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Cold War in Asia – Lesson. 51 – The Legacy of John F. Kennedy, the 35th US President

Special Frontier Force Remembers the Legacy of 35th US President

Special Frontier Force, a military organization in India came into its existence to contain the spread of Communism to Asia with Communist takeover of mainland China in 1949. To defeat the threat posed by Communism, the US fought battles in Korea and Vietnam without success. Special Frontier Force plays a crucial role in the US External Intelligence Gathering Mission to bring Korea-Vietnam War to a successful conclusion.

On behalf of Special Frontier Force, I feel honored to share John F Kennedy’s Legacy. Due to Cold War Era secret diplomacy, Kennedy’s role in Asian affairs is not fully appreciated both in the US and India. In 1962, during presidency of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the second President of Republic of India, Kennedy joined hands with India and Tibet to transform the Tibetan Resistance Movement into a regular fighting force which is known as Establishment-22 in India and its unconventional style of operation is described by its role as the US External Intelligence Gathering Mission in India..

Due to Cold War Era secret diplomacy, President Kennedy’s role in Asian Affairs is not fully appreciated both in the US and India. In 1962, during presidency of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the second President of India, President Kennedy joined hands with India and Tibet to transform the Tibetan Resistance Movement into a regular fighting force which is known as Establishment-22 in India and its unconventional style of operation is described by its role as the US External Intelligence Gathering Mission in India.

This Shoulder Badge worn by Special Frontier Force, Establishment-22, Vikas Regiment represents the US Intelligence Gathering Mission in India in partnership with Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) of India.

Special Frontier Force, a military organization in India was established during the Cold War Era while the US fought wars in the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam. In my view, Special Frontier Force is the relic of Unfinished Vietnam War, America’s War against the spread of Communism in South Asia.

Remembering John F. Kennedy’s Legacy on his 100th birthday

**SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE REMEMBERS JOHN F KENNEDY’S LEGACY ON 35th PRESIDENT’S 100th BIRTHDAY.**

Published May 29, 2017

Fox News

In this Feb. 27, 1959 file photo, Sen. John F. Kennedy, D-Mass., is shown in his office in Washington. Monday, May 29, 2017 marks the 100-year anniversary of the birth of Kennedy, who went on to become the 35th President of the United States. (AP Photo, File) (AP 1959)

As Americans celebrate this Memorial Day, they also will remember the life and legacy of President John F. Kennedy who was born 100 years ago this Monday.

While the 35^th president left a mixed legacy following his assassination in Dallas in 1963, Kennedy remains nearly as popular today as he did during his time in office, and he arguably created the idea of a president’s “brand” that has become commonplace in American politics.

“President Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy worked hard to construct a positive image of themselves, what I call the Kennedy brand,” Michael Hogan, author of ‘The Afterlife of John Fitzgerald Kennedy: A Biography.’ “And because history is as much about forgetting as remembering, they made every effort to filter out information at odds with that image.”

In commemoration of JFK’s 100^th birthday, Fox News has compiled a rundown on the life of the 35^th president:

Born on May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts to Joseph “Joe” Kennedy and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald Kennedy.

In 1940, Kennedy graduated cum laude from Harvard College with a Bachelor of Arts in government.

From 1941 to 1945, Kennedy commanded three patrol torpedo boats in South Pacific during World War II, including the PT-109 which was sunk by a Japanese destroyer.

In 1946, Kennedy was elected to Congress for Massachusetts’s 11th congressional district and served three terms

Elected to the U.S. Senate to represent Massachusetts in 1952.

Kennedy marries Jacqueline Bouvier, a writer with the Washington Times-Herald, in 1953.

Elected President of the United States in 1960, becoming the youngest person elected to the country’s highest office, and the first Roman Catholic president.

Receives the Pulitzer Prize in 1957 for his book “Profiles in Courage”

Sent 3,000 U.S. troops to support the desegregation of the University of Mississippi after riots there left two dead and many others injured.

He is credited with overseeing the creation and launch of the Peace Corps.

Approved the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961 intending to overthrow Cuban leader Fidel Castro.

In 1962, Kennedy oversaw the Cuban Missile Crisis — seen as one of the most crucial periods of the U.S.’s Cold War with the Soviet Union

Signed a nuclear test ban treaty with the Soviet Union in July 1963

Asked Congress to approve more than $22 billion for Project Apollo with the goal of landing an American on the moon by the end of the 1960s

Escalated involvement in the conflict in Vietnam and approved the overthrow of Vietnam’s President Ngô Đình Diệm. By the time of the war’s end in 1975, more than 58,000 U.S. troops were killed in the conflict.

Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

Inserted from <http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/05/29/john-f-kennedys-life-and-legacy-remembered-on-35th-presidents-100th-birthday.html>

Bruce Riedel Reveals the Failed CIA Operations in Tibet and Cuba

*JFK’s Forgotten Crisis: Tibet, the CIA, and the Sino-Indian War* is a non-fiction book by Bruce Riedel, a former CIA and National Security Council veteran.

Whole Review – JFK’s Forgotten Crisis, Book by Bruce Riedel. I reject Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s interpretation of Prime Minister Nehru’s Policy since 1947. In fact, Bruce Riedel reveals the failed CIA operations in Tibet and Cuba.

U.S. President John F. Kennedy faced two great crises in 1962 – the Cuban missile crisis and the Sino-Indian War. While his part in the missile crisis that threatened to snowball into a nuclear war has been thoroughly studied, his critical role in the Sino-Indian War has been largely ignored. Bruce Riedel fills that gap with JFK’s Forgotten Crisis: Tibet, the CIA, and the Sino-Indian War. Riedel’s telling of the president’s firm response to China’s invasion of India and his deft diplomacy in keeping Pakistan neutral provides a unique study of Kennedy’s leadership. Embedded within that story is an array of historical details of special interest to India, remarkable among which are Jacqueline Kennedy’s role in bolstering diplomatic relations with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan President Ayub Khan, and the backstory to the China-India rivalry – what is today the longest disputed border in the world.

Bruce Riedel is senior fellow and director of the Brookings Intelligence Project. He joined Brookings following a thirty-year career at the CIA. His previous books include The Search for al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology, and Future; Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad; and Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back.

In my analysis, Indian Prime Minister Nehru and the US President John F. Kennedy are not accountable for the Failed CIA Operations in Tibet and Cuba. THE 1962 INDIA – CHINA WAR AND THE US FACTOR. PRESIDENT KENNEDY PLANNED TO NUKE CHINA IN 1962.

The great conspiracy hatched by the UK and the US to dismember India in 1947 is not mentioned in JFK’s Forgotten Crisis Book Review. The First Kashmir War of 1947-48 is not because of Nehru’s incompetence. Following this unfair and unjust attack on India in 1947, Nehru acted in the interests of India and obtained the Soviet support for Kashmir without any concern for his own policy of Non-Alignment. He was indeed a great diplomat who performed a balancing act. The Communist takeover of mainland China and Chairman Mao Zedongs’s Expansionist Doctrine compelled Nehru to visit Washington D.C. in 1949 to initiate the Tibetan Resistance Movement and Nehru kept it as a covert operation to avoid provoking the Soviets. Nehru offered the UN Security Council seat to Red China to please the Soviets for they are the only people who fully supported India on the Kashmir issue.

