’, the breeding interactions of species involved must operate according to the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Gregor Johann Mendel, the Father of Genetics. In this article, I would like to describe the Laws of Inheritance and the problems that I encounter to verify Darwinism while using the Mendelian Principles of Heredity and Variation. For example, if evolutionary biologists or anthropologists claim that anatomically modern human species or its immediate ancestral species had reproduced with archaic hominids such as Neanderthals, the human genome has to include one complete ‘Haploid’ set of chromosomes normally occurring in the mature germ cell called egg or sperm which means 22 chromosomes(Autosomes), and 1 X or Y chromosome(Sex chromosome) derived exclusively from Neanderthal genome. Secondly, human population must include a few members that can be clearly identified as Neanderthal.
THE ORIGIN AND EXTINCTION OF SPECIES:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AFTER THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH FOR A VERY, VERY LONG TIME( ABOUT 3.5 BILLION YEARS) IT COMPRISED OF SIMPLER FORMS OF LIFE . SUDDENLY, ABOUT 600 MILLION YEARS AGO NUMEROUS MARINE CREATURES ARRIVED TO CAUSE AN “EXPLOSION OF LIFE.”
It will be interesting to note that a vast majority of species found on Earth have emerged suddenly and have disappeared suddenly. For example, Cambrian, first geologic Period in the Paleozoic Era witnessed sudden emergence of a great variety of marine animals especially trilobites and brachiopods about 600 million years ago. This “Explosion of Life” is aptly named ‘Cambrian Explosion’. Similarly, towards the end of Cretaceous Period, third geologic Period of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era, about 65 million years ago, a global extinction event called K-T Event was responsible for eliminating approximately 80 percent of all species of animals. Dinosaurs which reached maximum development became extinct while new forms of life appeared with new hereditary traits.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THESE DEEP SEA CREATURES OF ATLANTIC OCEAN, LAMELLIBRACHIA LUYMESI, TUBE WORMS, INVERTEBRATES BELONG TO PHYLUM ANNELIDA LIVE ON THE OCEAN FLOOR ALONG HYDROCARBON VENTS. TUBE WORMS TAKE 170 TO 250 YEARS TO GROW AND HAVE SURVIVED AS A SPECIES WITHOUT CONCERN FOR CHANGING TIMES SINCE PRECAMBRIAN ERA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR SUDDEN APPEARANCE OF A VARIETY OF MARINE LIFE FORMS IN AN EVENT CALLED ‘CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION’ ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . PANOPEA GENEROSA, GEODUCK(NATIVE AMERICAN CHINOOK NAME), BIVALVE, WORLD’S LARGEST BURROWING SALT WATER CLAMS FOUND IN THE US PUGET SOUND ARE AMONG THE OLDEST ANIMALS IN THE WORLD WITH LIFESPANS OF ABOUT 146 TO 160 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY EXTINCTION EVENT ABOUT 65 MILLION YEARS AGO WIPED OUT APPROXIMATELY 80 PERCENT OF ALL SPECIES OF ANIMALS INCLUDING A GREAT VARIETY OF DINOSAURS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT EXPLAIN EITHER THE EMERGENCE OF NEW SPECIES OR EXTINCTION OF OLD SPECIES. NATURAL FACTORS, NATURAL CONDITIONS, NATURAL MECHANISMS , AND NATURAL CAUSES CANNOT FULLY ACCOUNT FOR EXTINCTION OF THE LARGE-BODIED ICE AGE MAMMALS SUCH AS WOOLLY RHINOCEROS, WOOLY MAMMOTHS, MASTODONS, AND SABERTOOTH CARNIVORES .
In Darwinism, new species arise when, among the varieties of an existing species, certain intermediate forms become extinct, and the other circumstances are such that the surviving varieties now become more sharply separated from one another in type, and are able to reproduce their kind, and , in the course of many generations of interbreeding, also tend to breed true. This ‘Theory of Evolution’ is not consistent with Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance and Variation. The Unit Character called ‘GENE’ conserves its identity during the process of reproduction which could be either ‘Inbreeding’, or ‘Interbreeding’. A species is always known by its reproductive history for the Unit Characters or Genes get propagated to the next generation during both inbreeding and interbreeding process.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL(1822-1884), THE FATHER OF GENETICS . AT THE AUGUSTINIAN MONASTERY IN BRNO(1843-1868), HE CONDUCTED OVER 29,000 BREEDING EXPERIMENTS CHIEFLY ON GARDEN PEAS(PISUM SATIVUM).
Gregor Johann Mendel(1822-1884), Austrian monk noted for his experimental work on Heredity. At the Augustinian monastery in Brno(1843-1868) he conducted experiments chiefly on Garden Peas(Pisum sativum) using a controlled pollination technique and a careful statistical analysis of his results. He produced the first accurate and scientific explanation of ‘Hybridization’. Some evolutionary geneticists and evolutionary anthropology scholars have shared opinions claiming that the ‘hybridization’ of unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens with other species of the genus Homo such as Neanderthals, and Denisova hominids may have resulted in production of anatomically modern humans(Homo sapiens sapiens). Their views on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. The hypothesis of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans is fundamentally inconsistent with the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Mendel. If modern man is a product of Hybridization, the present, surviving human population would include a few surviving members of Neanderthals, Denisova, and other ancestral hominids who successfully reproduced with an unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens species which got transformed into ‘HAM’ humans.
THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DIPLOID SET OF HUMAN CHROMOSOMES AND HUMAN GENOTYPE . MAN REPRODUCES AND FURTHER PROPAGATES HIS CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION . HUMAN OFFSPRING WILL ALWAYS BE OF THE SAME SPECIES AS THE PARENT ORGANISM . THE TERM GENOME DESCRIBES THE SET OF GENES CHARACTERISTIC OF EACH SPECIES .
The term ‘Generation’ means to produce offspring. The term ‘Propagation’ means to transmit hereditary characteristics by reproduction. The Law of Biogenesis states the Principle that living organisms originate only from other living organisms closely similar to themselves. It is ‘The Law of Like Generating Like’. A species always breeds true to its own species. Its members always generate organisms which are classified as belonging to the same species, however much they vary among themselves as individuals within the group. The sub-groups, the races, or varieties of species are able to breed with one another, but diverse species cannot interbreed. By the Law of Natural Generation, offspring will always be of the same species as the parent organism. Hence, species is self-perpetuating and maintain stability of all other groupings like the genera, phyla, and families which remain as fixed from generation to generation. In Plant and Animal Kingdom, a species distinguishes itself by its ability to maintain its stability from generation to generation. The Mendelian System of Heredity states that an inherited characteristic is determined by the combination of two hereditary units(now called genes), one from each of the parental reproductive cells or gametes(Sperm and Egg Cell). The term genome describes the complete haploid set of chromosomes of a sexually reproducing organism normally occurring in mature germ cell called egg or sperm. This number of chromosomes is characteristic of each species. Every human being arrives on planet Earth with an original, unique, distinctive, and one of its own kind of genome that has never, ever existed in the past, and would never exist again in the future. Sexual reproduction is a creative process which involves a type of cell division called ‘MEIOSIS’ that results in production of Sperm or Egg Cell. Fertilization of egg cell by sperm always creates a new kind of genome while the number of chromosomes(Diploid set) that is the chief attribute of species is held constant.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN BIRTH REQUIRES THE UNION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS, ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES (SPERM AND EGG CELL) . MEIOSIS OR HAPLOID DIVISION IS A HIGHLY CREATIVE PROCESS AS IT GENERATES A UNIQUE , ORIGINAL, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME, A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES WHILE THE DIPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES AFTER FERTILIZATION OR CONCEPTION IS CONSTANT .
THE ORIGIN OR THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS:
To explain the Origin of Man, The Beginning of Man on the basis of Darwinism, demands presence of two, identical, rare, mutant individuals(a male, and a female) to produce offspring and to establish an entirely new, modern human population in all geographical regions of the Old World. About 10, 000 years ago, modern humans may have shared the planet with a few surviving members of Neanderthals and other hominid species. Techniques of DNA extraction and genomic sequencing have advanced and find application in the understanding of the genus Homo. The claims about Hybridization of archaic humans such as Neanderthals with Homo sapiens finds support from DNA studies of the current, members of human population as compared to DNA sequences extracted from Neanderthal fossils. But those shared genetic traits are not of major significance and do not account for the morphological appearance of either Neanderthal or modern man. At the same time, it may be noted that 30 – 35, 000 years ago, Neanderthals disappeared from the fossil record. Similarly, Hominid Denisova, discovered in Altai Mountains, Southern Siberia lived 41, 000 years ago. Homo sapiens floresiensis(Flores Man) of Indonesia suddenly disappeared 12, 000 years ago. Hominid Red Deer discovered in China lived 14.5 to 11.5 thousand years ago. To make a credible claim about interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, we need to demonstrate presence of traits characteristic of Homo sapiens in the DNA extracted from Neanderthal fossil specimens. It will be correct to claim that from Holocene Epoch or Series, approximately for the last 10, 000 years, modern humans constitute the only surviving members of the Hominid Family found on planet Earth.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY CAN EASILY ESTABLISH THE FACT THAT THIS HUMAN BABY HAS TWO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN PARENTS . EVERY BABY ARRIVES WITH ORIGINAL, UNIQUE, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME( A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES, OR 23 CHROMOSOMES FROM EACH PARENT) THAT NEVER EXISTED IN THE PAST AND WILL NEVER EXIST AGAIN IN FUTURE WHILE ALL HUMANS ARE BORN WITH A DIPLOID SET THAT HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES .
Charles Darwin uses the term species to signify “a set of individuals closely resembling each other” – a class of plants or animals having certain characteristics. The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon(1707-1788) in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle General et Particuliere, 44 Volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. Two individual animals or plants are of the same species if they can produce fertile offspring. According to Buffon, a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon opened the way to development of Paleontology to discover lost species. The status of Anatomically Modern Humans as a distinct species is verified as human populations consist of members that are genetically similar, interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals that share the same collection of inherited characteristics, whose combination is unique to our species. Diverse species cannot interbreed. Organisms different in species cannot reproduce productively and if crossbred, like the horse and the ass, they produce a sterile hybrid like the mule. Hybrid is the term for the offspring of a cross between two different subspecies or species. In Genetics, hybrid is the term for the offspring of parents differing in any genetic characteristic.Interbreeding or Hybridization means to produce offspring by crossing two individuals of unlike genetic constitution. The offspring of different races, varieties, species, etc., are called ‘hybrids’. If Neanderthal is one of the parents of Anatomically Modern Humans, identity of the second Hominid parent has to be ascertained, and the characteristics of that parent are accounted for using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. The social and cultural behavior of anatomically modern man consistently displays a tendency that prefers and encourages ‘inbreeding’. The prevailing social and cultural norms of human society in general tend to oppose sexual behavior that may be identified as ‘interbreeding’. In selection of a mate for breeding, anatomically modern man prefers an individual who closely resembles the members of his/her own stock.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : A SPECIES IS RECOGNIZED BY ITS HISTORY OF PROPAGATION . MULE, A PRODUCT OF CROSSBREEDING , OR HYBRIDIZATION CANNOT FURTHER REPRODUCE PRODUCTIVELY WITH OTHER MULES, OR WITH HORSE , OR ASS FOR IT IS BORN STERILE . HYBRIDIZATION WILL NOT HELP TO TRANSFORM A SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES IF ITS PARENTS BELONG TO DIFFERENT SPECIES .
The concept of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans cannot be verified in absence of any surviving members of Neanderthal, Denisova, or other Hominid population with whom modern man may have reproduced about 10, 000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : IT WILL BE IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS ARE NOT HEREDITARY AND THERE IS NO INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MENDEL DEMONSTRATED INHERITANCE PATTERNS THROUGH BREEDING EXPERIMENTATION. THE IMAGE SHOWS SOME OF THE HEREDITARY TRAITS OR CHARACTERS INVESTIGATED BY MENDEL WHILE EXPERIMENTING ON GARDEN PEA PLANTS WITH WHITE OR VIOLET FLOWERS.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FOR UNIT CHARACTERS NAMED R(DOMINANT), r(RECESSIVE), Y(DOMINANT), AND y(RECESSIVE), THE DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE OPERATION OF MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY STATES THAN AN INHERITED CHARACTERISTIC IS DETERMINED BY THE COMBINATION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS( NOW CALLED GENES ), ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AS PER THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY , IF MODERN HUMANS INTERBREED WITH NEANDERTHALS , IN EACH GENERATION OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED , THREE INDIVIDUALS COULD BE MODERN HUMANS ( DOMINANT TRAIT ) AND ONE INDIVIDUAL WOULD BE NEANDERTHAL ( RECESSIVE TRAIT ). SUCH INTERBREEDING WOULD IN REALITY SAVE NEANDERTHAL POPULATION FROM TOTAL EXTINCTION .
Mendel demonstrated the inheritance patterns through breeding experimentations. He discovered in 1866 hereditary factors or “genes” whose existence he deduced without seeing them. Mendel’s statistical analysis of his data provided the mathematical basis for modern Genetics. There are four principles of hereditary phenomenon discovered and formulated by Mendel :
1. The Law of Independent Unit Characters which states that characters such as height, color, etc., are inherited separately as Units,
2. The Law of Segregation which states that body cells and primordial germ cells contain pairs of such Unit Characters and that when gametes(Sperm or Egg Cell) are produced, each gamete receives only one member of each such pair,
3. The Law of Dominance which states that in every individual there is a pair of determining factors for each Unit Character, one from each parent, if these factors are different(heterozygous), one Character( the Dominant) appears in the organism, the other( Recessive) being latent; the Recessive Character can appear in the organism only when the Dominant is absent; hence in all crossbred generations, Unit Characters are shown in varying combinations, each appearing in a definite proportion of the total number of offspring, and
4. The Law of Independent Assortment which states that any one pair of Characters is inherited independently, not withstanding the simultaneous transmission of other traits. This Law is modified by the discovery of Linkage and Pleiotropy. Linkage describes the tendency of some genes to remain together and act as a Unit or Linkage Group. In Inheritance, the Linkage Group of genes are generally found in the same chromosome. Pleiotropy is the condition in which a single gene exerts simultaneous effects on more than one character in the offspring.