I reject Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s interpretation of Prime Minister Nehru’s Policy since 1947. In fact, Bruce Riedel reveals the

**It is the US policy which helped Red China to occupy Aksai Chin area of Ladakh. The US claims Kashmir as the territory of Pakistan. The US policy does not recognize India’s right to Kashmir.**

It is the US policy which helped Red China to occupy Aksai Chin area of Ladakh. The US claims Kashmir as the territory of Pakistan. Even today, the official maps of the US show Kashmir as Pakistan’s territory and the US continues to support Pakistan with an aim to dismember India. These covert operations have extended to Punjab and to the Northeast.
Nehru kept his cool and obtained the US support to defend the Northeast Frontier. Kennedy did not hesitate to use the Nuke threat and it forced Red China to declare unilateral ceasefire. India regained the full control of the Northeast Frontier while the Chinese still occupy Ladakh which clearly reveals the nature of the US policy which does not recognize India’s right to Kashmir.
Too much attention is given by Indian readers to Mrs. Kennedy’s sleeping arrangements during her visit to New Delhi in March 1962. She came with two other ladies. I know the man who cleans the trash cans of that suite. She was experiencing her monthly period during her stay in New Delhi. Nehru may wear a Red Rose but he was not fond of mating women during their monthly periods. Feel free to ask the CIA or Bruce Riedel to refute my account. The evidence is in the trash can, the dust bin called History.
All said and done, the CIA failed in 1959 for they underestimated the capabilities of the Enemy in Tibet. The Tibet Uprising of 1959 was brutally crushed and CIA helped the Dalai Lama to find shelter in India. The CIA again failed in Cuba for they underestimated the capabilities of the Enemy in Cuba. Basically, the CIA lacks intelligence capabilities and gave false assurances to Nehru about China’s intentions and preparedness to wage a war across the Himalayan Frontier. Ask Chairman Mao Zedong as to why he attacked India in 1962. What did he say about his own attack?
Indians keep repeating the false narrative shared by Neville Maxwell, a communist spy. What about Indian Army Chief? What was his name? Was he related to Nehru clan? Who appointed him to that position? Was there any favoritism? India honored all the military leaders who defended Kashmir.

Tell me about the Battlefield casualties. How many killed and wounded during the 1962 War? Ask Red China to give me its numbers. What is the secret about it? Ask Red China to declassify its War Record to get a perspective on the Himalayan Blunders of Nehru.

Whole Review – JFK’s Forgotten Crisis, Book by Bruce Riedel. On behalf of Special Frontier Force – Vikas Regiment, I reject Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s interpretation of Prime Minister Nehru’s Policy since 1947.

Rudra Narasimham Rebbapragada

Special Frontier Force/Establishment 22/Vikas Regiment

Service Award presented by all Officers D Sector, Establishment-22. Due to Cold War Era secret diplomacy, President Kennedy’s role in Asian Affairs is not fully appreciated both in the US and India. In 1962, during presidency of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the second President of India, President Kennedy joined hands with India and Tibet to transform the Tibetan Resistance Movement into a regular fighting force which is known as Establishment-22 in India and its unconventional style of operation is described by its role as the US External Intelligence Gathering Mission in India.

The Himalayan Blunders of Nehru

As Stated In ‘JFK’s Forgotten Crisis’

Jaideep A Prabhu

Feb 06, 2025,

https://swarajyamag.com/books/the-failure-of-nehru-the-initiative-of-jfk

PM Modi urged the MPs to read ‘JFK’s Forgotten Crisis’ in his Parliament speech.

JFK’s Forgotten Crisis: Tibet, the CIA, and the Sino-Indian War, Bruce O. Riedel, Brookings Institution, 2015

Bruce Riedel’s book is written in an accessible style and adds considerably to our understanding of the limitations of Nehru, the India-friendliness of JFK, and the Sino-Indian War of ’62.

Occurring in the shadows of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Sino-Indian War of 1962 is a forgotten slice of history that is remembered vividly only in India.

With it is buried an important episode of US president John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s diplomacy, an intriguing ‘what-if’ of Indo-US relations, and perhaps the most active chapter in the neglected history of Tibet’s resistance to China’s brutal occupation.

The war, however, brought about significant geopolitical changes to South Asia that shape it to this day. Bruce Riedel’s JFK’s Forgotten Crisis: Tibet, the CIA, and the Sino-Indian War is a gripping account of the United States’ involvement in South Asia and Kennedy’s personal interest in India.

In it, he dispels the commonly held belief that India was not a priority of US foreign policy in the early 1960s and that Kennedy was too preoccupied with events in his own backyard to pay any attention to a “minor border skirmish” on the other side of the world.

Except perhaps among historians of the Cold War, it is not widely known that the United States cosied up to Pakistan during the Eisenhower administration not to buttress South and West Asia against communism but to secure permission to fly reconnaissance missions into the Soviet Union, China, and Tibet.

Initiated in 1957, the US-Pakistan agreement allowed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to operate U-2 reconnaissance planes from Lahore, Peshawar, and other airbases in West Pakistan over Communist territory. Airfields in East Pakistan, such as at Kurmitola, were also made available to the United States. Some of the missions were flown by the Royal Air Force as well.

These overflights provided a wealth of information about the Soviet and Chinese militaries, economies, terrain, and other aspects important to Western military planners. Particularly useful was the information on China, which was otherwise sealed off to Western eyes and ears.

Ayub Khan, the Pakistani president, claimed his pound of flesh for the agreement – Washington and Karachi signed a bilateral security agreement supplementing the CENTO and SEATO security pacts that Pakistan was already a member of and American military aid expanded to include the most advanced US jet fighter of the time, the F-104.

In addition to intelligence gathering, the United States was also involved – with full Pakistani complicity – in supporting Tibetan rebels fight the Chinese army.

The CIA flew out recruits identified by Tibetan resistance leaders, first to Saipan and then on to Camp Hale in Colorado or to the Farm – the CIA’s Virginia facility – to be trained in marksmanship, radio operations, and other crafts of insurgency. The newly-trained recruits were then flown back to Kurmitola, from where they would be parachuted back into Tibet to harass the Chinese military.

No one in Washington had any illusion that these rebels stood any chance against any professionally trained and equipped force, especially one as large as the People’s Liberation Army, but US policymakers were content to harass Beijing in the hope of keeping it off balance.

Jawaharlal Nehru knew of US activities in Tibet, for his Intelligence Bureau chief, BN Mullick, had his own sources in Tibet. It is unlikely, however, that he knew of Pakistan’s role in the United States’ Tibet operations.

In any case, Nehru did not believe that it was worth antagonising the Chinese when there was no hope of victory; India had to live in the same neighbourhood and hence be more cautious than the rambunctious Americans.

Furthermore, it was the heyday of non-alignment and panchsheel, and the Indian prime minister did not wish to upset that applecart if he could help it. In fact, Nehru urged US President Dwight Eisenhower during their 1956 retreat to the latter’s Gettysburg farmhouse to give the UN Security Council seat held by Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist China to Mao Zedong’s Communist China.

As Nehru saw it, a nation of 600 million people could not be kept outside the world system for long, but Ike, as the US president was known, still had bitter memories of the Chinese from Korea fresh in his mind. Yet three years later, when Ike visited India and Chinese perfidy in Aksai Chin had been discovered, the Indian prime minister’s tone was a contrast.

To most, Cuba defines the Kennedy administration: JFK had got off to a disastrous start in his presidency with the Bay of Pigs fiasco in Cuba, an inheritance from his predecessor’s era.

His iconic moment, indisputably, came two years later in the showdown with Nikita Khrushchev over Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Less well known is the president’s interest in South Asia and India in particular.

Riedel explains how, even before assuming the presidency, Kennedy had made a name for himself in the US Senate with his powerful speeches on foreign policy.

In essence, he criticised the Eisenhower government for its failure to recognise that the era of European power was over; Kennedy wanted to fight a smarter Cold War, embracing the newly liberated peoples of Asia and Africa and denying the Communists an opportunity to fan any residual anti-imperialism which usually manifested itself as anti-Westernism.

Riedel points to a speech in May 1959 as a key indicator of the future president’s focus:

In May 1959, JFK declared, “…no struggle in the world today deserves more of our time and attention than that which now grips the attention of all Asia. That is the struggle between India and China for leadership of the East…” China was growing three times as fast as India, Kennedy went on, because of Soviet assistance; to help India, the future president proposed, NATO and Japan should put together an aid package of $1 billion per year that would revitalise the Indian economy and set the country on a path to prosperity.

The speech had been partially drafted by someone who would also play a major role in the United States’ India policy during Kennedy’s presidency: John Kenneth Galbraith.

Riedel shows how, despite his Cuban distraction, Kennedy put India on the top of his agenda. A 1960 National Intelligence Estimate prepared by the CIA for the new president predicted a souring of India-China relations; it further predicted that Delhi would probably turn to Moscow for help with Beijing.

However, the border dispute with the Chinese had shaken Nehru’s dominance in foreign policy and made Indian leaders more sympathetic of the United States. The NIE also projected the military gap between India and China to increase to the disadvantage of the former.

The PLA had also been doing exceedingly well against Tibetan rebels, picking them off within weeks of their infiltration. By late 1960, a Tibetan enclave had developed in Nepal; Mustang, the enclave was called, became the preferred site for the CIA to drop supplies to the rebels.

Galbraith, the newly appointed ambassador to India, disapproved of the CIA’s Tibetan mission, which had delivered over 250 tonnes of arms, ammunition, medical supplies, communications gear, and other equipment by then.

Like Nehru, he thought it reckless and provocative without any hope of achieving a favourable result. There were, however, occasional intelligence windfalls coming from Tibet and Kennedy overruled Galbraith for the moment.
JFK’s Forgotten Crisis shows how Galbraith was far more attuned to India than he is usually given credit for. He is most famously remembered – perhaps only among Cold War historians – for nixing a Department of Defence proposal in 1961 that proposed giving India nuclear weapons.

Then, he predicted – most likely accurately – that Nehru would denounce such an offer and accuse the United States of trying to make India its atomic ally. Now, the Harvard professor pushed for Nehru and Kennedy to meet.

This would give the Indian prime minister, Galbraith hoped, an opportunity to remove any lingering suspicions he may have had about US foreign policy in South Asia. The large aid package Washington had planned for India would only sweeten the meeting.

This was not to be: Nehru remained most taciturn and almost monosyllabic during his visit to Jacqueline Kennedy’s home in Newport. However, he was quite enamoured by the First Lady, and Jackie Kennedy later said that she found the Indian leader to be quite charming; she, however, had much sharper things to say about the leader’s daughter!

Washington’s outreach to Delhi annoyed Karachi. Though ostensibly the US-Pakistan alliance was to fight communism, the reality was that Pakistan had always been preoccupied with India.

Ayub Khan felt betrayed that the United States would give India, a non-aligned state, economic assistance that would only assist it in developing a stronger military to be deployed against Pakistan. Riedel’s account highlights the irresistible Kennedy charm – when Pakistan suspended the Dragon Lady’s flights from its soil, JFK was able to woo Khan back into the fold.

However, the Pakistani dictator had a condition – that Washington would discuss all arms sales to India with him. This agreement would be utterly disregarded during the Sino-Indian War and Pakistan would start looking for more reliable allies against their larger Hindu neighbour.

Riedel reveals how Pakistan had started drifting into the Chinese orbit as early as 1961, even before China’s invasion of India, an event commonly believed to have occurred after India’s Himalayan humiliation.

When India retook Goa from the Portuguese, a NATO country, it caused all sorts of difficulties for the United States.

On the one hand, Kennedy agreed with the notion that colonial possessions should be granted independence or returned to their original owners but on the other, Nehru and his minister of defence, Krishna Menon, had not endeared themselves to anyone with their constant moralising; their critics would not, now, let this opportunity to call out India’s hypocrisy on the use of force in international affairs pass.

The brief turbulence in relations was set right, oddly, by the First Lady again. On her visit to India, she again charmed the prime minister and he insisted that he stay with him instead of the US embassy and had the room Edwina Mountbatten had often used on her visits readied. The play of personalities, an often ignored facet of diplomacy, has been brought out well by Riedel.

Ironically, China believed that the Tibetan resistance movement was being fuelled by India with US help. India’s granting of asylum to the Dalai Lama did not help matters either, even though it was Nehru who had convinced the young Dalai Lama to return to Tibet in 1956 and have faith in Beijing’s promises of Tibetan autonomy.

Although Indian actions did factor into the Chinese decision to invade India in October 1962, records from Eastern European archives indicate that the Sino-Soviet split was also partly to blame. Humiliating India served two purposes for Mao: first, it would secure Chinese access to Tibet via Aksai Chin, and second, it would expose India’s Western ties and humiliate a Soviet ally, thereby proclaiming China to be the true leader of the communist world.

Riedel’s treatment of the war and the several accounts makes for interesting reading, though his belief that there is rich literature on the Indian side about the war is a little puzzling.

Most of what is known about the Sino-Indian War comes from foreign archives – primarily the United States, Britain, and Russia but also European archives as their diplomats recorded and relayed to their capitals opinions they had formed from listening to chatter on the embassy grapevine.

There is, indeed, literature on the Indian side but much of it seeks to apportion blame rather than clarify the sequence of events. Records from the Prime Minister’s Office, the Ministry of External Affairs, or the Ministry of Defence are yet to be declassified, though the Henderson-Brooks-Bhagat Report was partially released to the public by Australian journalist Neville Maxwell.

Chinese records, though not easily accessible, have trickled out via the most commendable Cold War International History Project. The Parallel History Project has also revealed somewhat the view from Eastern Europe.

Riedel dispels the notion of Nehru’s Forward Policy as the cassus belli. According to Brigadier John Dalvi, a prisoner of war from almost the outset, China had been amassing arms, ammunition, winter supplies, and other materiel at its forward bases since at least May 1962.

This matches with an IB report Mullick had provided around the same time. Furthermore, the Indian forces were outnumbered at least three-to-one all along the border and five-to-one in some places. The troops were veterans of the Korean War and armed with modern automatic rifles as compared to Indian soldiers’ 1895 issue Lee Enfield.

Though Riedel exonerates Nehru on his diplomacy, he does not allow the prime minister’s incompetence to pass: the political appointment of BM Kaul, the absolute ignorance of conditions on the ground, and the poor logistics and preparation of the troops on the border left them incapable of even holding a Chinese assault, let alone breaking it.

JFK’s Forgotten Crisis brings out a few lesser known aspects of the Sino-Indian War. For example, India’s resistance to the PLA included the recruitment of Tibetan exiles to harass the PLA from behind the lines. Nehru was approached by the two men most responsible for the debacle on the border – Menon and Kaul – with the proposal which Nehru promptly agreed.

A team, commanded by Brigadier Sujan Singh Uban and under the IB, was formed. A long-continuing debate Riedel takes up in his work is the Indian failure to use air power during the conflict in the Himalayas.

It has been suggested that had Nehru not been so timid and fearful of retaliation against Indian cities but deployed the Indian air force, India may have been able to repel or at least withstand the Chinese invasion. One wonders how effective the Indian Air Force really might have been given the unprepared state of the Army.

In any case, Riedel points out that the Chinese air force was actually larger than the IAF – the PLAAF had over 2,000 jet fighters to India’s 315, and 460 bombers to India’s 320. Additionally, China had already proven its ability to conquer difficult terrain in Korea.