ABOUT GENETICS AND THE CONSTANCY OF GENETIC CODE :
Genetics is an important aspect of many areas of Biology. Genetics helps in the study and identification of specific types of organisms; research in Molecular Genetics involves studies on chemical structure and functions of genes at molecular level; Cyto Genetics studies location of genetic material in cells and the role of genes in cell division; Developmental Genetics studies the genetic function in embryological phenomena; Behavior Genetics studies the role of gene in regulating behavior; Population Genetics studies genetics in relation to the “evolutionary” process. Medical Genetics involves application of genetic principles to the practice of Medicine such as the study of inheritance of diseases in families. Genetic factors cause many health disorders affecting man. Some human diseases are entirely genetic in origin and environmental factors play little if any part. This group of genetic disorders includes chromosomal abnormalities, and so-called “Unifactorial Disorders” which are due to single gene defects or Mendelian factors. There are over 3 thousand of such unifactorial disorders. The mode of inheritance of such disorders is straight forward and follows Mendelian Principles. Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance have their practical applications in Medical Genetics. However, the use of Mendel’s Principles in Population Genetics to verify The Theory of Evolution is highly controversial because of the speculative postulates about transformation of old species into a new species . Several single-celled Blue-Green algae, plankton, microbes, viruses, protozoans, insects, crocodiles, turtles, sharks and other organisms are known to be existing upon Earth from billions to several millions of years. The unchanging genetic code in all past and present members of these long-lived species permit the genes to have the same effects on their carriers from generation to generation. Because of constancy of the genetic code, we can identify existence of individual species which maintain their species-specific traits as per Mendelian Principles. There are numerous kinds of longest living species on Earth and their identification is possible because of their genetic codes have essentially remained unchanged.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE . BLUE-GREEN ALGAE, CYANOBACTERIA MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS SINCE PRECAMBRIAN TIME, 3,800 TO 700 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPONGES ARE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF THE PHYLUM PORIFERA . SPONGES ARE AMONG THE LONGEST LIVING ANIMAL SPECIES OF EARTH . THEY APPEARED IN CAMBRIAN PERIOD ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . ANTARCTIC SPONGE CAN LIVE FOR CENTURIES . OLDEST KNOWN SPONGE ESTIMATED AGE 1, 550 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE PERMIT THE GENES TO HAVE THE SAME EFFECTS ON THEIR CARRIERS FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION . AMERICAN COCKROACH IS EXISTING ON EARTH BASICALLY UNCHANGED FOR 300 MILLION YEARS . MOST ABUNDANT DURING THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD DURING WHICH A VARIETY OF INSECTS APPEARED .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARCTICA ISLANDICA . OCEAN QUAHOG OR CLAM . MOLLUSKS ARE ORGANISMS WITH SHELLS DATE BACK TO THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD, 500 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE GIVES THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE EXISTENCE OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES WHICH MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS . OVER 350 MILLION YEARS, SINCE THE END OF DEVONIAN PERIOD SHARKS HAVE MAINTAINED THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPHENODON TUATARA . THIS LIZARDLIKE REPTILE OF NEW ZEALAND IS KNOWN AS A LIVING FOSSIL . THIS SPECIES IS IN EXISTENCE FOR ABOUT 200-225 MILLION YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : BASED UPON THEIR UNIQUE GENETIC CODES, ORGANISMS ARE KNOWN TO BE EXISTING UPON EARTH FOR SEVERAL MILLIONS OF YEARS . CROCODILES LIVED ALONG WITH DINOSAURS . ORIGINATED DURING THE LATE TRIASSIC PERIOD 200 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN OF THE GENETIC CODE IS UNKNOWN . THE VAST MAJORITY OF ORGANISMS BREED WITH OTHER MEMBERS OF THEIR OWN SPECIES PROPAGATING THEIR OWN UNIQUE GENETIC CODES . WE KNOW ABOUT LONG-LIVED ORGANISMS LIKE SEA TURTLES BECAUSE OF THE CONSTANCY OF THEIR GENETIC CODES . TURTLES ARE IN EXISTENCE FROM THE TRIASSIC PERIOD, 200 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ALASKA BOWHEAD WHALE . WHALES ORIGINATED IN THE EARLY TERTIARY OR UPPER CRETACEOUS ABOUT 70 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MONOTREMES . DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS ORNITHO RHYNCHUS ANATINUS IS A SPECIES SURVIVING SINCE AUSTRALIAN PLEISTOCENE ABOUT 2 MILLION YEARS AGO.
While describing Genetics as the area of Biology concerned with the study of inheritance, the process by which certain characteristics or traits of organisms are handed down from parent to offspring, I would like to suggest that a creative mechanism, a creative process or a creative operation could be at work when Genetics accounts for variations in similar or related animals and plants. I would like to emphasize the fact of all organisms existing as Individuals with Individuality. In Nature, living things have no choice other than that of existence as Individuals with Individuality. Even a mob of genetically identical(“CLONES”) colony of bacteria of E. coli are experimentally proved to behave as Individuals with Individuality.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DOUBLE – HELIX DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID OR DNA IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, THE STRUCTURES FOUND INSIDE THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS. THE DNA MOLECULE ALWAYS EXHIBITS INDIVIDUALISTIC VARIATION IN ITS BEHAVIOR .
In higher organisms with cells that contain a Nucleus, the genetic material called DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is carried by structures known as Chromosomes in the Nucleus, and the cytoplasmic structures known as Mitochondria. The genetic material called RNA(ribonucleic acid) is found in the Nucleolus(present inside the Nucleus) and structures called Ribosomes found in the Cytoplasm.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CELL IS THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF LIVING THINGS . THE UNITS OF INHERITANCE ARE KNOWN AS GENES. THE GENES ARE FOUND INSIDE CHROMOSOMES THAT ARE PRESENT IN THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS . DNA, IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, MITOCHONDRIA, AND RNA IS FOUND IN THE NUCLEOLUS AND RIBOSOMES .
The Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis present in the Cytoplasm. DNA interacts with ‘transfer RNA'(t-RNA), ‘Messenger RNA'(m-RNA), and Ribosomal RNA in the process of protein synthesis. The Chromosome is divided into Units called Genes. Each Gene is responsible for a particular trait and hence Gene is the Unit of inheritance. The term ‘allele’ describes either of a pair of genes at the same position on both members of a pair of chromosomes and conveying traits that are inherited by Mendelian Laws.There could be small chemical differences in genes that are expressed as different versions of the same trait (‘alleles’). Each gene is responsible for the manufacture of a particular protein which is involved in development of a trait associated with it. Each chromosome of each species of higher organisms has a definite number and arrangement of genes which govern the structure and functions of the cells. It is important to note that, while genes are located inside the Nucleus of the cell, the actual protein synthesis occurs in structures called Ribosomes present in the Cytoplasm outside the Nucleus. While we appreciate the role of genes as Units of Inheritance, we should give equal importance to the Living Substance, the Living Material, or the Living Matter called Cytoplasm that is found inside the living cells, outside the Nucleus of the cell. There are basically three classes of Genes: 1. Structural genes which determine the sequences of amino acids that go to makeup proteins or the smaller chain of molecules known as polypeptides, 2. Coding genes which specify molecules that function in the processes involved in protein synthesis, and 3. Regulatory genes which are called Noncoding genes for they act solely as “Recognition” sites for enzymes and other proteins involved in controlling protein synthesis.
THE GENETIC CODE AND THE ROLE OF MUTATIONS:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GENETIC CODE DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMPOSITION OF DNA AND THAT OF PROTEINS PRODUCED BY GENES .
The Genetic Code describes the relationship between composition of DNA and that of proteins produced by genes. Genetic Code is the chemical equation by which hereditary information is translated from genes into proteins. Changes in the genetic code are called Mutations. Mutations can cause a change in protein synthesis. In higher organisms, when mutation involves the germ-line cells that eventually develop into sperm or egg cells, the mutation and its consequence of altered protein synthesis is inherited by offspring. A mutation can be minor and relatively insignificant, or it can cause serious deformity or metabolic deficiency in the organism. Most mutations tend to be harmful. Fortunately, a typical gene in higher organisms is segmented and the entire genetic information of a gene is not contained in a single, unbroken strand of DNA molecule. The value of having the genetic code in segments is to reduce the chances of mutations causing harmful changes in protein synthesis. Certain self-repair mechanisms also exist to deal with the damage done to DNA. Very often, the damaged DNA is repaired or the cell carrying the damaged DNA is killed and destroyed. For this reason, it is important to recognize the simple fact of DNA damage associated with mutations irrespective of its cause. The Theory of Evolution proposes that random, unguided, and apparently purposeless mutations lead to gradual changes in a species and eventually lead to its descent as a new species. As per the Theory of Evolution, mutations may bring about three kinds of changes; 1. Changes in the morphological appearance of an organism, 2. Changes in the skeletal and other anatomical structures of an organism, and 3. Changes in the behavior displayed by an organism.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MUSCLE TWITCH IN FROG MUSCLE EXPERIMENT . MUTATIONS CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR GUIDED, SEQUENTIAL, AND PURPOSEFUL NATURE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS WHICH HAVE SEVERAL CREATIVE APPLICATIONS IN THE NATURAL WORLD .
In higher organisms, the cells are differentiated to perform special functions. For example, muscle cells have ability of contraction. This physiological function of contraction is easily demonstrated by applying an electrical stimulus to muscle as done in Muscle Twitch in Frog Experiment. Animals have different abilities of locomotion; some crawl or creep, or slide on a surface, some swim, or move in water, some fly or glide in air, and others walk, run, climb, and swing in a variety of amazing manners. Whatever may be the mode of locomotion, all animal muscle cells display the same physiological function of contraction. While the physiology remains the same, the muscles of each animal species display individualistic functional characteristics. For mutations are random, unguided, and purposeless, they cannot account for guided, sequential and purposeful nature of muscle contractions which have several creative applications in the natural world.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE AND OTHER APES HAVE 48 CHROMOSOMES WHEREAS MAN HAS ONLY 46 CHROMOSOMES . CHROMOSOMES 2 a AND 2 b FOUND IN APES ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION THAT CAN FUSE CHROMOSOME 2 a AND 2 b TO ASSEMBLE CHROMOSOME # 2 FOUND IN MAN .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : WHAT IS GENETIC DRIFT ???? CAN IT ACCOUNT FOR THE ARRIVAL OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS ??? CAN WE EXPLAIN MAN AS A PRODUCT OF HYBRIDIZATION AND THE PHENOMENON CALLED GENETIC DRIFT ????
In ‘Evolution’ the term ‘Genetic Drift is used to describe a random change in gene frequency within a small population, resulting in mutations which regardless of their adaptive value, become fixed within the group. Variations in diet, variations in physical activity, variations in reproductive behavior, and variations in external environmental conditions may contribute to minor variations in ‘allele’ frequencies without transforming an old species into a new species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND THE MISSING LINK :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : TAXONOMY IS A BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT FORMULATES THE BASIS FOR SYSTEMATIC CATEGORIZATION OF ORGANISMS INTO CATEGORIES SUCH AS PHYLUM(OR DIVISION), CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, SUB-FAMILY, GENUS, AND SPECIES . WITHIN THE GENUS HOMO SAPIENS, ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN IS UNIQUE, AND DISTINCT FOR HUMAN NATURE STANDS BY ITSELF .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . CHIMPANZEES ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MOUNTAIN GORILLA IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . GORILLAS ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NO EXTINCT OR LIVING SPECIES IS ABLE TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN MODERN MAN(HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS) AND HIS NEAREST ALLIES AMONG HOMINID FAMILY . WHO IS THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMALS LIKE CHIMPANZEE AND GORILLA ????
The above image reveals a fundamental problem faced by Darwinism when it attempts to account for Human Evolution. No extinct or living species is able to bridge the gap between modern man(Homo sapiens sapiens) and his nearest allies among Hominid Family and other Primates such as Chimpanzee and Gorilla.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SOME EVOLUTIONARY GENTICISTS CLAIM THAT MODERN HUMANS HAVE DESCENDED BY INTERBREEDING AND REPRODUCING WITH OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS HOMO . INTERBREEDING OR INBREEDING CANNOT TRANSFORM AN OLD SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM, NO NATURAL PROCESS, NO NATURAL CONDITION, OR NATURAL CAUSE THAT CAN TRANSFORM NEANDERTHAL SPECIES INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS. ANATOMICAL TRAITS PECULIAR TO NEANDERTHALS WILL NOT BE WIPED OUT BY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DENISOVA HOMINIDS DISCOVERED IN DENISOVA CAVE , ALTAI MOUNTAINS , SOUTHERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA . DENISOVA MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHALS AS COMPARED TO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . THEY LIVED 41, 000 YEARS AGO . CAN ONLY BREED TRUE TO THEIR OWN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARTISTIC RENDITION OF DENISOVA CHILD . DNA EXTRACTED FROM A FRAGMENT OF PHALANX OF HAND AND A MOLAR (TOOTH). THIS DENISOVA GIRL IN APPEARANCE IS MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHAL THAN TO MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHALS LIVED FOR ABOUT 300, 000 YEARS . NEANDERTHAL BELONGS TO MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . NEANDERTHAL HAD A PRECISION GRIP SIMILAR TO THAT OF MODERN HUMANS BUT DID NOT DISPLAY WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHAL HAD POWER GRIP AND PRECISION GRIP LIKE ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . BUT HIS ANATOMICAL TRAITS WERE NOT ENOUGH FOR HIM TO ADVANCE INTO MESOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . THIS SPECIES LIVED FOR A LONG TIME WITHOUT THE POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS NICKNAMED “TOUMAI.”