Throughout the South Asian conflict, the United States was also managing its relationship with Pakistan. Despite the Chinese invasion, the bulk of India’s armies were tied on the Western border with Pakistan and Ayub Khan was making noises about a decisive solution to the Kashmir imbroglio; it was all the United States could do to hold him back.

However, Ayub Khan came to see the United States as a fair-weather friend and realised he had to look elsewhere for support in his ambitions against India: China was the logical choice. Thus, the 1962 war resulted in the beginning of the Sino-Pakistani relationship that would blossom to the extent of Beijing providing Islamabad with nuclear weapon and missile designs in the 1980s.

The Chinese had halted after their explosive burst into India on October 20. For a full three weeks, Chinese forces sat still while the Indians regrouped and resupplied their positions. On November 17, they struck again and swept further south. The Siliguri corridor, or the chicken neck, was threatened , and India stood to lose the entire Northeast.

In panic, Kaul asked Nehru to invite foreign armies to defend Indian soil. A broken Nehru wrote two letters to Washington on the same day, asking for a minimum of 12 squadrons of jet fighters, two B-47 bomber squadrons, and radar installations to defend against Chinese strikes on Indian cities.

These would all be manned by American personnel until sufficient Indians could be trained. In essence, India wanted the United States to deploy over 10,000 men in an air war with China on its behalf.

There is some doubt as to what extent the United States would have gone to defend India. However, that November, the White House dispatched the USS Kitty Hawk to the Bay of Bengal (she was later turned around as the war ended).

After the staggering blows of November 17, the US embassy, in anticipation of Indian requests for aid, had also started preparing a report to expedite the process through the Washington bureaucracy.

On November 20, China declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew its troops to the Line of Actual Control. A cessation of hostilities had come on Beijing’s terms, who had shown restraint by not dismembering India.

Riedel makes a convincing case that Kennedy would have defended India against a continued Chinese attack had one come in the spring of the following year, and that overt US support may have influenced Mao’s decision.

In the immediate aftermath of the war, the United States sent Averell Harriman of Lend-Lease fame to India to assess the country’s needs. Washington had three items on its agenda with India:

1. Increase US economic and military aid to India;

2. Push India to negotiate with Pakistan on Kashmir as Kennedy had promised Ayub Khan; and

3. Secure Indian support for the CIA’s covert Tibetan operations.

The first met with little objection, and though Nehru strongly objected to talks with Pakistan, he obliged. Predictably, they got to nowhere. On the third point, Riedel writes that India agreed to allow the CIA to operate U-2 missions from Char Batia.

This has usually been denied on the Indian side though one senior bureaucrat recently claimed that Nehru had indeed agreed to such an arrangement but only two flights took off before permission was revoked.

Nonetheless, the IB set up a Special Frontier Force of Tibetans in exile and the CIA supported them with equipment and air transport from bases in India. All this, however, withered away as relations again turned sour after the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 and the election of Richard Nixon.

Most of the sources JFK’s Forgotten Crisis uses are memoirs and prominent secondary sources on South Asia and China. Riedel also uses some recently declassified material from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library that sheds new light on the president’s views on South Asia.

Despite the academic tenor of the book, it is readily accessible to lay readers as well; personally, I would have preferred a significantly heavier mining of archival documents and other primary sources but that is exactly what would have killed sales and the publisher would not have liked!

Overall, Riedel gives readers a new way to understand the Kennedy years; he also achieves a fine balance in portraying Nehru’s limitations and incompetence. The glaring lack of Indian primary sources also reminds us of the failure of the Indian government to declassify its records that would inform us even more about the crisis.

As Riedel notes, the Chinese invasion of India created what they feared most and had not existed earlier: the United States and India working together in Tibet. This was largely possible also because of the most India-friendly president in the White House until then.

Yet Pakistan held great sway over American minds thanks to the small favours it did for the superpower. It was also the birth of the Sino-Pakistani camaraderie that is still going strong. The geopolitical alignment created by the Sino-Indian War affects South Asian politics to this day. Yet it was a missed opportunity for Indo-US relations, something that had to await the presidency of George W. Bush.

There are two things Indian officials would do well to consider.

First, Pakistan’s consistent ability to extract favours from Washington is worth study: if small yet important favours can evince so much understanding from the White House, it would be in Indian interests to do the same.

Second, Jaswant Singh’s comment to Strobe Talbott deserves reflection: “Our problem is China, we are not seeking parity with China. we don’t have the resources, and we don’t have the will.” It is time to develop that will.

Special Frontier Force Pays Tribute to President John F. Kennedy

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: People’s Republic of China could not alter the course of India’s foreign policy. The 1962 War launched by China ended very abruptly when China declared unilateral ceasefire and withdrew from the captured territory on November 21, 1962. President Kennedy played a decisive role by threatening to “NUKE” China.

While sharing an interesting story titled Cold War Camelot published by The Daily Beast which includes excerpts from the book JFK’s Forgotten CIA Crisis by Bruce Riedel, I take the opportunity to pay tribute to President John F. Kennedy for supporting the Tibetan Resistance Movement initiated by President Dwight David Eisenhower. Both Tibet, and India do not consider Pakistan as a partner in spite of the fact of Pakistan permitting the use of its airfields in East Pakistan. Red China has formally admitted that she had attacked India during October 1962 to teach India a lesson and to specifically discourage India from extending support to Tibetan Resistance Movement. Red China paid a huge price. She is not able to truthfully disclose the human costs of her military aggression in 1962. She failed to achieve the objectives of her 1962 War on India. President Kennedy threatened to “Nuke” China and forced her to declare unilateral cease-fire on November 21, 1962. China withdrew from territories she gained using overwhelming force. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) sustained massive casualties and their brief victory over India did not give them any consolation. Red China’s 1962 misadventure forged a stronger bonding between Tibet, India, and the United States.

On behalf of Special Frontier Force, I feel honored to share John F Kennedy’s Legacy. Due to Cold War Era secret diplomacy, Kennedy’s role in Asian affairs is not fully appreciated both in the US and India. In 1962, during the presidency of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the second President of Republic of India, Kennedy joined hands with India and Tibet to transform the Tibetan Resistance Movement into a regular fighting force.

Special Frontier Force, a military organization in India was established during the Cold War Era while the US fought wars in the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam. In my view, Special Frontier Force serves as the US External Intelligence Gathering Mission in India to bring Unfinished Korea-Vietnam War to a successful conclusion and to rescue Tibet, the first victim of the spread of Communism in South Asia.

Cold War in Asia – Lesson. 50 – The US External Intelligence Gathering Mission in India pays tribute to President John F. Kennedy

Whole Legacy – Special Frontier Force

Special Frontier Force, a military organization in India came into its existence in 1962 to sustain the military efforts to contain the spread of Communism to Asia with Communist takeover of mainland China in 1949.

To defeat the threat posed by Communism, the US fought battles in Korea and Vietnam without success. Special Frontier Force plays a crucial role in the US External Intelligence Gathering Mission in Southeast Asia to bring Korea-Vietnam War to a successful conclusion.

**SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE PAYS TRIBUTE TO PRESIDENT JOHN K. KENNEDY. SUPPORTING TIBET WAS PRESIDENT KENNEDY’S MAIN REASON FOR HOSTING A STATE DINNER AT MOUNT VERNON ON JULY 11, 1961.**

JFK’s Forgotten Crisis: Tibet, the CIA, and the Sino-Indian War is a non-fiction book by Bruce Riedel, a former CIA and National Security Council veteran.

Core Themes & Overview

The Dual Crisis of October 1962: While the world’s attention was fixed on the Cuban Missile Crisis and the brink of nuclear war with the Soviet Union, President John F. Kennedy simultaneously managed the escalating Sino-Indian War in the Himalayas.

The Secret CIA-Tibet Operation: Riedel details the covert American program—beginning in 1957—that trained and parachuted Tibetan guerrillas into Chinese-occupied Tibet to fight People’s Republic of China forces. This covert intervention contributed to regional tensions and continued even after the U.S.-China relations normalized in the 1970s.

Diplomacy & Containment: When Chinese troops surged into India, JFK authorized an emergency military supply airlift to India, engaged in intense diplomacy to keep Pakistan from entering the conflict on the two-fronted attack, and navigated an urgent appeal for U.S. air support from Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

Geopolitical Legacy: The conflict concluded with a unilateral Chinese cease-fire, leaving a permanent mark on Asian geopolitics, accelerating nuclear deterrence acquisition in both India and Pakistan, and forging lasting strategic alignments.

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: THE 1962 INDIA-CHINA WAR FOR ALL PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IS THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS WHICH REMAIN SHROUDED BY SILENCE AND SECRECY IMPOSED BY COLD WAR ERA DIPLOMACY.

Red China paid a huge price. She is not able to truthfully disclose the human costs of her military aggression in 1962. She failed to achieve the objectives of her 1962 War on India. President Kennedy threatened to “Nuke” China and forced her to declare unilateral cease-fire on November 21, 1962. China withdrew from territories she gained using overwhelming force. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) sustained massive casualties and their brief victory over India did not give them any consolation. Red China’s 1962 misadventure forged a stronger bonding between Tibet, India, and the United States.

On behalf of Special Frontier Force, I feel honored to share John F Kennedy’s Legacy. Due to Cold War Era secret diplomacy, Kennedy’s role in Asian affairs is not fully appreciated both in the US and India. In 1962, during the presidency of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the second President of Republic of India, Kennedy joined hands with India and Tibet to transform the Tibetan Resistance Movement into a regular fighting force.

Special Frontier Force, a military organization in India was established during the Cold War Era while the US fought wars in the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam. In my view, Special Frontier Force in its essence represents the Intelligence Gathering Mission to win the Unfinished Korea-Vietnam War, America’s War against the spread of Communism in South Asia.

Cold War Camelot

Bruce Riedel

11.08.1512:01 AM ET

JFK’s Forgotten CIA Crisis

During a spectacular dinner at Mount Vernon, Kennedy pressed Pakistan’s leader for help with a sensitive spy operation against China.

At Mount Vernon

The magic of the Kennedy White House, Camelot, had settled in at Mount Vernon. It was a dazzling evening, a warm July night, but a cool breeze came off the Potomac River and kept the temperature comfortable. It was Tuesday, July 11, 1961, and the occasion was a state dinner for Pakistan’s visiting president, General Ayub Khan, the only time in our nation’s history that George Washington’s home has served as the venue for a state dinner.

President John F. Kennedy had been in office for less than six months, but his administration had already been tarnished by the failed CIA invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs and a disastrous summit with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna, Austria. Ayub Khan wrote later that the president was “under great stress.” The Kennedy administration was off to a rocky start: It needed to show some competence.

The idea of hosting Ayub Khan at Mount Vernon came from Kennedy’s wife, Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, who was inspired by a dinner during the Vienna summit held a month earlier at the Schönbrunn Palace, the rococo-style former imperial palace of the Hapsburg monarchy built in the seventeenth century. Mrs. Kennedy was impressed by the opulence and history displayed at Schönbrunn and at a similar dinner held on the same presidential trip at the French royal palace of Versailles. America had no royal palaces, of course, but it did have the first president’s mansion just a few miles away from the White House on a bluff overlooking the Potomac River. The history of the mansion and the fabulous view of the river in the evening would provide a very special atmosphere for the event.

On June 26, 1961, the First Lady visited Mount Vernon privately and broached the idea with the director of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, which manages the estate. It was a challenging proposal. The old mansion was too small to host an indoor dinner so the event would have to take place on the lawn. The mansion had very little electricity in 1961 and was a colonial antique, without a modern kitchen or refrigeration, so that the food would have to be prepared at the White House and brought to the estate and served by White House staff. But the arrangements were made, with the Secret Service and Marine Corps providing security, and the U.S. Army’s Third Infantry Regiment from Fort Myers providing the colonial fife and drum corps for official presentation of the colors. The National Symphony Orchestra offered the after-dinner entertainment. Tiffany and Company, the high-end jewelry company, provided the flowers and decorated the candlelit pavilion in which the guests dined.

The guests arrived by boat in a small fleet of yachts led by the presidential yacht, Honey Fitz, and the secretary of the navy’s yacht, Sequoia. They departed from the Navy Yard in Washington and sailed the fifteen miles down river to Mount Vernon past National Airport and Alexandria, Virginia; the trip took an hour and fifteen minutes. On arrival the most vigorous guests, such as the president’s younger brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, climbed the hill to the mansion on foot, but most took advantage of the limousines the White House provided.

Brookings Institution

The guest list was led by President Ayub Khan and his daughter, Begum Nasir Akhtar Aurangzeb, and included the Pakistani foreign minister and finance minister, as well as Pakistan’s ambassador to the United States, Aziz Ahmed, and various attaches from the embassy in Washington. Initially the ambassador was upset that the dinner would not be in the White House, fearing it would be seen as a snub. The State Department convinced Ahmed that having it at Mount Vernon was actually a benefit and would generate more publicity and distinction.
The Americans invited to the dinner were the elite of the new administration. In addition to the president, attorney general, and vice president and their wives, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Secretary of the Navy John Connally, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Lyman Lemnitzer, and their wives joined the party. Six senators, including J. W. Fulbright, Stuart Symington, Everett Dirksen, and Mike Mansfield were joined by the Speaker of the House and ten congressmen, including a future president, Gerald Ford, and their wives. The U.S. ambassador to Pakistan, William Roundtree; the chief of the United States Air Force, General Curtis Lemay; Assistant Secretary of State Phillip Talbott; Peace Corps Director Sargent Shriver; and the president’s military assistant, Maxwell Taylor, were also in attendance. Walter Hoving, chairman of Tiffany, and Mrs. Hoving, and a half-dozen prominent Pakistani and American journalists, such as NBC correspondent Sander Vanocur, attended from outside the government. In total more than 130 guests were seated at sixteen tables.

Perhaps the guest most invested in the evening, however, was the director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Allen W. Dulles. The Kennedys had long been friends of Allen Dulles. A few years before the dinner Mrs. Kennedy had given him a copy of Ian Fleming’s James Bond novel, From Russia, with Love, and Dulles, like JFK, became a big fan of 007. Dulles was also a holdover from the previous Republican administration. He had been in charge of the planning and execution of the Bay of Pigs fiasco that had tarnished the opening days of the Kennedy administration, but Dulles still had the president’s ear on sensitive covert intelligence operations, including several critical clandestine operations run out of Pakistan with the approval of Field Marshal Ayub Khan.

Before sitting down for dinner just after eight o’clock, the guests toured the first president’s home and enjoyed bourbon mint juleps or orange juice. Both dressed in formal attire for the occasion, Kennedy took Ayub Khan for a walk in the garden alone. At that time, the CIA was running two very important clandestine operations in Pakistan. One had already made the news a year earlier when a U-2 spy plane had been shot down over the Soviet Union by Russian surface-to-air missiles; this plane had started its top-secret mission, called Operation Grand Slam, from a Pakistani Air Force air base in Peshawar, Pakistan. The U-2 shoot down had wrecked a summit meeting between Khrushchev and President Eisenhower in Paris in 1960 when Ike refused to apologize for the mission. The CIA had stopped flying over the Soviet Union, but still used the base near Peshawar for less dangerous U-2 operations over China.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: 1957 was a turning point. India had recognized that its foreign policy of political neutralism was of no use and had started depending upon the United States to address the military threat posed by China’s occupation of Tibet. But, the effort was too modest and both India and the United States had grossly underestimated the strength of the People’s Liberation Army.