NATURAL HISTORY OF HOMINID FAMILY :
Senckenberg Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Germany prepared replicas of Hominid species using the fossils discovered at different geographical locations. Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived 6.8 million years ago. It is one of the oldest Hominid specimens, found in 2003 in Djurab desert in Chad, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS, AFRICAN HOMINID LIVED 3.2 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus afarensis discovered in Afar region of Ethiopia, Africa in 1975. This Hominid lived 3.2 million years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMINID AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus africanus ,this Hominid replica nicknamed “Mrs Ples” lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered in 1947, at Sterfontein, South Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS AETHIOPICUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus aethiopicus lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered near Lake Turkana in Kenya, Africa, in 1985.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS BOISEI LIVED 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus boisei, nicknamed “Zinz” lived 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1959 in the Olduvai Gorge of Tanzania, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO RUDOLFENSIS LIVED ABOUT 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo Rudolfensis lived about 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1972 in Koobi Fora, Kenya, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER . LIVED ABOUT 1.5 MILLION YEARS AGO. NICKNAMED “TURKANA BOY.”
“TURKANA BOY” Homo ergaster lived about 1.5 million years ago. Initially thought to be an important “missing link” in Human Evolution.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER IS RELATED TO HOMO ERECTUS SPECIES THAT LIVED IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA FROM ABOUT 1.89 MILLION YEARS AGO .
In Africa, Homo ergaster and Homo erectus are viewed as relatives and thought to be the ancestral forms of later Hominids such as Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. But, African Homo erectus is not related to Asian species of Homo erectus like Java Man, and Peking Man.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS(AFRICA), ERECT MAN, VERTICAL GAIT, LIVED ABOUT 1.8 TO 0.3 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo erectus of Africa had prominent brow ridges, projecting face, and a brain volume of about a litre as compared to modern man’s average brain volume of about 1,360 cubic centimetres. Some evolutionary biologists suggested that Homo erectus migrated to Asia, and Southern Europe.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS ALSO NAMED HOMO RHODESIENSIS LIVED ABOUT 500, 000 TO 350, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo heidelbergensis or Homo rhodesiensis. This replica is made from the fossils found in Sima de los Huesos, Spain in 1993. He lived about 500,000 to 350,000 years ago. Fossils also found in other places like Italy, France, and Greece. Homo sapiens may have appeared 300,000 years ago. Heidelbergensis could be the ancestor of Neanderthals which is often described as a subspecies of Sapiens species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS, HOMINID THAT LIVED 1.5 MILLION TO 300, 000 YEARS AGO.
Homo erectus lived 1, 500, 000 to 300, 000 years ago. Homo erectus discovered in Republic of Georgia, China, and Indonesia lived until about 70,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION PILTDOWN MAN OF SUSSEX, ENGLAND. HOMINID SPECIES OF THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OR OLD STONE AGE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS , HOMO ERECTUS . THE REPLICA OF “JAVA MAN.”
Pithecanthropus, “JAVA MAN” discovered in 1891 could be the first to use fire. He used stone tools and belongs to the Lower Pleistocene Period.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : RHODESIAN MAN HAD A BRAIN LARGER THAN THAT OF MODERN HUMANS.
It could be of interest to note that Rhodesian Man( Heidelberg Man – Germany) had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, a chinless jaw, a brain larger than that of modern man. The height was about five feet(152 cm) or slightly over.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERECTUS PEKINENSIS . SINANTHROPUS OR PEKING MAN .
Sinanthropus, Homo erectus pekinensis, or PEKING MAN belonged to the Middle Pleistocene.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS . THIS REPLICA IS NICKNAMED “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE .” HE LIVED 56, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived 56,000 years ago. The above is the replica nicknamed “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE” found near La Chapelle aux-Saints in France in 1908.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS . NICKNAMED “HOBBIT. ” LIVED ABOUT 18, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens floresiensis, the FLORES MAN discovered in Liang Bua Cave, Flores, Indonesia in 2003. Lived about 18,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS – FLORES MAN OF INDONESIA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FLORES MAN . HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS. IT COULD BE OF INTEREST TO NOTE THAT FLORES MAN WAS ONLY ABOUT 3 FEET IN HEIGHT. Initially thought to be a subspecies of Sapiens and now considered as a separate species. This Hominid species disappeared without any trace for unknown reasons.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS. LIVED BETWEEN 100, 000 TO 90, 000 YEARS AGO BUT NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
The above is a replica of Homo sapiens found in a cave in Israel in 1969. He lived between 100,000 to 90, 000 years ago. It is important to note that it is not representative of true, modern humans called Homo sapiens sapiens.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU . IDALTU MAN LIVED ABOUT 160, 000 YEARS AGO . NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU OR “HERTO MAN ” DISCOVERED IN 1997 AT HERTO, ETHIOPIA , AFRICA .
Homo sapiens idaltu lived about 160, 000 years ago in Pleistocene Period(Middle Paleolithic), in Ethiopia, Africa, may mark the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens, making distinction between Homo erectus species and Homo sapiens species. They were at the threshold of modern anatomy but not fully modern humans.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS RED DEER , SOUTHERN CHINA LIVED 11, 500 TO 14, 500 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens Red Deer represents “Red Deer Cave” people who lived 11, 500 to 14, 500 years ago in Maludong, Yunnan Province, Southern China. Red Deer Man had high domed braincase, small eyebrow ridges, lower jaw ended in a prominent chin, with a body less muscular than those of earlier Hominids.
THE ORIGIN OF MAN – MONOGENISM VS POLYGENISM :
The term “RACE” is used to describe any of the different varieties or populations of human beings distinguished by physical traits such as hair, eyes, skin color, shape of body, head, facial features, and blood groups. These characteristics are transmitted by heredity but they are highly variable; not every member of a race will exhibit all distinguishing traits. It is apparent to claim that races arose in response to inbreeding. Across majority of human cultures prevalent in Old World, inbreeding is the established cultural norm. In his ‘Systema Naturae'(1735) Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist, gave a very precise description of man placing him among the Mammals in the order of Primates along the apes and the bat. Linnaeus presented a summary of the diverse varieties of human species. He described varieties such as The Asian, The African, and The European. Linnaeus created a system of classification that depended only on external characteristics to place objects into a rational set of categories.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN VARIETIES OR RACES AROSE IN RESPONSE TO INBREEDING . CAROLUS LINNAEUS DESCRIBED HUMAN VARIETIES SUCH AS THE ASIAN, THE AFRICAN, AND THE EUROPEAN .
The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc comte de Buffon in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle general et particuliere, 44 volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. He held the view that a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon claimed that it is absurd to use the same principles for classifying living and nonliving things. Most important, apes and other animals lack the ability to speak. Buffon saw the rise of human intelligence as a product of development of an articulated language. For animals may lack the ability to attach meaning to their articulated sounds, human language can be used as a basis to define human species and its varieties. Monogenism is the theory that all human beings are descended from a single pair of ancestors. Polygenism is the theory that each race of people has descended from distinct, ultimate ancestors and hence asserts that races are created separately. If anatomically modern humans are products of interbreeding between different Hominid Family members, it would be difficult to suggest that hybridized humans stopped interbreeding and preferred inbreeding to establish the races or varieties that can be observed today. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach(1752-1840), Father of Physical Anthropology known for his work ‘De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa(1775-76), did his research in measurement of craniums. He divided mankind into five great families – Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, and Ethiopian. Physical anthropologists initially described three primary divisions of people, 1. Caucasoid, 2. Mongoloid, and 3. Negroid. Thomas Huxley in his paper titled “On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind” (1870) described racial varieties such as 1. Bushmen, 2. Africoid, 3. Negritoes, 4. Melanochroi, 5. Australoids, 6. Xanthochroi, 7. Polynesians, 8. Mongoloids A, B, & C, and 9. Esquimaux. Today, some anthropologists entirely reject the concept of “RACE.” The apparent variations among members of human population have to be explained using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance which alone can account for breeding behavioral patterns.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN AND THE EXTINCTION OF DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF HOMINID SPECIES CANNOT BE ACCOUNTED ON THE BASIS OF NATURAL CAUSES, NATURAL MECHANISMS , OR NATURAL CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE LIFE AND DEATH OF LIVING ORGANISMS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE : JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH(1752-1840), FATHER OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY DIVIDED MANKIND INTO FIVE GREAT FAMILIES – CAUCASIAN, MONGOLIAN, MALAYAN, AND ETHIOPIAN .
CHARLES DARWIN – DARWINISM – THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859):
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1892) . HIS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDE THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859), AND THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871).
Charles Darwin claimed that new species originate in the course of time. In his view, one species is transformed into another as a product of ‘Natural Selection’ of randomly produced genetic mutations. He formulated an opinion about the factors or circumstances under which some forms of life cease to have the status of species or become extinct. Darwin states, “The Origin of Species, like their extinction, is entirely a natural process which requires no factors other than those at work everyday in the life, death, and breeding of plants and animals.” To make transition from an old species to a new species, certain intermediate forms become extinct combined with the survival of one or more of the extreme varieties. Darwin further attests, “If my theory be true, numberless intermediate varieties, linking closely together all the species of the same group, must assuredly have existed, but the very process of natural selection constantly tends as has been so often remarked to exterminate the parent forms and the intermediate links.” As per Darwin’s analysis, anatomically modern human species may have to be viewed as a variety of one of the Hominid species that simply survived while this ancestral species and all other Hominid species perished towards the end of Pleistocene(Ice Age).
Darwin’s theory of ‘The Origin of Species’ depends on causes that can be divided into two sets of factors:
1. Mechanism of Survival that includes causes or factors which determine the extinction or survival of organisms, and with their survival, their opportunities for mating and reproduction, and
2. Mechanism of Heredity that includes causes or factors which determine transmission of characteristics from one generation to another and variation of offspring from their ancestors and from each other.
In Darwin’s estimate, the factors of ‘Natural Selection’ operate on genetic variations that cause a range of differences within a group. At the same time it may be noted that the variations generated in the breeding process are never enough to change the basic criteria applied in identification of any given species. For perpetuation of group characteristics in organisms which manage to survive and reproduce, inheritance of ancestral traits is of utmost importance. Darwin’s view on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. If anatomically modern human species appeared suddenly due to abrupt mutations in a single generation of as yet unknown Hominid species, it will not validate Darwin’s view that new forms of life arise gradually as the result of a continuous accumulation of slight and imperceptible variations. According to Darwin, environment acts as a selective agency and it acts upon variations produced entirely by causes operating in the breeding process. During the period of the Great Ice Age, Pleistocene Series or Epoch, 1.8 million to 10, 000 years ago, 28 percent of Earth’s land area was covered by ice. Continental glaciers covered much of N. North America and NW Europe. Holocene Epoch or Series that began 10, 000 years ago witnessed a dramatic change in land area that is covered by ice. Now, about 10 percent of land area is covered by ice and continental glaciers are restricted to Antarctica and Greenland. In other words, areas of Earth’s surface have become more hospitable for all kinds of Hominid population. There was no geographical catastrophe and there was no environmental change of cataclysmic proportion with serious consequences for the survival of any variety of Hominid species. To adapt to changed environment was easy, food supply became abundant and there is nothing to suggest that Hominid Family members were preying upon one another in a bitter struggle of existence.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY WILL DEMOLISH DARWINISM :
According to Geologic Time Chart which records the physical nature and history of planet Earth, we are living in the Cenozoic Era the beginning of which was marked by the K-T extinction. Most of the major and minor extinction events were the result of causes that are not natural to Earth or terrestrial factors. The exposure of living things to consequences such as collisions with asteroids, comets, or exposure to ionizing radiation do not belong to a category of circumstances that can be called ‘natural’. I would prefer to use the term ‘supernatural’ to describe extinction events initiated by extraterrestrial factors. The origin, the beginning, appearance of anatomically modern man during Holocene Epoch or Series has no natural cause. No natural condition, no natural factor, no natural mechanism, no natural process and no natural event can alter the shape and size of man’s cranium. Inbreeding, or interbreeding do not change genes, the Units of Inheritance. The sudden, and abrupt change in man’s form and morphological appearance is not due to imperceptible changes and genetic variations that accumulated over a prolonged period of time. If skeletal structures undergo a change due to mutations caused by external factors like climate, physical activity, diet, and opportunities for breeding or reproductive behavior, the skeletal structures of all members of the diverse Hominid Family living at that time have to register a change that affects the germ cells and gets propagated to their offspring as stated by Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. If a natural condition, a natural factor, or a natural cause can account for a mutation in anatomically modern human, I would like to examine the evidence for its operation in other members of Hominid Family such as Neanderthal who lived at the same time.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : LIVING FORMS EMERGED AND DIVERSIFIED IN SUDDEN SPURTS AND WERE ELIMINATED ABRUPTLY IN MAJOR AND MINOR EXTINCTION EVENTS DURING GEOLOGIC PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL PROCESS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING THAT CAN TRANSFORM ANATOMICAL TRAITS OF NEANDERTHAL INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON SKULL . CRO-MAGNON MAN IS NOT CONSIDERED AS A SEPARATE SPECIES OR SUBSPECIES . LIVED 40, 000 TO 35, 000 YEARS AGO .