The second clandestine operation also dated from the Eisenhower administration, but was still very much top-secret. The CIA was supporting a rebellion in Communist China’s Tibet province from another Pakistani Air Force air base near Dacca in East Pakistan (what is today Bangladesh). Tibetan rebels trained by the CIA in Colorado were parachuted into Tibet from CIA transport planes that flew from that Pakistani air base, as were supplies and weapons. U-2 aircraft also landed in East Pakistan after flying over China to conduct photo reconnaissance missions of the communist state.

Ayub Khan had suspended the Tibet operation earlier that summer. The Pakistani president was upset by Kennedy’s decision to provide more than a billion dollars in economic aid to India.
Pakistan believed it should be America’s preferred ally in South Asia, not India, and shutting down the CIA base for air drops to Tibet was a quiet way to signal displeasure at Washington without causing a public breakdown in the U.S.-Pakistan relationship. Ayub Khan wanted to make clear to Kennedy that an American tilt toward India at Pakistan’s expense would have its costs. In his memoirs, Khan later wrote that he sought to press Kennedy not to “appease India.”

Before the Mount Vernon dinner, Allen Dulles had asked Kennedy to meet alone with Ayub Khan, thinking that perhaps a little Kennedy charm and the magic of the evening would change his mind. The combination worked; the Pakistani dictator told Kennedy he would allow the CIA missions over Tibet to resume from the Pakistani Air Force base at Kurmitula outside of Dacca.

Ayub Khan did get a quid pro quo for this decision later in his visit: Kennedy promised that, even if China attacked India, he would not sell arms to India without first consulting with Pakistan. However, when China did invade India the following year, Kennedy ignored this promise and provided critical aid to India, including arms, without consulting Ayub Khan, who was deeply disappointed.

The main course for dinner was poulet chasseur served with rice and accompanied by Moët and Chandon Imperial Brut champagne (at least for the Americans), followed by raspberries in cream for dessert. President Kennedy hosted a table at which sat Begum Aurangzeb, who wore a white silk sari. Khan enjoyed the beauty of a Virginia summer evening with America’s thirty-one-year-old First Lady; he sat next to Jackie, who wore a Oleg Cassini sleeveless white organza and lace evening gown sashed at the waist in Chartreuse silk. In his toast the Pakistani leader warned that “any country that faltered in Asia, even for only a year or two, would find itself subjugated to communism.” In turn Kennedy hailed Ayub Khan as the George Washington of Pakistan. After midnight the guests were driven back to Washington down the George Washington Parkway.

The CIA operation in Tibet had its detractors in the Kennedy White House, including Kennedy’s handpicked ambassador to India, John Kenneth Galbraith, who called it “a particularly insane enterprise” involving “dissident and deeply unhygienic tribesmen” that risked an unpredictable Chinese response. However, the operation did produce substantial critical intelligence on the Chinese communist regime from captured documents seized by the Tibetans at a time when Washington had virtually no idea what was going on inside Red China. The U-2 flights from Dacca were even more important to the CIA’s understanding of China’s nuclear weapon development at its Lop Nor nuclear test facility.

But Galbraith was in the end correct to be skeptical. The operation did have an unpredicted outcome: The CIA operation helped persuade Chinese leader Mao Zedong to invade India in October 1962, an invasion that led the United States and China to the brink of war and began a Sino-India rivalry that continues today. It also created a Pakistani-Chinese alliance that still continues. The contours of modern Asian grand politics thus were drawn in 1962.
The dinner at Mount Vernon was a spectacular social success for the Kennedys, although they received some predictable criticism from conservative newspapers over its cost. It was also a political success for both Kennedy and the CIA, keeping the Tibet operation alive. As an outstanding example of presidential leadership in managing and executing covert operations at the highest level of government, it is an auspicious place to begin an examination of JFK’s forgotten crisis.

From JFK’s FORGOTTEN CRISIS: TIBET, THE CIA, AND THE SINO-INDIAN WAR, by Bruce Riedel, Brookings Institution Press, November 6, 2015.

**SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE PAYS TRIBUTE TO PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY FOR HIS SUPPORT TO TIBET. DINNER HOSTED AT PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON’S MOUNT VERNON ESTATE ON JULY 11, 1961.On www.mountvernon.org**

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE PAYS TRIBUTE TO PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY WHO HOSTED STATE DINNER AT GEORGE WASHINGTON’S MOUNT VERNON ESTATE ON JULY 11, 1961 TO GET SUPPORT FOR TIBET OPERATIONS FROM PRESIDENT AYUB KHAN OF PAKISTAN.

**SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE PAYS TRIBUTE TO PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY FOR GETTING PAKISTAN’S SUPPORT FOR TIBET OPERATIONS DURING DINNER AT MOUNT VERNON ON JULY 11, 1961.On www.mountvernon.org**

**THE 1962 INDIA-CHINA WAR AND THE US FACTOR. PRESIDENT KENNEDY PLANNED TO NUKE CHINA IN 1962.**

Cold War in Asia – Lesson. 49 – Supreme Ruler of Tibet finds a Whole Friend

Whole Friend: Special Frontier Force Remembers the 41st US President

George H.W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States, served as the 11th Director of Central Intelligence from January 30, 1976, to January 20, 1977, under President Gerald Ford. He is the only U.S. president in history to have previously served as the head of the CIA

The US Intelligence Gathering Mission in India:

Excerpt: Both the US Government and the US Central Intelligence Agency maintain their silence about the support given to the Tibetan Resistance Movement and the eventual creation of Establishment -22/Special Frontier Force, a military alliance/pact between the US, Tibet, and India to fight the military threat posed by Communist China when it occupied Tibet in 1950 and forced His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to lead a life in exile. Indeed, that is the Whole Secret. The US, India and Tibet agreed to keep the US role in Tibet as a Secret and I signed a Declaration in Chakrata, India during September 1971 to keep the Tibet Operation as a Secret under the provisions of the Official Secret Acts of India.

Service Award presented by all Officers D Sector, Establishment- 22. *Special Frontier Force, Establishment-22, Vikas Regiment represents the US Intelligence Gathering Mission in India in partnership with Resaerch and Analysis Wing (R&AW) of India.*

Special Frontier Force remembers the 41^st US President George Herbert Walker Bush for he served as the Director of the US Central Intelligence Agency. In President Gerald Ford’s final year in office, Bush was appointed Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, which was in disarray after years of scandalous revelations. Though he was only there a year, he was credited for restoring the agency’s morale, and he was well thought of by longtime hands. The main building at the agency’s headquarters in Langley, Va., was renamed in his honor in 1999.

The security threat posed by People’s Republic of China is the driving force that still shapes the US-India-Tibet relations. After Communist China’s illegal invasion and military occupation of Tibet since 1950s, the history of the US-India-Tibet relations is shaped entirely with the sole purpose of resisting China’s military occupation of Tibet.

**Whole Dude – Whole Friend: Special Frontier Force Remembers the 41st US President**

Special Frontier Force deeply mourns the loss of President George H W Bush while acknowledging the role of the US Central Intelligence Agency in fostering friendly relationships between the people of the US, India, and Tibet.