Cro-Magnon Man lived 40, 000 to 35, 000 years ago. He was discovered in southwestern France in 1868. His height was about 6 feet(180 Cms), had high forehead, short and wide face, developed prominent chin, and large brain. His brain capacity of 1600 cubic centimetres is larger than the average 1,360 cubic centimetres for anatomically modern human species. He belonged to upper paleolithic culture of Old Stone Age whereas anatomically modern human species had established its presence in the Mesolithic Period or Middle Stone Age at the end of the last glacial era about 10, 000 years ago. Anatomically modern human species developed a culture that included gradual domestication of plants and animals, formation of settled communities, use of the bow, development of delicate stone ‘Microliths’, and pottery.
THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN LANGUAGE:
In my view, Human Speech(spoken and written) is the criteria by which the difference between anatomically modern man and other members of Hominid Family is made. Human Language is one of the principal characteristics of the specifically human world. Language is the peculiar possession of human beings. While Neanderthal, and Cro-Magnon Man share certain anatomical and physiological traits possessed by the zoological species identified as human beings, they were not true representatives of Homo sapiens sapiens. In the use of ‘Precision Grip’, both Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon Man fall short of the status called ‘human’. Paleolithic art, paintings, and drawings are not the same as human writing.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON MAN AND PRECISION GRIP . PALEOLITHIC ART IS NOT EQUIVALENT TO HUMAN ARTISTIC EXPRESSION . DRAWINGS AND PAINTINGS ARE NOT THE SAME AS HUMAN WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN PRECISION GRIP . HOMINIDS LIKE NEANDERTHAL HAD ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES THAT GIVE FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES CALLED 1. PRESSURE GRIP, AND 2. PRECISION GRIP . NEUROMUSCULAR COORDINATION BETWEEN BRAIN AND FINGERS CONTRIBUTES TO A CREATIVE ABILITY CALLED WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION . PALEOLITHIC ART . CAVE PAINTINGS IN N SPAIN AND SW FRANCE . c. 14,000- c. 13,500 B.C. LASCAUX CAVE PAINTINGS – THE AURIGNACIO – PERIGORDIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PALEOLITHIC ART . MURALS AT ROUFFIGNAC, NIAUX, AND CAVE PAINTINGS OF ALTAMIRA , SPAIN . c. 14,000 – c. 9500 B.C. THE SOLUTREO – MAGDALENIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : KUNDA TOOLS , MICROLITHS, c. 10,000 -c.8000 B.C. MESOLITHIC PERIOD OR MIDDLE STONE AGE . THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN . HUMANS ARE KNOWN BY THEIR CULTURE .
The reproductive history of modern man does not support Darwinism and its assumptions about breeding . To identify and to recognize man as a zoological species, the yardstick has to be defined as morphological appearances are inadequate. I coined the phrase ‘Whole Linguistics’ to use Human Language as the chief characteristic of human species. Whole Linguistics involves three entities, namely 1. A Language User, 2. A Language Interpreter and 3. A Language Creator. It introduces a concept about the Creative Beginning of Man and his Language.
HUMAN IDENTITY, INDIVIDUALITY, AND THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX:
All said and done, man has no choice about the nature of his physical existence in natural world. Each man without any choice exists as an Individual with Individuality. Man deploys protein molecules called antigens to identify ‘self’ and ‘non-self’. The antigens causing the immune response that results in rejection of a tissue allograft are known as ‘Major Histocompatibility Antigens'(HLA). In man, the Major Histocompatibility Complex(MHC) is the HLA cluster on Chromosome 6. As MHC antigens were originally described on human Leukocytes(White Blood Cells), they are still referred to as Human leukocyte Antigens(HLA). The role of MHC is not limited to transplantation rejection as the proteins encoded in this region are involved in many aspects of immunological recognition and immunity response. The HLA antigens are remarkable for the extensive degree of genetic polymorphism which makes variability between individuals very great . Even among members of human population, most unrelated persons possess different HLA . This antigenic specificity established at molecular level is the evidence for a creative process, a creative mechanism, and a creative principle which determines the Subjective and Objective Physical Reality of Man’s Status in Nature.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN . MAN DEPLOYS UNIQUE PROTEIN MOLECULES TO IDENTIFY SELF AND NON-SELF . HUMAN EXISTENCE AND HUMAN IDENTITY IS DEFINED BY MOLECULES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MAN IS ABLE TO EXIST IN NATURE FOR HE IS ABLE TO DEFEND HIS EXISTENCE BY DEPLOYING MOLECULES THAT CAN MAKE THE RECOGNITION AND DISTINCTION BETWEEN SELF AND NON-SELF.
THE PROOF OF PUDDING IS IN THE EATING :
Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle introduced notion of Form, Nature, or Essence. Plants and animals are derived from seeds that already contain within them the Form, Nature, or Essence of the species from which they were derived and into which they would subsequently develop. To exist as a thing of a given kind, there could be an innate tendency to strive to develop into a perfect example of itself to fulfill its nature and to realize its full potential. In a purposive or teological view of the natural world, each natural thing by its intrinsic nature strives to realize its own ideal Form or Essence. Darwinism proposes a view that explains development of a natural thing in a “mechanistic” and nonpurposive manner. If a new form of life is a product of unguided, random, and purposeless genetic mutations, it will be hard to explain and account for its Form, Nature, and Essence.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR MENDEL CONDUCTED EXPERIMENTS ON GARDEN PEA(PISUM SATIVUM) PLANTS TO DISCOVER THE NATURAL LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION . I DISCOVER THE ‘MAGIC OF CREATION’ BY SIMPLY TASTING A FEW SWEET PEAS .
All living things define their existence using about 20 Amino Acids. Protein Synthesis involves unique and creative ways of arranging these amino acids into chains called polypeptides. Protein Synthesis is a creative process for the product created by one species has ability to impart unique sensory experience in an unrelated species. Man can distinguish plant and animal proteins by using his organs of sense perception. The creative aspect of protein synthesis is in the taste, smell, flavor, color, texture, and palatability of plant and animal proteins. Man further improves palatability of proteins he consumes by refining his culinary skills.To refute the concept called ‘DARWINISM’, the Proof or Verification is in Eating Sweet Garden Peas and recognizing them from their color, taste, smell, flavor, texture, and palatability. Plants and animals do not use sensory functions like vision, olfaction, and taste in protein synthesis. The sensory experience of man is possible for living things exist with an innate tendency to express their Form, Nature, and Essence. I am asking my readers to contemplate upon supernatural circumstances that may define Form, Nature, and Essence of living things that are not explained by a study of their genes and genetic code.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE Vs HUMAN EVOLUTION WHOLE MENDELISM #WholeMendelism Vs DARWINISM:
The origin of Man, or the Beginning of Man as a new form of Life may have a basis that lies outside operation of natural causes. Mendelism, ‘The Theory of Heredity’ formulated by Gregor Mendel provides insights to the problem of man’s origin. on the basis of Mendelism, it can be said that man did not descend from Primates and is not truly related to other members of Hominid Family. Man’s relationship with other zoological species has to be explained on the basis of reproductive history and inheritance of biological traits. I coined the phrase “Whole Mendelism” #WholeMendelism to claim that man had arrived on planet Earth due to a special act of creation. There are no natural conditions, no natural factors, no natural mechanisms, no natural processes and no natural causes to transform any of previously existing members of Hominid Family to establish the reality of anatomically modern man. To make transition from an old species to a new species which is often called ‘EVOLUTION’ or ‘DARWINISM’, the breeding interactions of species involved must operate according to the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Gregor Johann Mendel, the Father of Genetics. In this article, I would like to describe the Laws of Inheritance and the problems that I encounter to verify Darwinism while using the Mendelian Principles of Heredity and Variation. For example, if evolutionary biologists or anthropologists claim that anatomically modern human species or its immediate ancestral species had reproduced with archaic hominids such as Neanderthals, the human genome has to include one complete ‘Haploid’ set of chromosomes normally occurring in the mature germ cell called egg or sperm which means 22 chromosomes(Autosomes), and 1 X or Y chromosome(Sex chromosome) derived exclusively from Neanderthal genome. Secondly, human population must include a few members that can be clearly identified as Neanderthal.
THE ORIGIN AND EXTINCTION OF SPECIES:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AFTER THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH FOR A VERY, VERY LONG TIME( ABOUT 3.5 BILLION YEARS) IT COMPRISED OF SIMPLER FORMS OF LIFE . SUDDENLY, ABOUT 600 MILLION YEARS AGO NUMEROUS MARINE CREATURES ARRIVED TO CAUSE AN “EXPLOSION OF LIFE.”
It will be interesting to note that a vast majority of species found on Earth have emerged suddenly and have disappeared suddenly. For example, Cambrian, first geologic Period in the Paleozoic Era witnessed sudden emergence of a great variety of marine animals especially trilobites and brachiopods about 600 million years ago. This “Explosion of Life” is aptly named ‘Cambrian Explosion’. Similarly, towards the end of Cretaceous Period, third geologic Period of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era, about 65 million years ago, a global extinction event called K-T Event was responsible for eliminating approximately 80 percent of all species of animals. Dinosaurs which reached maximum development became extinct while new forms of life appeared with new hereditary traits.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THESE DEEP SEA CREATURES OF ATLANTIC OCEAN, LAMELLIBRACHIA LUYMESI, TUBE WORMS, INVERTEBRATES BELONG TO PHYLUM ANNELIDA LIVE ON THE OCEAN FLOOR ALONG HYDROCARBON VENTS. TUBE WORMS TAKE 170 TO 250 YEARS TO GROW AND HAVE SURVIVED AS A SPECIES WITHOUT CONCERN FOR CHANGING TIMES SINCE PRECAMBRIAN ERA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR SUDDEN APPEARANCE OF A VARIETY OF MARINE LIFE FORMS IN AN EVENT CALLED ‘CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION’ ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . PANOPEA GENEROSA, GEODUCK(NATIVE AMERICAN CHINOOK NAME), BIVALVE, WORLD’S LARGEST BURROWING SALT WATER CLAMS FOUND IN THE US PUGET SOUND ARE AMONG THE OLDEST ANIMALS IN THE WORLD WITH LIFESPANS OF ABOUT 146 TO 160 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY EXTINCTION EVENT ABOUT 65 MILLION YEARS AGO WIPED OUT APPROXIMATELY 80 PERCENT OF ALL SPECIES OF ANIMALS INCLUDING A GREAT VARIETY OF DINOSAURS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DARWINISM CANNOT EXPLAIN EITHER THE EMERGENCE OF NEW SPECIES OR EXTINCTION OF OLD SPECIES. NATURAL FACTORS, NATURAL CONDITIONS, NATURAL MECHANISMS , AND NATURAL CAUSES CANNOT FULLY ACCOUNT FOR EXTINCTION OF THE LARGE-BODIED ICE AGE MAMMALS SUCH AS WOOLLY RHINOCEROS, WOOLY MAMMOTHS, MASTODONS, AND SABERTOOTH CARNIVORES .
In Darwinism, new species arise when, among the varieties of an existing species, certain intermediate forms become extinct, and the other circumstances are such that the surviving varieties now become more sharply separated from one another in type, and are able to reproduce their kind, and , in the course of many generations of interbreeding, also tend to breed true. This ‘Theory of Evolution’ is not consistent with Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance and Variation. The Unit Character called ‘GENE’ conserves its identity during the process of reproduction which could be either ‘Inbreeding’, or ‘Interbreeding’. A species is always known by its reproductive history for the Unit Characters or Genes get propagated to the next generation during both inbreeding and interbreeding process.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL(1822-1884), THE FATHER OF GENETICS . AT THE AUGUSTINIAN MONASTERY IN BRNO(1843-1868), HE CONDUCTED OVER 29,000 BREEDING EXPERIMENTS CHIEFLY ON GARDEN PEAS(PISUM SATIVUM).
Gregor Johann Mendel(1822-1884), Austrian monk noted for his experimental work on Heredity. At the Augustinian monastery in Brno(1843-1868) he conducted experiments chiefly on Garden Peas(Pisum sativum) using a controlled pollination technique and a careful statistical analysis of his results. He produced the first accurate and scientific explanation of ‘Hybridization’. Some evolutionary geneticists and evolutionary anthropology scholars have shared opinions claiming that the ‘hybridization’ of unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens with other species of the genus Homo such as Neanderthals, and Denisova hominids may have resulted in production of anatomically modern humans(Homo sapiens sapiens). Their views on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. The hypothesis of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans is fundamentally inconsistent with the Laws of Inheritance discovered by Mendel. If modern man is a product of Hybridization, the present, surviving human population would include a few surviving members of Neanderthals, Denisova, and other ancestral hominids who successfully reproduced with an unknown, ancestral Homo sapiens species which got transformed into ‘HAM’ humans.
THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DIPLOID SET OF HUMAN CHROMOSOMES AND HUMAN GENOTYPE . MAN REPRODUCES AND FURTHER PROPAGATES HIS CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS AND THE LAW OF NATURAL GENERATION . HUMAN OFFSPRING WILL ALWAYS BE OF THE SAME SPECIES AS THE PARENT ORGANISM . THE TERM GENOME DESCRIBES THE SET OF GENES CHARACTERISTIC OF EACH SPECIES .
The term ‘Generation’ means to produce offspring. The term ‘Propagation’ means to transmit hereditary characteristics by reproduction. The Law of Biogenesis states the Principle that living organisms originate only from other living organisms closely similar to themselves. It is ‘The Law of Like Generating Like’. A species always breeds true to its own species. Its members always generate organisms which are classified as belonging to the same species, however much they vary among themselves as individuals within the group. The sub-groups, the races, or varieties of species are able to breed with one another, but diverse species cannot interbreed. By the Law of Natural Generation, offspring will always be of the same species as the parent organism. Hence, species is self-perpetuating and maintain stability of all other groupings like the genera, phyla, and families which remain as fixed from generation to generation. In Plant and Animal Kingdom, a species distinguishes itself by its ability to maintain its stability from generation to generation. The Mendelian System of Heredity states that an inherited characteristic is determined by the combination of two hereditary units(now called genes), one from each of the parental reproductive cells or gametes(Sperm and Egg Cell). The term genome describes the complete haploid set of chromosomes of a sexually reproducing organism normally occurring in mature germ cell called egg or sperm. This number of chromosomes is characteristic of each species. Every human being arrives on planet Earth with an original, unique, distinctive, and one of its own kind of genome that has never, ever existed in the past, and would never exist again in the future. Sexual reproduction is a creative process which involves a type of cell division called ‘MEIOSIS’ that results in production of Sperm or Egg Cell. Fertilization of egg cell by sperm always creates a new kind of genome while the number of chromosomes(Diploid set) that is the chief attribute of species is held constant.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN BIRTH REQUIRES THE UNION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS, ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES (SPERM AND EGG CELL) . MEIOSIS OR HAPLOID DIVISION IS A HIGHLY CREATIVE PROCESS AS IT GENERATES A UNIQUE , ORIGINAL, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME, A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES WHILE THE DIPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES AFTER FERTILIZATION OR CONCEPTION IS CONSTANT .
THE ORIGIN OR THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS:
To explain the Origin of Man, The Beginning of Man on the basis of Darwinism, demands presence of two, identical, rare, mutant individuals(a male, and a female) to produce offspring and to establish an entirely new, modern human population in all geographical regions of the Old World. About 10, 000 years ago, modern humans may have shared the planet with a few surviving members of Neanderthals and other hominid species. Techniques of DNA extraction and genomic sequencing have advanced and find application in the understanding of the genus Homo. The claims about Hybridization of archaic humans such as Neanderthals with Homo sapiens finds support from DNA studies of the current, members of human population as compared to DNA sequences extracted from Neanderthal fossils. But those shared genetic traits are not of major significance and do not account for the morphological appearance of either Neanderthal or modern man. At the same time, it may be noted that 30 – 35, 000 years ago, Neanderthals disappeared from the fossil record. Similarly, Hominid Denisova, discovered in Altai Mountains, Southern Siberia lived 41, 000 years ago. Homo sapiens floresiensis(Flores Man) of Indonesia suddenly disappeared 12, 000 years ago. Hominid Red Deer discovered in China lived 14.5 to 11.5 thousand years ago. To make a credible claim about interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, we need to demonstrate presence of traits characteristic of Homo sapiens in the DNA extracted from Neanderthal fossil specimens. It will be correct to claim that from Holocene Epoch or Series, approximately for the last 10, 000 years, modern humans constitute the only surviving members of the Hominid Family found on planet Earth.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY CAN EASILY ESTABLISH THE FACT THAT THIS HUMAN BABY HAS TWO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN PARENTS . EVERY BABY ARRIVES WITH ORIGINAL, UNIQUE, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN KIND OF GENOME( A COMPLETE HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOMES, OR 23 CHROMOSOMES FROM EACH PARENT) THAT NEVER EXISTED IN THE PAST AND WILL NEVER EXIST AGAIN IN FUTURE WHILE ALL HUMANS ARE BORN WITH A DIPLOID SET THAT HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES .
Charles Darwin uses the term species to signify “a set of individuals closely resembling each other” – a class of plants or animals having certain characteristics. The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon(1707-1788) in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle General et Particuliere, 44 Volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. Two individual animals or plants are of the same species if they can produce fertile offspring. According to Buffon, a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon opened the way to development of Paleontology to discover lost species. The status of Anatomically Modern Humans as a distinct species is verified as human populations consist of members that are genetically similar, interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals that share the same collection of inherited characteristics, whose combination is unique to our species. Diverse species cannot interbreed. Organisms different in species cannot reproduce productively and if crossbred, like the horse and the ass, they produce a sterile hybrid like the mule. Hybrid is the term for the offspring of a cross between two different subspecies or species. In Genetics, hybrid is the term for the offspring of parents differing in any genetic characteristic.Interbreeding or Hybridization means to produce offspring by crossing two individuals of unlike genetic constitution. The offspring of different races, varieties, species, etc., are called ‘hybrids’. If Neanderthal is one of the parents of Anatomically Modern Humans, identity of the second Hominid parent has to be ascertained, and the characteristics of that parent are accounted for using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. The social and cultural behavior of anatomically modern man consistently displays a tendency that prefers and encourages ‘inbreeding’. The prevailing social and cultural norms of human society in general tend to oppose sexual behavior that may be identified as ‘interbreeding’. In selection of a mate for breeding, anatomically modern man prefers an individual who closely resembles the members of his/her own stock.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : A SPECIES IS RECOGNIZED BY ITS HISTORY OF PROPAGATION . MULE, A PRODUCT OF CROSSBREEDING , OR HYBRIDIZATION CANNOT FURTHER REPRODUCE PRODUCTIVELY WITH OTHER MULES, OR WITH HORSE , OR ASS FOR IT IS BORN STERILE . HYBRIDIZATION WILL NOT HELP TO TRANSFORM A SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES IF ITS PARENTS BELONG TO DIFFERENT SPECIES .
The concept of Hybridized Anatomically Modern(HAM) humans cannot be verified in absence of any surviving members of Neanderthal, Denisova, or other Hominid population with whom modern man may have reproduced about 10, 000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : IT WILL BE IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS ARE NOT HEREDITARY AND THERE IS NO INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MENDEL DEMONSTRATED INHERITANCE PATTERNS THROUGH BREEDING EXPERIMENTATION. THE IMAGE SHOWS SOME OF THE HEREDITARY TRAITS OR CHARACTERS INVESTIGATED BY MENDEL WHILE EXPERIMENTING ON GARDEN PEA PLANTS WITH WHITE OR VIOLET FLOWERS.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FOR UNIT CHARACTERS NAMED R(DOMINANT), r(RECESSIVE), Y(DOMINANT), AND y(RECESSIVE), THE DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE OPERATION OF MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY STATES THAN AN INHERITED CHARACTERISTIC IS DETERMINED BY THE COMBINATION OF TWO HEREDITARY UNITS( NOW CALLED GENES ), ONE FROM EACH OF THE PARENTAL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AS PER THE MENDELIAN SYSTEM OF HEREDITY , IF MODERN HUMANS INTERBREED WITH NEANDERTHALS , IN EACH GENERATION OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED , THREE INDIVIDUALS COULD BE MODERN HUMANS ( DOMINANT TRAIT ) AND ONE INDIVIDUAL WOULD BE NEANDERTHAL ( RECESSIVE TRAIT ). SUCH INTERBREEDING WOULD IN REALITY SAVE NEANDERTHAL POPULATION FROM TOTAL EXTINCTION .
Mendel demonstrated the inheritance patterns through breeding experimentations. He discovered in 1866 hereditary factors or “genes” whose existence he deduced without seeing them. Mendel’s statistical analysis of his data provided the mathematical basis for modern Genetics. There are four principles of hereditary phenomenon discovered and formulated by Mendel :
1. The Law of Independent Unit Characters which states that characters such as height, color, etc., are inherited separately as Units,
2. The Law of Segregation which states that body cells and primordial germ cells contain pairs of such Unit Characters and that when gametes(Sperm or Egg Cell) are produced, each gamete receives only one member of each such pair,
3. The Law of Dominance which states that in every individual there is a pair of determining factors for each Unit Character, one from each parent, if these factors are different(heterozygous), one Character( the Dominant) appears in the organism, the other( Recessive) being latent; the Recessive Character can appear in the organism only when the Dominant is absent; hence in all crossbred generations, Unit Characters are shown in varying combinations, each appearing in a definite proportion of the total number of offspring, and
4. The Law of Independent Assortment which states that any one pair of Characters is inherited independently, not withstanding the simultaneous transmission of other traits. This Law is modified by the discovery of Linkage and Pleiotropy. Linkage describes the tendency of some genes to remain together and act as a Unit or Linkage Group. In Inheritance, the Linkage Group of genes are generally found in the same chromosome. Pleiotropy is the condition in which a single gene exerts simultaneous effects on more than one character in the offspring.
ABOUT GENETICS AND THE CONSTANCY OF GENETIC CODE :
Genetics is an important aspect of many areas of Biology. Genetics helps in the study and identification of specific types of organisms; research in Molecular Genetics involves studies on chemical structure and functions of genes at molecular level; Cyto Genetics studies location of genetic material in cells and the role of genes in cell division; Developmental Genetics studies the genetic function in embryological phenomena; Behavior Genetics studies the role of gene in regulating behavior; Population Genetics studies genetics in relation to the “evolutionary” process. Medical Genetics involves application of genetic principles to the practice of Medicine such as the study of inheritance of diseases in families. Genetic factors cause many health disorders affecting man. Some human diseases are entirely genetic in origin and environmental factors play little if any part. This group of genetic disorders includes chromosomal abnormalities, and so-called “Unifactorial Disorders” which are due to single gene defects or Mendelian factors. There are over 3 thousand of such unifactorial disorders. The mode of inheritance of such disorders is straight forward and follows Mendelian Principles. Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance have their practical applications in Medical Genetics. However, the use of Mendel’s Principles in Population Genetics to verify The Theory of Evolution is highly controversial because of the speculative postulates about transformation of old species into a new species . Several single-celled Blue-Green algae, plankton, microbes, viruses, protozoans, insects, crocodiles, turtles, sharks and other organisms are known to be existing upon Earth from billions to several millions of years. The unchanging genetic code in all past and present members of these long-lived species permit the genes to have the same effects on their carriers from generation to generation. Because of constancy of the genetic code, we can identify existence of individual species which maintain their species-specific traits as per Mendelian Principles. There are numerous kinds of longest living species on Earth and their identification is possible because of their genetic codes have essentially remained unchanged.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE . BLUE-GREEN ALGAE, CYANOBACTERIA MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS SINCE PRECAMBRIAN TIME, 3,800 TO 700 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPONGES ARE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF THE PHYLUM PORIFERA . SPONGES ARE AMONG THE LONGEST LIVING ANIMAL SPECIES OF EARTH . THEY APPEARED IN CAMBRIAN PERIOD ABOUT 570 MILLION YEARS AGO . ANTARCTIC SPONGE CAN LIVE FOR CENTURIES . OLDEST KNOWN SPONGE ESTIMATED AGE 1, 550 YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE PERMIT THE GENES TO HAVE THE SAME EFFECTS ON THEIR CARRIERS FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION . AMERICAN COCKROACH IS EXISTING ON EARTH BASICALLY UNCHANGED FOR 300 MILLION YEARS . MOST ABUNDANT DURING THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD DURING WHICH A VARIETY OF INSECTS APPEARED .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARCTICA ISLANDICA . OCEAN QUAHOG OR CLAM . MOLLUSKS ARE ORGANISMS WITH SHELLS DATE BACK TO THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD, 500 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE CONSTANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE GIVES THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE EXISTENCE OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES WHICH MAINTAIN THEIR SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRAITS . OVER 350 MILLION YEARS, SINCE THE END OF DEVONIAN PERIOD SHARKS HAVE MAINTAINED THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SPHENODON TUATARA . THIS LIZARDLIKE REPTILE OF NEW ZEALAND IS KNOWN AS A LIVING FOSSIL . THIS SPECIES IS IN EXISTENCE FOR ABOUT 200-225 MILLION YEARS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : BASED UPON THEIR UNIQUE GENETIC CODES, ORGANISMS ARE KNOWN TO BE EXISTING UPON EARTH FOR SEVERAL MILLIONS OF YEARS . CROCODILES LIVED ALONG WITH DINOSAURS . ORIGINATED DURING THE LATE TRIASSIC PERIOD 200 MILLION YEARS AGO .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN OF THE GENETIC CODE IS UNKNOWN . THE VAST MAJORITY OF ORGANISMS BREED WITH OTHER MEMBERS OF THEIR OWN SPECIES PROPAGATING THEIR OWN UNIQUE GENETIC CODES . WE KNOW ABOUT LONG-LIVED ORGANISMS LIKE SEA TURTLES BECAUSE OF THE CONSTANCY OF THEIR GENETIC CODES . TURTLES ARE IN EXISTENCE FROM THE TRIASSIC PERIOD, 200 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ALASKA BOWHEAD WHALE . WHALES ORIGINATED IN THE EARLY TERTIARY OR UPPER CRETACEOUS ABOUT 70 MILLION YEARS AGO.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MONOTREMES . DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS ORNITHO RHYNCHUS ANATINUS IS A SPECIES SURVIVING SINCE AUSTRALIAN PLEISTOCENE ABOUT 2 MILLION YEARS AGO.
While describing Genetics as the area of Biology concerned with the study of inheritance, the process by which certain characteristics or traits of organisms are handed down from parent to offspring, I would like to suggest that a creative mechanism, a creative process or a creative operation could be at work when Genetics accounts for variations in similar or related animals and plants. I would like to emphasize the fact of all organisms existing as Individuals with Individuality. In Nature, living things have no choice other than that of existence as Individuals with Individuality. Even a mob of genetically identical(“CLONES”) colony of bacteria of E. coli are experimentally proved to behave as Individuals with Individuality.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DOUBLE – HELIX DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID OR DNA IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, THE STRUCTURES FOUND INSIDE THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS. THE DNA MOLECULE ALWAYS EXHIBITS INDIVIDUALISTIC VARIATION IN ITS BEHAVIOR .