Special Frontier Force at the White House

CIA Remembers Former Director, Former President George H.W. Bush

Statement by Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Gina C. Haspel

“We’ve lost a great champion of the Agency—an accomplished Director, faithful advocate, and dear friend—with the passing of former President George H.W. Bush. As a heroic Navy pilot in the Second World War, a skilled statesman who deftly managed the collapse of the Soviet Union and liberated Kuwait from Saddam Husayn’s aggression, and a committed citizen who remained engaged in public service throughout his later years, President Bush exemplified the virtues of patriotism, duty, and compassion. Officers here at the George Bush Center for Intelligence and deployed around the globe honor the memory of a great American. On behalf of the men and women of CIA, I extend our heartfelt condolences to the Bush family.”

A STATESMAN REMEMBERED

Clipped from: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/a-statesman-remembered/ar-BBQkdg1?li=BBnbcA1&ocid=BHEA000

George Herbert Walker Bush, whose lone term as the 41st president of the United States ushered in the final days of the Cold War and perpetuated a family political dynasty that influenced American politics at both the national and state levels for decades, died Friday evening. He was 94.

© AFP, AFP/Getty Images George H.W. Bush is pictured when he was one and a half year old. Born 12 June 1924 in Milton, Massachussetts, George Bush yale graduated with a degree in Economics in 1948, made a fortune drilling oil before entering politics in 1964. (FILM) (Photo credit should read /AFP/Getty Images)

Bush was the last president to have served in the military during World War II and the last whose worldview had been shaped by the imperative to contain Communist expansionism.

His experience in international diplomacy served him well as he dealt with the unraveling of the Soviet Union as an oppressive superpower, and later the rise of China as a commercial behemoth and potential partner.

As cautious and restrained as he was in foreign matters, Bush had an inclination for personal risk-taking that showed up early in his life, when he became a carrier pilot in the war — one of the most dangerous jobs in the military — and then stuck out on his own at war’s end, eschewing a comfortable job in New York to become an oilman in Texas.

Likewise, when his interest turned to politics a decade or so later, he was more than willing to give up his executive suite for a chance at public office.

Steeped in noblesse oblige and the importance of public service, Bush always felt the lure of political life. It finally snared him in 1962 when he was chosen to head Houston’s fledgling GOP. He spent the next three decades in the political limelight, enjoying a roller-coaster career that saw more defeats than victories yet improbably landed him in the White House.

© AP George H. W. Bush poses in his baseball uniform as a student at Yale University in New Haven, Conn. Bush was the first baseman on the Yale team that lost to California in the first College World Series in Kalamazoo, Mich. in 1947.

Bush was elected president in 1988 as the successor to Ronald Reagan, a conservative icon whom he ran against and then served as vice president. Unlike Reagan, he was a pragmatic leader guided by moderation, consensus building, and a sense for problem-solving shorn of partisan rhetoric. Like his father, who served in the U.S. Senate, he swore no allegiance to orthodox tenets. That put him at odds with a take-no-prisoners attitude of a new breed of Republicans and helped do in his reelection bid, sending him home to Houston in forced retirement.

© Tom Harvey, Admiral Nimitz Museum One of a series of photos from the George Bush Gallery at the Admiral Nimitz Museum in Fredericksburg Texas. Photo shows a young George Bush in the cockpit writing in his logbook during WWII. Former President Bush during his World War II days. For use with FLYBOYS story to run 10-18 in Houston section.

Most of Bush’s political career was spent in appointed jobs, where he demonstrated loyalty and a quick-study competence, rarely making headlines. Expectations were modest when he became president. Many in his party hoped he would simply follow in Reagan’s footsteps. Instead, he quickly distinguished himself as the postwar order began to undergo dramatic changes.

Bush was put to the test shortly after taking office. Surging movements in Eastern Europe saw opportunity to free themselves from the Soviet yoke, thanks in part to the liberalizing influence of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Bush’s measured response allowed events to unfold, including the destruction of the Berlin Wall, without triggering potentially catastrophic responses from Soviet hard-liners.

Bush again displayed his diplomatic skills in the summer of 1990 when he coordinated a multinational response to the military invasion of tiny Middle East nation Kuwait by neighboring Iraq and its dictator, Saddam Hussein. The victorious Operation Desert Storm brought high approval ratings that appeared to guarantee a second term.

© Joel Draut, Houston Chronicle 05/06/1979 – George Bush, candidate for the Republican nomination for president, addresses supporters at rally in Sam Houston Park at the start of his Texas campaign tour. Joel Draut / Houston Post

Domestic matters proved a different sort of challenge. Plagued by inherited budget deficits and a Congress under the control of Democrats, Bush was pushed into a tax increase that belied his explicit promise to allow none. He agreed to it because he recognized it was in the country’s best interest, but the political damage was severe. His reelection bid fell short, a failing that haunted him for years. Uncharacteristically, it even caused him to wonder whether history would regard him as a failed president.

© Anonymous, ASSOCIATED PRESS Republican presidential hopefuls Ronald Reagan, left, John Anderson, Howard Baker, Robert Dole Philip Crane who all showed up for a debate that was to be between Ronald Reagan and George Bush Saturday night, February 23, 1980, at Nashua Senior High School in Nashua, N.H.

It has not.

“I think over the years he fares well,” said presidential historian Henry Brands, the author of seven presidential biographies and a professor at the University of Texas. “If voters have a referendum and they vote you down, that automatically puts you down a rung. It’s unfair. Bush always was rated very highly by historians more than he was by the public. I think that is changing.”

© Anonymous, ASSOCIATED PRESS George Bush peeks around a partition which has a poster of Ronald Reagan, one of his opponents for the Republican party presidential nomination, before he speaks at Columbia, S.C., March 4, 1980.

Bush was born into privilege and reared in the cradle of America’s economic aristocracy, yet from an early age, he refused to ride the coattails of entitlement. Approaching his graduation from Yale University in 1948, he was offered a job at his family’s Wall Street investment firm, close to his native Connecticut. He turned it down. Whatever his destiny, he vowed that it would be fully earned.

© Bob Child, AP George Bush, who is seeking the Republican presidential nomination, watches as his grandson, George, 4, meets another child at “Bush for President” headquarters,in Hartford, Conn., March 24, 1980.

So began a remarkable journey that would lead him from the elegant estates of New England to the dusty plains of West Texas, to the leafy precincts of Houston’s nicest neighborhoods, to foreign capitals and back to America’s own, into political campaigns at the humblest level and one that ultimately netted him the White House.

© Bill Ingraham, AP Using Independence Hall as a backdrop, Republican presidential hopeful George Bush addresses supporters and newsmen April 9, 1980 in Philadelphia. Bush is seeking votes in the April 22 Pennsylvania primary.

Bush’s long life encompassed the full arc of the 20th century, beginning in an era of steamships and a new ideology called communism, and ending as American spaceships explored distant planets and the hammer-and-sickle was mostly a fading emblem on old flags. He was to be the last president of his generation, which came of age during the Great Depression, participated in a cataclysmic world war, and ushered in unprecedented American power and prosperity.

© Joe Kennedy, MBR On July 14, 1980, the Republican National Convention convened at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. Former Gov. Ronald Reagan of California was nominated for president and former congressman George H.W. Bush of Texas for vice president. (Joe Kennedy/Los Angeles Times/MCT)

Turning away from the preordained comfortable life, Bush struck out for Texas and found success, first as an independent oilman and later as a young Congressman from Houston. The misfortune of bad timing hurt him at times in his pursuit of higher office, yet a string of high-profile appointed positions reflected the faith others had in his ability and kept alive his dream of fulfilling his father’s prediction that someday he would become president.