In higher organisms with cells that contain a Nucleus, the genetic material called DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is carried by structures known as Chromosomes in the Nucleus, and the cytoplasmic structures known as Mitochondria. The genetic material called RNA(ribonucleic acid) is found in the Nucleolus(present inside the Nucleus) and structures called Ribosomes found in the Cytoplasm.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CELL IS THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF LIVING THINGS . THE UNITS OF INHERITANCE ARE KNOWN AS GENES. THE GENES ARE FOUND INSIDE CHROMOSOMES THAT ARE PRESENT IN THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS . DNA, IS FOUND IN CHROMOSOMES, MITOCHONDRIA, AND RNA IS FOUND IN THE NUCLEOLUS AND RIBOSOMES .
The Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis present in the Cytoplasm. DNA interacts with ‘transfer RNA'(t-RNA), ‘Messenger RNA'(m-RNA), and Ribosomal RNA in the process of protein synthesis. The Chromosome is divided into Units called Genes. Each Gene is responsible for a particular trait and hence Gene is the Unit of inheritance. The term ‘allele’ describes either of a pair of genes at the same position on both members of a pair of chromosomes and conveying traits that are inherited by Mendelian Laws.There could be small chemical differences in genes that are expressed as different versions of the same trait (‘alleles’). Each gene is responsible for the manufacture of a particular protein which is involved in development of a trait associated with it. Each chromosome of each species of higher organisms has a definite number and arrangement of genes which govern the structure and functions of the cells. It is important to note that, while genes are located inside the Nucleus of the cell, the actual protein synthesis occurs in structures called Ribosomes present in the Cytoplasm outside the Nucleus. While we appreciate the role of genes as Units of Inheritance, we should give equal importance to the Living Substance, the Living Material, or the Living Matter called Cytoplasm that is found inside the living cells, outside the Nucleus of the cell. There are basically three classes of Genes: 1. Structural genes which determine the sequences of amino acids that go to makeup proteins or the smaller chain of molecules known as polypeptides, 2. Coding genes which specify molecules that function in the processes involved in protein synthesis, and 3. Regulatory genes which are called Noncoding genes for they act solely as “Recognition” sites for enzymes and other proteins involved in controlling protein synthesis.
THE GENETIC CODE AND THE ROLE OF MUTATIONS:
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GENETIC CODE DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMPOSITION OF DNA AND THAT OF PROTEINS PRODUCED BY GENES .
The Genetic Code describes the relationship between composition of DNA and that of proteins produced by genes. Genetic Code is the chemical equation by which hereditary information is translated from genes into proteins. Changes in the genetic code are called Mutations. Mutations can cause a change in protein synthesis. In higher organisms, when mutation involves the germ-line cells that eventually develop into sperm or egg cells, the mutation and its consequence of altered protein synthesis is inherited by offspring. A mutation can be minor and relatively insignificant, or it can cause serious deformity or metabolic deficiency in the organism. Most mutations tend to be harmful. Fortunately, a typical gene in higher organisms is segmented and the entire genetic information of a gene is not contained in a single, unbroken strand of DNA molecule. The value of having the genetic code in segments is to reduce the chances of mutations causing harmful changes in protein synthesis. Certain self-repair mechanisms also exist to deal with the damage done to DNA. Very often, the damaged DNA is repaired or the cell carrying the damaged DNA is killed and destroyed. For this reason, it is important to recognize the simple fact of DNA damage associated with mutations irrespective of its cause. The Theory of Evolution proposes that random, unguided, and apparently purposeless mutations lead to gradual changes in a species and eventually lead to its descent as a new species. As per the Theory of Evolution, mutations may bring about three kinds of changes; 1. Changes in the morphological appearance of an organism, 2. Changes in the skeletal and other anatomical structures of an organism, and 3. Changes in the behavior displayed by an organism.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MUSCLE TWITCH IN FROG MUSCLE EXPERIMENT . MUTATIONS CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR GUIDED, SEQUENTIAL, AND PURPOSEFUL NATURE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS WHICH HAVE SEVERAL CREATIVE APPLICATIONS IN THE NATURAL WORLD .
In higher organisms, the cells are differentiated to perform special functions. For example, muscle cells have ability of contraction. This physiological function of contraction is easily demonstrated by applying an electrical stimulus to muscle as done in Muscle Twitch in Frog Experiment. Animals have different abilities of locomotion; some crawl or creep, or slide on a surface, some swim, or move in water, some fly or glide in air, and others walk, run, climb, and swing in a variety of amazing manners. Whatever may be the mode of locomotion, all animal muscle cells display the same physiological function of contraction. While the physiology remains the same, the muscles of each animal species display individualistic functional characteristics. For mutations are random, unguided, and purposeless, they cannot account for guided, sequential and purposeful nature of muscle contractions which have several creative applications in the natural world.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE AND OTHER APES HAVE 48 CHROMOSOMES WHEREAS MAN HAS ONLY 46 CHROMOSOMES . CHROMOSOMES 2 a AND 2 b FOUND IN APES ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION THAT CAN FUSE CHROMOSOME 2 a AND 2 b TO ASSEMBLE CHROMOSOME # 2 FOUND IN MAN .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : WHAT IS GENETIC DRIFT ???? CAN IT ACCOUNT FOR THE ARRIVAL OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS ??? CAN WE EXPLAIN MAN AS A PRODUCT OF HYBRIDIZATION AND THE PHENOMENON CALLED GENETIC DRIFT ????
In ‘Evolution’ the term ‘Genetic Drift is used to describe a random change in gene frequency within a small population, resulting in mutations which regardless of their adaptive value, become fixed within the group. Variations in diet, variations in physical activity, variations in reproductive behavior, and variations in external environmental conditions may contribute to minor variations in ‘allele’ frequencies without transforming an old species into a new species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND THE MISSING LINK :
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : TAXONOMY IS A BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT FORMULATES THE BASIS FOR SYSTEMATIC CATEGORIZATION OF ORGANISMS INTO CATEGORIES SUCH AS PHYLUM(OR DIVISION), CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, SUB-FAMILY, GENUS, AND SPECIES . WITHIN THE GENUS HOMO SAPIENS, ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN IS UNIQUE, AND DISTINCT FOR HUMAN NATURE STANDS BY ITSELF .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHIMPANZEE IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . CHIMPANZEES ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MOUNTAIN GORILLA IS NOT THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMAL . GORILLAS ARE NATIVE TO AFRICA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NO EXTINCT OR LIVING SPECIES IS ABLE TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN MODERN MAN(HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS) AND HIS NEAREST ALLIES AMONG HOMINID FAMILY . WHO IS THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMALS LIKE CHIMPANZEE AND GORILLA ????
The above image reveals a fundamental problem faced by Darwinism when it attempts to account for Human Evolution. No extinct or living species is able to bridge the gap between modern man(Homo sapiens sapiens) and his nearest allies among Hominid Family and other Primates such as Chimpanzee and Gorilla.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SOME EVOLUTIONARY GENTICISTS CLAIM THAT MODERN HUMANS HAVE DESCENDED BY INTERBREEDING AND REPRODUCING WITH OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS HOMO . INTERBREEDING OR INBREEDING CANNOT TRANSFORM AN OLD SPECIES INTO A NEW SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL MECHANISM, NO NATURAL PROCESS, NO NATURAL CONDITION, OR NATURAL CAUSE THAT CAN TRANSFORM NEANDERTHAL SPECIES INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS. ANATOMICAL TRAITS PECULIAR TO NEANDERTHALS WILL NOT BE WIPED OUT BY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : DENISOVA HOMINIDS DISCOVERED IN DENISOVA CAVE , ALTAI MOUNTAINS , SOUTHERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA . DENISOVA MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHALS AS COMPARED TO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . THEY LIVED 41, 000 YEARS AGO . CAN ONLY BREED TRUE TO THEIR OWN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : ARTISTIC RENDITION OF DENISOVA CHILD . DNA EXTRACTED FROM A FRAGMENT OF PHALANX OF HAND AND A MOLAR (TOOTH). THIS DENISOVA GIRL IN APPEARANCE IS MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTHAL THAN TO MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHALS LIVED FOR ABOUT 300, 000 YEARS . NEANDERTHAL BELONGS TO MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . NEANDERTHAL HAD A PRECISION GRIP SIMILAR TO THAT OF MODERN HUMANS BUT DID NOT DISPLAY WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : NEANDERTHAL HAD POWER GRIP AND PRECISION GRIP LIKE ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS . BUT HIS ANATOMICAL TRAITS WERE NOT ENOUGH FOR HIM TO ADVANCE INTO MESOLITHIC PERIOD OF OLD STONE AGE . THIS SPECIES LIVED FOR A LONG TIME WITHOUT THE POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP WRITING SKILLS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS NICKNAMED “TOUMAI.”
NATURAL HISTORY OF HOMINID FAMILY :
Senckenberg Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Germany prepared replicas of Hominid species using the fossils discovered at different geographical locations. Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived 6.8 million years ago. It is one of the oldest Hominid specimens, found in 2003 in Djurab desert in Chad, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS, AFRICAN HOMINID LIVED 3.2 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus afarensis discovered in Afar region of Ethiopia, Africa in 1975. This Hominid lived 3.2 million years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMINID AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Australopithecus africanus ,this Hominid replica nicknamed “Mrs Ples” lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered in 1947, at Sterfontein, South Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS AETHIOPICUS LIVED 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus aethiopicus lived 2.5 million years ago. Discovered near Lake Turkana in Kenya, Africa, in 1985.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PARANTHROPUS BOISEI LIVED 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Paranthropus boisei, nicknamed “Zinz” lived 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1959 in the Olduvai Gorge of Tanzania, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO RUDOLFENSIS LIVED ABOUT 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo Rudolfensis lived about 1.8 million years ago. Discovered in 1972 in Koobi Fora, Kenya, Africa.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER . LIVED ABOUT 1.5 MILLION YEARS AGO. NICKNAMED “TURKANA BOY.”
“TURKANA BOY” Homo ergaster lived about 1.5 million years ago. Initially thought to be an important “missing link” in Human Evolution.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERGASTER IS RELATED TO HOMO ERECTUS SPECIES THAT LIVED IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA FROM ABOUT 1.89 MILLION YEARS AGO .
In Africa, Homo ergaster and Homo erectus are viewed as relatives and thought to be the ancestral forms of later Hominids such as Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. But, African Homo erectus is not related to Asian species of Homo erectus like Java Man, and Peking Man.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS(AFRICA), ERECT MAN, VERTICAL GAIT, LIVED ABOUT 1.8 TO 0.3 MILLION YEARS AGO .
Homo erectus of Africa had prominent brow ridges, projecting face, and a brain volume of about a litre as compared to modern man’s average brain volume of about 1,360 cubic centimetres. Some evolutionary biologists suggested that Homo erectus migrated to Asia, and Southern Europe.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS ALSO NAMED HOMO RHODESIENSIS LIVED ABOUT 500, 000 TO 350, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo heidelbergensis or Homo rhodesiensis. This replica is made from the fossils found in Sima de los Huesos, Spain in 1993. He lived about 500,000 to 350,000 years ago. Fossils also found in other places like Italy, France, and Greece. Homo sapiens may have appeared 300,000 years ago. Heidelbergensis could be the ancestor of Neanderthals which is often described as a subspecies of Sapiens species.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS, HOMINID THAT LIVED 1.5 MILLION TO 300, 000 YEARS AGO.
Homo erectus lived 1, 500, 000 to 300, 000 years ago. Homo erectus discovered in Republic of Georgia, China, and Indonesia lived until about 70,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION PILTDOWN MAN OF SUSSEX, ENGLAND. HOMINID SPECIES OF THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OR OLD STONE AGE .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS , HOMO ERECTUS . THE REPLICA OF “JAVA MAN.”
Pithecanthropus, “JAVA MAN” discovered in 1891 could be the first to use fire. He used stone tools and belongs to the Lower Pleistocene Period.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : RHODESIAN MAN HAD A BRAIN LARGER THAN THAT OF MODERN HUMANS.
It could be of interest to note that Rhodesian Man( Heidelberg Man – Germany) had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, a chinless jaw, a brain larger than that of modern man. The height was about five feet(152 cm) or slightly over.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO ERECTUS PEKINENSIS . SINANTHROPUS OR PEKING MAN .
Sinanthropus, Homo erectus pekinensis, or PEKING MAN belonged to the Middle Pleistocene.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS . THIS REPLICA IS NICKNAMED “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE .” HE LIVED 56, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived 56,000 years ago. The above is the replica nicknamed “OLD MAN OF LA CHAPELLE” found near La Chapelle aux-Saints in France in 1908.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS . NICKNAMED “HOBBIT. ” LIVED ABOUT 18, 000 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens floresiensis, the FLORES MAN discovered in Liang Bua Cave, Flores, Indonesia in 2003. Lived about 18,000 years ago.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS – FLORES MAN OF INDONESIA .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : FLORES MAN . HOMO SAPIENS FLORESIENSIS. IT COULD BE OF INTEREST TO NOTE THAT FLORES MAN WAS ONLY ABOUT 3 FEET IN HEIGHT. Initially thought to be a subspecies of Sapiens and now considered as a separate species. This Hominid species disappeared without any trace for unknown reasons.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS. LIVED BETWEEN 100, 000 TO 90, 000 YEARS AGO BUT NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
The above is a replica of Homo sapiens found in a cave in Israel in 1969. He lived between 100,000 to 90, 000 years ago. It is important to note that it is not representative of true, modern humans called Homo sapiens sapiens.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU . IDALTU MAN LIVED ABOUT 160, 000 YEARS AGO . NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU OR “HERTO MAN ” DISCOVERED IN 1997 AT HERTO, ETHIOPIA , AFRICA .
Homo sapiens idaltu lived about 160, 000 years ago in Pleistocene Period(Middle Paleolithic), in Ethiopia, Africa, may mark the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens, making distinction between Homo erectus species and Homo sapiens species. They were at the threshold of modern anatomy but not fully modern humans.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HOMO SAPIENS RED DEER , SOUTHERN CHINA LIVED 11, 500 TO 14, 500 YEARS AGO .
Homo sapiens Red Deer represents “Red Deer Cave” people who lived 11, 500 to 14, 500 years ago in Maludong, Yunnan Province, Southern China. Red Deer Man had high domed braincase, small eyebrow ridges, lower jaw ended in a prominent chin, with a body less muscular than those of earlier Hominids.
THE ORIGIN OF MAN – MONOGENISM VS POLYGENISM :
The term “RACE” is used to describe any of the different varieties or populations of human beings distinguished by physical traits such as hair, eyes, skin color, shape of body, head, facial features, and blood groups. These characteristics are transmitted by heredity but they are highly variable; not every member of a race will exhibit all distinguishing traits. It is apparent to claim that races arose in response to inbreeding. Across majority of human cultures prevalent in Old World, inbreeding is the established cultural norm. In his ‘Systema Naturae'(1735) Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist, gave a very precise description of man placing him among the Mammals in the order of Primates along the apes and the bat. Linnaeus presented a summary of the diverse varieties of human species. He described varieties such as The Asian, The African, and The European. Linnaeus created a system of classification that depended only on external characteristics to place objects into a rational set of categories.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN VARIETIES OR RACES AROSE IN RESPONSE TO INBREEDING . CAROLUS LINNAEUS DESCRIBED HUMAN VARIETIES SUCH AS THE ASIAN, THE AFRICAN, AND THE EUROPEAN .
The French naturalist George Louis Leclerc comte de Buffon in his monumental compendium on Natural History(Histoire Naturelle general et particuliere, 44 volumes, 1749-1804) described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. He held the view that a species is known only through the history of its propagation. Buffon claimed that it is absurd to use the same principles for classifying living and nonliving things. Most important, apes and other animals lack the ability to speak. Buffon saw the rise of human intelligence as a product of development of an articulated language. For animals may lack the ability to attach meaning to their articulated sounds, human language can be used as a basis to define human species and its varieties. Monogenism is the theory that all human beings are descended from a single pair of ancestors. Polygenism is the theory that each race of people has descended from distinct, ultimate ancestors and hence asserts that races are created separately. If anatomically modern humans are products of interbreeding between different Hominid Family members, it would be difficult to suggest that hybridized humans stopped interbreeding and preferred inbreeding to establish the races or varieties that can be observed today. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach(1752-1840), Father of Physical Anthropology known for his work ‘De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa(1775-76), did his research in measurement of craniums. He divided mankind into five great families – Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, and Ethiopian. Physical anthropologists initially described three primary divisions of people, 1. Caucasoid, 2. Mongoloid, and 3. Negroid. Thomas Huxley in his paper titled “On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind” (1870) described racial varieties such as 1. Bushmen, 2. Africoid, 3. Negritoes, 4. Melanochroi, 5. Australoids, 6. Xanthochroi, 7. Polynesians, 8. Mongoloids A, B, & C, and 9. Esquimaux. Today, some anthropologists entirely reject the concept of “RACE.” The apparent variations among members of human population have to be explained using Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance which alone can account for breeding behavioral patterns.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ORIGIN AND THE EXTINCTION OF DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF HOMINID SPECIES CANNOT BE ACCOUNTED ON THE BASIS OF NATURAL CAUSES, NATURAL MECHANISMS , OR NATURAL CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE LIFE AND DEATH OF LIVING ORGANISMS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE : JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH(1752-1840), FATHER OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY DIVIDED MANKIND INTO FIVE GREAT FAMILIES – CAUCASIAN, MONGOLIAN, MALAYAN, AND ETHIOPIAN .
CHARLES DARWIN – DARWINISM – THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859):
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1892) . HIS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDE THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859), AND THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871).
Charles Darwin claimed that new species originate in the course of time. In his view, one species is transformed into another as a product of ‘Natural Selection’ of randomly produced genetic mutations. He formulated an opinion about the factors or circumstances under which some forms of life cease to have the status of species or become extinct. Darwin states, “The Origin of Species, like their extinction, is entirely a natural process which requires no factors other than those at work everyday in the life, death, and breeding of plants and animals.” To make transition from an old species to a new species, certain intermediate forms become extinct combined with the survival of one or more of the extreme varieties. Darwin further attests, “If my theory be true, numberless intermediate varieties, linking closely together all the species of the same group, must assuredly have existed, but the very process of natural selection constantly tends as has been so often remarked to exterminate the parent forms and the intermediate links.” As per Darwin’s analysis, anatomically modern human species may have to be viewed as a variety of one of the Hominid species that simply survived while this ancestral species and all other Hominid species perished towards the end of Pleistocene(Ice Age).
Darwin’s theory of ‘The Origin of Species’ depends on causes that can be divided into two sets of factors:
1. Mechanism of Survival that includes causes or factors which determine the extinction or survival of organisms, and with their survival, their opportunities for mating and reproduction, and
2. Mechanism of Heredity that includes causes or factors which determine transmission of characteristics from one generation to another and variation of offspring from their ancestors and from each other.
In Darwin’s estimate, the factors of ‘Natural Selection’ operate on genetic variations that cause a range of differences within a group. At the same time it may be noted that the variations generated in the breeding process are never enough to change the basic criteria applied in identification of any given species. For perpetuation of group characteristics in organisms which manage to survive and reproduce, inheritance of ancestral traits is of utmost importance. Darwin’s view on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Mendel’s classic experiments in Hybridization. According to Mendel, inheritance is particulate. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without losing their separate identities. They can therefore be reassorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. If anatomically modern human species appeared suddenly due to abrupt mutations in a single generation of as yet unknown Hominid species, it will not validate Darwin’s view that new forms of life arise gradually as the result of a continuous accumulation of slight and imperceptible variations. According to Darwin, environment acts as a selective agency and it acts upon variations produced entirely by causes operating in the breeding process. During the period of the Great Ice Age, Pleistocene Series or Epoch, 1.8 million to 10, 000 years ago, 28 percent of Earth’s land area was covered by ice. Continental glaciers covered much of N. North America and NW Europe. Holocene Epoch or Series that began 10, 000 years ago witnessed a dramatic change in land area that is covered by ice. Now, about 10 percent of land area is covered by ice and continental glaciers are restricted to Antarctica and Greenland. In other words, areas of Earth’s surface have become more hospitable for all kinds of Hominid population. There was no geographical catastrophe and there was no environmental change of cataclysmic proportion with serious consequences for the survival of any variety of Hominid species. To adapt to changed environment was easy, food supply became abundant and there is nothing to suggest that Hominid Family members were preying upon one another in a bitter struggle of existence.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY WILL DEMOLISH DARWINISM :
According to Geologic Time Chart which records the physical nature and history of planet Earth, we are living in the Cenozoic Era the beginning of which was marked by the K-T extinction. Most of the major and minor extinction events were the result of causes that are not natural to Earth or terrestrial factors. The exposure of living things to consequences such as collisions with asteroids, comets, or exposure to ionizing radiation do not belong to a category of circumstances that can be called ‘natural’. I would prefer to use the term ‘supernatural’ to describe extinction events initiated by extraterrestrial factors. The origin, the beginning, appearance of anatomically modern man during Holocene Epoch or Series has no natural cause. No natural condition, no natural factor, no natural mechanism, no natural process and no natural event can alter the shape and size of man’s cranium. Inbreeding, or interbreeding do not change genes, the Units of Inheritance. The sudden, and abrupt change in man’s form and morphological appearance is not due to imperceptible changes and genetic variations that accumulated over a prolonged period of time. If skeletal structures undergo a change due to mutations caused by external factors like climate, physical activity, diet, and opportunities for breeding or reproductive behavior, the skeletal structures of all members of the diverse Hominid Family living at that time have to register a change that affects the germ cells and gets propagated to their offspring as stated by Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. If a natural condition, a natural factor, or a natural cause can account for a mutation in anatomically modern human, I would like to examine the evidence for its operation in other members of Hominid Family such as Neanderthal who lived at the same time.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : LIVING FORMS EMERGED AND DIVERSIFIED IN SUDDEN SPURTS AND WERE ELIMINATED ABRUPTLY IN MAJOR AND MINOR EXTINCTION EVENTS DURING GEOLOGIC PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THERE IS NO NATURAL PROCESS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION EITHER INBREEDING OR INTERBREEDING THAT CAN TRANSFORM ANATOMICAL TRAITS OF NEANDERTHAL INTO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON SKULL . CRO-MAGNON MAN IS NOT CONSIDERED AS A SEPARATE SPECIES OR SUBSPECIES . LIVED 40, 000 TO 35, 000 YEARS AGO .
Cro-Magnon Man lived 40, 000 to 35, 000 years ago. He was discovered in southwestern France in 1868. His height was about 6 feet(180 Cms), had high forehead, short and wide face, developed prominent chin, and large brain. His brain capacity of 1600 cubic centimetres is larger than the average 1,360 cubic centimetres for anatomically modern human species. He belonged to upper paleolithic culture of Old Stone Age whereas anatomically modern human species had established its presence in the Mesolithic Period or Middle Stone Age at the end of the last glacial era about 10, 000 years ago. Anatomically modern human species developed a culture that included gradual domestication of plants and animals, formation of settled communities, use of the bow, development of delicate stone ‘Microliths’, and pottery.
THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN LANGUAGE:
In my view, Human Speech(spoken and written) is the criteria by which the difference between anatomically modern man and other members of Hominid Family is made. Human Language is one of the principal characteristics of the specifically human world. Language is the peculiar possession of human beings. While Neanderthal, and Cro-Magnon Man share certain anatomical and physiological traits possessed by the zoological species identified as human beings, they were not true representatives of Homo sapiens sapiens. In the use of ‘Precision Grip’, both Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon Man fall short of the status called ‘human’. Paleolithic art, paintings, and drawings are not the same as human writing.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : CRO-MAGNON MAN AND PRECISION GRIP . PALEOLITHIC ART IS NOT EQUIVALENT TO HUMAN ARTISTIC EXPRESSION . DRAWINGS AND PAINTINGS ARE NOT THE SAME AS HUMAN WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN PRECISION GRIP . HOMINIDS LIKE NEANDERTHAL HAD ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES THAT GIVE FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES CALLED 1. PRESSURE GRIP, AND 2. PRECISION GRIP . NEUROMUSCULAR COORDINATION BETWEEN BRAIN AND FINGERS CONTRIBUTES TO A CREATIVE ABILITY CALLED WRITING .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION . PALEOLITHIC ART . CAVE PAINTINGS IN N SPAIN AND SW FRANCE . c. 14,000- c. 13,500 B.C. LASCAUX CAVE PAINTINGS – THE AURIGNACIO – PERIGORDIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : PALEOLITHIC ART . MURALS AT ROUFFIGNAC, NIAUX, AND CAVE PAINTINGS OF ALTAMIRA , SPAIN . c. 14,000 – c. 9500 B.C. THE SOLUTREO – MAGDALENIAN PERIOD .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : KUNDA TOOLS , MICROLITHS, c. 10,000 -c.8000 B.C. MESOLITHIC PERIOD OR MIDDLE STONE AGE . THE BEGINNING OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN MAN . HUMANS ARE KNOWN BY THEIR CULTURE .
The reproductive history of modern man does not support Darwinism and its assumptions about breeding . To identify and to recognize man as a zoological species, the yardstick has to be defined as morphological appearances are inadequate. I coined the phrase ‘Whole Linguistics’ to use Human Language as the chief characteristic of human species. Whole Linguistics involves three entities, namely 1. A Language User, 2. A Language Interpreter and 3. A Language Creator. It introduces a concept about the Creative Beginning of Man and his Language.
HUMAN IDENTITY, INDIVIDUALITY, AND THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX:
All said and done, man has no choice about the nature of his physical existence in natural world. Each man without any choice exists as an Individual with Individuality. Man deploys protein molecules called antigens to identify ‘self’ and ‘non-self’. The antigens causing the immune response that results in rejection of a tissue allograft are known as ‘Major Histocompatibility Antigens'(HLA). In man, the Major Histocompatibility Complex(MHC) is the HLA cluster on Chromosome 6. As MHC antigens were originally described on human Leukocytes(White Blood Cells), they are still referred to as Human leukocyte Antigens(HLA). The role of MHC is not limited to transplantation rejection as the proteins encoded in this region are involved in many aspects of immunological recognition and immunity response. The HLA antigens are remarkable for the extensive degree of genetic polymorphism which makes variability between individuals very great . Even among members of human population, most unrelated persons possess different HLA . This antigenic specificity established at molecular level is the evidence for a creative process, a creative mechanism, and a creative principle which determines the Subjective and Objective Physical Reality of Man’s Status in Nature.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN . MAN DEPLOYS UNIQUE PROTEIN MOLECULES TO IDENTIFY SELF AND NON-SELF . HUMAN EXISTENCE AND HUMAN IDENTITY IS DEFINED BY MOLECULES .
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : MAN IS ABLE TO EXIST IN NATURE FOR HE IS ABLE TO DEFEND HIS EXISTENCE BY DEPLOYING MOLECULES THAT CAN MAKE THE RECOGNITION AND DISTINCTION BETWEEN SELF AND NON-SELF.
THE PROOF OF PUDDING IS IN THE EATING :
Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle introduced notion of Form, Nature, or Essence. Plants and animals are derived from seeds that already contain within them the Form, Nature, or Essence of the species from which they were derived and into which they would subsequently develop. To exist as a thing of a given kind, there could be an innate tendency to strive to develop into a perfect example of itself to fulfill its nature and to realize its full potential. In a purposive or teological view of the natural world, each natural thing by its intrinsic nature strives to realize its own ideal Form or Essence. Darwinism proposes a view that explains development of a natural thing in a “mechanistic” and nonpurposive manner. If a new form of life is a product of unguided, random, and purposeless genetic mutations, it will be hard to explain and account for its Form, Nature, and Essence.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION : GREGOR MENDEL CONDUCTED EXPERIMENTS ON GARDEN PEA(PISUM SATIVUM) PLANTS TO DISCOVER THE NATURAL LAWS OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION . I DISCOVER THE ‘MAGIC OF CREATION’ BY SIMPLY TASTING A FEW SWEET PEAS .
All living things define their existence using about 20 Amino Acids. Protein Synthesis involves unique and creative ways of arranging these amino acids into chains called polypeptides. Protein Synthesis is a creative process for the product created by one species has ability to impart unique sensory experience in an unrelated species. Man can distinguish plant and animal proteins by using his organs of sense perception. The creative aspect of protein synthesis is in the taste, smell, flavor, color, texture, and palatability of plant and animal proteins. Man further improves palatability of proteins he consumes by refining his culinary skills.To refute the concept called ‘DARWINISM’, the Proof or Verification is in Eating Sweet Garden Peas and recognizing them from their color, taste, smell, flavor, texture, and palatability. Plants and animals do not use sensory functions like vision, olfaction, and taste in protein synthesis. The sensory experience of man is possible for living things exist with an innate tendency to express their Form, Nature, and Essence. I am asking my readers to contemplate upon supernatural circumstances that may define Form, Nature, and Essence of living things that are not explained by a study of their genes and genetic code.
JANUARY 19, THE CELEBRATION OF EDGAR ALLAN POE. SLEEPLESS IN PARIS SAVED BY EVENING IN PARIS. I AM INVITING READERS TO CONTRIBUTE A ROMANTIC STORY TO PARTICIPATE IN WHOLE ASSIGNMENT TITLED “EVENING IN PARIS.”
I am inviting my readers to contribute a romantic story to participate in a Whole Assignment titled “Evening in Paris.” The story celebrates a fictional Archangel’s memorable trip to Paris to rescue a dame in dire distress.
SLEEPLESS IN PARIS SAVED BY EVENING IN PARIS. A STORY INSPIRED BY EDGAR ALLAN POE’S POEM ‘THE RAVEN’. CAN #ARCHANGEL RESCUE MISS POE POSSESSED BY ‘THE DEVIL’?SLEEPLESS IN PARIS SAVED BY EVENING IN PARIS.: “EVENING IN PARIS” IS THE TITLE FOR A SHORT STORY. MY READERS ARE GIVEN THE WHOLE ASSIGNMENT TO COMPLETE THIS STORY THAT FOLLOWS MY BRIEF INTRODUCTION .I AM POETICALLY INSPIRED BY POEM “THE RAVEN” COMPOSED BY EDGAR ALLAN POE .
Edgar Allan Poe (born. January 19, 1809 – died. October 07, 1849) is one of the most brilliant and original writers in American literature. Poe is part of the American Romantic Movement. His short stories are ingenious and profound. Poe often theorized about the art of writing, as in his essay “The Poetic Principle.” In his view, a poem deserves its title only in as much as it excites by elevating the soul. I find that Poetic Inspiration, and excitement in his poem ‘The Raven’:
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore –
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
“Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door –
Only this and nothing more.”
“The Raven” reminds me of ‘The Devil’, ‘The Satan’, ‘The Evil Spirit’ about which a Canaanite woman asked Jesus to show His mercy and drive the demon that took possession of her daughter. This parable about her great faith is in The Book of Matthew, Chapter 15, verses 21 to 28.
SLEEPLESS IN PARIS SAVED BY EVENING IN PARIS. : EVENING IN PARIS IS A SHORT STORY POETICALLY INSPIRED BY EDGAR ALLAN POE’S POEM “THE RAVEN.” IT IS ABOUT THE DEMON THAT TOOK POSSESSION OF THE YOUNG DAUGHTER OF THIS CANAANITE WOMAN WHO IS PLEADING JESUS TO SHOW HIS MERCY .
The New Testament Book of Matthew, Chapter 15, verse# 22 : “LORD, Son of David, have mercy on me! My daughter is suffering terribly from demon possession.” Both man and woman may become the victims of evil spirits or demons which can keep the mind troubled and prevent the joy or happiness obtained by good sleep. Man or woman need the help of a guardian angel to fight the demon that may trouble their hearts.
Evening In Paris (#EveningInParis) is a short story about a young woman by name Miss. Poe (“Sleepless in Paris”) whose heart is troubled by a ‘Demon’ who keeps her awake all night denying her good sleep.
Just like “Saint Michael” who is prominent in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim traditions, the fictional “Archangel” is a young, handsome man who protects and serves young women by defending their Happiness and Excellence in whatever they do. He trains, instructs, and provides information that lets the young women to achieve excellence in their work performance and ensures happiness in their daily lives. #Archangel provides care and comfort to make sure that the young women get a chance to enjoy good sleep. Our “#Archangel” is the only certified “Whole Kisser” in the entire nation and perhaps in the entire world. “#Archangel” operates a Bedtime Reading Program in which he reads from his book ‘Conscious Capitalism’ and puts the young lady to sleep and delivers a ‘Whole Kiss’ as a blessing. ‘Whole Kiss’ is the most ‘Perfect Kiss’ ever described in entire human literature. Fairy Tales like ‘Sleeping Beauty’, ‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, ‘ Frog Prince’ describe kisses that worked like miracles changing the fortunes of people. But none of those Fairy Tale Kisses come close to ‘Whole Kiss’ in terms of Perfection.
Sleepless in Paris Saved by Evening in Paris. The Magical Power of Kiss.
The Magical Power called Kiss. A tiny Green Frog turns into a handsome Prince when kissed by Princess.
January 19. The celebration of Edgar Allan Poe. SLEEPLESS IN PARIS SAVED BY EVENING IN PARIS.: KISS CAN WORK LIKE A MIRACLE . SNOW WHITE RECOVERS FROM THE EFFECTS OF A DEADLY POISON WHEN PRINCE PLANTED A KISS .SLEEPLESS IN PARIS SAVED BY EVENING IN PARIS. THE MAGICAL POWER OF KISS. SLEEPING BEAUTY WAKES UP FROM A LONG, DEEP SLEEP WHEN PRINCE KISSED HERSleepless in Paris Saved by Evening in Paris. Archangel is a Whole Kisser. The Magical Power of his perfect Kiss can either awaken a person from a long, deep sleep, or can ensure a perfect sleep if the person stays awake or sleepless due to troubled sleep.
Evening in Paris is a short story about a young woman by name Miss. Poe (“Sleepless in Paris”) who is troubled by a Demon and can’t sleep. #Archangel is a certified “Whole Kisser” who knows how to put a young lady to sleep with a Perfect Goodnight Kiss.
Evening In Paris is a short story about “#Archangel’s encounter with a young woman by name Miss. Poe (“Sleepless in Paris”). This encounter happens at Louvre, the French Museum of Art in Paris.
January 19. The celebration of Edgar Allan Poe. SLEEPLESS IN PARIS SAVED BY EVENING IN PARIS. EVENING IN PARIS IS A SHORT STORY ABOUT A YOUNG WOMAN BY NAME MISS.POE (“SLEEPLESS IN PARIS”). SHE ACCIDENTALLY MEETS WITH “#ARCHANGEL” AT LOUVRE, THE FRENCH MUSEUM OF ART IN PARIS.
Evening In Paris is a short story about #Archangel who while visiting Paris, accidentally meets a young woman by name Miss. Poe (“Sleepless in Paris”) at Louvre while viewing the great piece of marble sculpture “The Venus de Milo” by Alexandros of Antioch.
January 19. The celebration of Edgar Allan Poe. SLEEPLESS IN PARIS SAVED BY EVENING IN PARIS. EVENING IN PARIS IS A SHORT STORY ABOUT A YOUNG WOMAN BY NAME MISS. POE(“SLEEPLESS IN PARIS”) WHO ACCIDENTALLY MEETS WITH #ARCHANGEL WHILE VIEWING APHRODITE,THE VENUS OF MILO AT LOUVRE IN PARIS .
Evening In Paris is a short story that narrates the events following the accidental encounter between #Archangel and Miss. Poe (“Sleepless in Paris”) at Louvre while viewing the famous sculpture of Aphrodite. Most interestingly, this story has connection to ‘The Bachelor’ Reality TV Show by ABC. In ‘The Bachelor’ TV Show, a young woman by name Kelsey Poe of Hudsonville, Michigan has competed with 29 other young women to win affection of Bachelor Chris Soules.
Evening In Paris is a short story about Miss. Poe (“Sleepless in Paris”) who is single, restless, and is troubled by a demon who took possession of her mind and would not let her sleep. In ‘The Bachelor’ TV Show, the young woman Kelsey Poe had a panic attack which reveals her mind’s inner anxiety to find love, affection, care, and comfort through a relationship with another person .
Evening In Paris is a short story about Miss. Poe (“Sleepless in Paris”) with a troubled mind and restless heart seeking love and affection. In ‘The Bachelor’ TV Show, Michigan native Kelsey Poe was eliminated in the 6th Episode that followed her panic attack . She had failed to capture the love and affection of Bachelor Chris Soules and went back home to find her destiny.
Evening In Paris is a short story that narrates the events following the accidental encounter between #Archangel and Miss. Poe (“Sleepless in Paris”) at Louvre while viewing the famous sculpture of ‘Aphrodite’.
Evening In Paris is a short story about Miss. Poe (“Sleepless in Paris”) and her accidental encounter with #Archangel at Louvre Museum. After her elimination from ‘The Bachelor’ TV Show, Michigan native Kelsey Poe had shared her future plans of becoming a full-time author and move to Paris, France.
Evening in Paris is a short story about a lonely, young woman (“Sleepless in Paris”) who is restless and is deeply troubled by a demon’s possession of her body, mind, and soul. Michigan native Kelsey Poe who contested in ‘The Bachelor’ TV Show wants to find only Love and nothing more. For she had failed to find the only thing she wanted, she may have decided to move to Paris, France and find comfort by becoming a full-time author.
January 19. The celebration of Edgar Allan Poe. SLEEPLESS IN PARIS SAVED BY EVENING IN PARIS. EVENING IN PARIS IS A SHORT STORY ABOUT A YOUNG WOMAN BY NAME MISS. POE(“SLEEPLESS IN PARIS”).THE STORY IS POETICALLY INSPIRED BY THE EXCITATION OFTHE SOUL FROM READING EDGAR ALLAN POE’S POEM ‘THE RAVEN’.
Evening in Paris – #EveninginParis (“Sleepless in Paris”):
Evening In Paris is a short story about a young woman’s (“Sleepless in Paris”) quest for mental care and comfort for her body, mind, and soul are troubled by some unknown evil spirit. This Story goes beyond man or woman’s daily living needs like bread, butter, and shelter. Apart from a place to sleep, a man or woman may need a Soulmate to share mutual feelings of Love and Affection. #Archangel” provides that missing dimension by putting a troubled Soul to sleep while reading a few pages from the famous book titled ‘Conscious Capitalism’ as a Bedtime Story.
Evening In Paris is a short story that has to be completed by my readers who participate in this Whole Assignment. Writing stories has its own rewards. Whole Story writers may make some dough if the story they share can uplift Miss. Poe (“Sleepless in Paris”) from her mental misery caused by chronic sleep deprivation. The fictional #Archangel has the full potential to find and destroy the Demon who took possession of Miss. Poe’s Body, Mind, and Soul. Readers can post their stories as a ‘Comment’ using the ‘Leave a Comment’ feature.
After #Archangel has gone to Paris to rescue Miss Poe from the clutches of ‘The Devil’, we received this Postcard mailed from Paris. I ask readers to narrate as to how #Archangel spent his #EveningInParis.
January 19, the Celebration of Edgar Allan Poe. SLEEPLESS IN PARIS SAVED BY EVENING IN PARIS.
EVENING IN PARIS. #EVENINGINPARIS:
January 19. The celebration of Edgar Allan Poe with a short story, Evening in Paris.
After #Archangel has gone to Paris to rescue Miss Poe from the clutches of ‘The Devil’, Whole Dude received a postcard mailed from Paris.
Evening In Paris is an inspirational short story about a young woman by name Miss. Poe (“Sleepless in Paris”) who discovers the three-dimensional Love following her accidental encounter with #Archangel at Louvre Museum in Paris. The rest of this Story has to be contributed by readers who willingly accept the Whole Assignment.
January 19, The celebration of Edgar Allan Poe. Sleepless in Paris Saved by Evening in Paris is a short story about a young woman Miss Poe troubled by the Devil when she tries to sleep.January 19, The celebration of Edgar Allan Poe. Sleepless in Paris Saved by Evening in Paris is a short story about a young woman Miss Poe troubled by the Devil when she tries to sleep.
Whole Team – Whole Assignment – Evening in Paris:
Whole Team – Whole Assignment – Evening In Paris: Evening in Paris is the story that must be completed by Whole Team Members who accept this Whole Assignment. Participants may make some dough (Whole Foods Gift Card) if the story shared can uplift Miss Poe from the problem of chronic sleep deprivation.
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