© ASSOCIATED PRESS George Bush, foreground, raises his arms as a floor demonstration erupts before speaking to the Republican Convention delegates in Detroit, Mich., Wednesday evening, July 16, 1980. Republican presidential candidate Ronald Reagan later announced Bush as his running mate.

“The world was fortunate to have his background and instincts at a turning point,” said Robert Gates, who served as Bush’s CIA director and deputy national security adviser. “The collapse and end of the Cold War look sort of pre-ordained in hindsight, but for those who were there, it was not clear how it would happen.”

© ASSOCIATED PRESS Republican vice presidential candidate George Bush reacts to applause from the assembled Republican delegates at the Republican National Convention at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Mich., Thursday evening, July 17, 1980. Bush was selected by Ronald Reagan as his running mate on Wednesday. (AP Photo)

Gates, who served in eight presidential administrations, suggested that Bush never received the credit he deserved for quietly “greasing the skids” that saw communists slide from power in the Soviet Union.

© David Breslauer, Houston Chronicle PHOTO FILED: GEORGE HW BUSH-GROUP. 07/19/1980 – George Bush, left, returned in triumph to greet his neighbors near his southwest Houston home Saturday after being tapped by Ronald Reagan for the GOP vice presidential nomination. He took time off from having breakfast at his home with Reagan and a joint appearance at a Galleria rally to shake hands with neighbors Walter and Lois Taber and their children, Keith and Tom. David Breslauer / Houston Chronicle

“There is no precedent in all of history for the collapse of a heavily armed empire without a major war,” Gates said. “He was a figure of enormous historical importance.”

© Curtis McGee, Houston Chronicle PHOTO FILED: RONALD REAGAN-HOUSTON VISIT. 07/19/1980 – The GOP nominees – George Bush and Ronald Reagan and their wives, Barbara and Nancy – make their first post-convention appearance at the Houston Galleria shopping mall. (l-r): GOP VP Nominee George H.W. Bush, Barbara Bush, Nancy Reagan, GOP Pres. nominee Ronald Reagan. Curtis McGee / Houston Chronicle HOUCHRON CAPTION (07/20/1980): It was hand-waving and cowboy hats Saturday at the Galleria as the Republican Party nominees made their first post-convention campaign appearance. Ronald Reagan, the GOP standard-bearer, and George Bush of Houston, his running mate, spoke to several thousand at the shopping center. Responding to cheers are, from left, Bush, wife Barbara, Nancy Reagan and Reagan.

Though Bush came to be widely respected by foreign leaders and diplomats, his political profile at home was different. He had long been dogged by assertions that he was a bland and hazy character, aloof and dilettantish. The image baffled him and many who knew him. He was chided for a lack of apparent vision, yet it was not his nature to view himself as a visionary.

© David Breslauer, Houston Chronicle PHOTO FILED: RONALD REAGAN-HOUSTON VISIT. 07/19/1980 – Vice presidential nominee George Bush, Barbara Bush, Nancy Reagan and GOP presidential nominee Ronald Reagan. The GOP nominees make their first post-convention appearance at the Houston Galleria shopping mall. David Breslauer / Houston Chronicle

“What’s wrong with trying to help people,” he once asked. “What’s wrong with trying to bring peace? What’s wrong with trying to make the world a little better?”

To some, Bush paled in comparison to his strong-willed predecessor in the White House, but he was simply a different breed of politician: a traditional Republican whose belief in limited government was in no way at odds with his view that public service was a calling.

© Jerry Click, Houston Chronicle 11/04/1980 – (L-R) Barbara Bush leads her mother-in-law, Dorothy Walker Bush, and husband, GOP Vice Presidential candidate George Herbert Walker Bush. through a hallway at the Houston Oaks Hotel in Houston. The Bushes gathered with familly and supporters at the hotel to await the 1980 presidential election results. By the end of the evening family and supporters celebrated his election as the next Vice President of the United States. Jerry Click / Houston Post

Reagan’s famous maxim that government was not the solution to a problem but the problem itself was not Bush’s view, which might explain why his single term arguably resulted in more significant legislative achievements than Reagan’s two, among them the Americans with Disabilities Act, a bolstered Clean Air Act, and an increased minimum wage.

© Bill Thompson, Houston Chronicle 11/04/1980 – (L-R) Barbara Bush and husband, George Herbert Walker Bush, celebrate his election as the next Vice President of the United States at the Houston Oaks Hotel in Houston. The Bushes gathered with familly and supporters at the hotel to await the 1980 presidential election results. Bill Thompson / Houston Post HPOST CAPTION (11/05/1980): Bush, wife Barbara celebrate victory at Houston Oaks Hotel

Bush’s career from start to finish, especially as president, was largely free of scandal or great controversy, with one troubling exception — his role as vice president in the Iran-Contra scandal.

© Hearst Newspapers **FILE** U.S. President-elect Ronald Reagan, left, and Vice President-elect George Bush share a laugh during their first news conference in which they announced their transitional team in Los Angeles, Ca., in this Nov. 6, 1980 file photo. Reagan, the cheerful crusader who devoted his presidency to winning the Cold War, trying to scale back government and making people believe it was “morning again in America,” died Saturday, June 5, 2004 after a long twilight struggle with Alzheimer’s disease. He was93. (AP Photo, file) (AP)

His ethical standards rarely were questioned. His judgment was the product of studied deliberation and ample give-and-take with advisers. He regularly entertained Democratic leaders at the White House and made a great effort to develop personal relationships over drinks and a game of horseshoes, just as he had in the diplomatic world over many years.

© Betty Tichich, Houston Chronicle 11/10/1980 – Vice-President elect George Bush holds a press conference in Houston before leaving for Washington, DC where he will meet with President-elect Ronald Reagan and begin work on the transition. Betty Tichich / Houston Post

“President Bush was inclined to forgive and forget past slights, defeats, and even outrages,” said longtime aide Chase Untermeyer. “Thus did he offer rides to Maine for Senator George Mitchell, make the daughter of Senator Sam Nunn the head of the Points of Light Foundation, and — to clinch the case — become buddies with Bill Clinton.”

© John Everett, Houston Chronicle PHOTO FILED: GEORGE HW BUSH-GROUP. 11/10/1980 – Vice president-elect George Bush wearing a “Luv ya Blue” vest, enjoys a laugh with NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle during Monday night football game between Houston and New England in the Astrodome.

Bush was by nature a practical manager. He believed his job was to get something done, taking incremental steps when big ones were unobtainable. He had no use for those who would sacrifice progress on the altar of philosophical purity, nor did he regard opponents as enemies.

He was defeated in an unusual three-way contest with Democrat Clinton and Texas billionaire Ross Perot — a sour coda to a stellar career. Though he had been ambivalent about even running for reelection, the loss would gnaw on him. He believed that he left the job he signed up for unfinished.

Even years later, Bush recalled the sick feeling he carried inside for having let down the people who believed in him.

“That was the sad part for me,” he told an interviewer, “and I felt very strongly about that. I still do.”

© DC, ASSOCIATED PRESS President Ronald Reagan, left, and Vice President George H. Bush don western-style straw hats presented to them by two cheerleaders at an outdoor political rally on Wednesday, July 25, 1984 in Austin, Texas. Houston Oilers? cheerleader Cathy Ludwig, with Reagan, and University of Texas? cheerleader Leslie Scott, with Bush, made the presentation. (AP Photo)

Bush was born on June 12, 1924 in Milton, Mass., to Prescott and Dorothy Bush, the second of five children, four of them boys. His was an idyllic childhood spent among the nation’s economically privileged, with numerous trips to family estates in Maine and South Carolina.

© Barry Thumma, STF President Reagan and Vice President Bush make an appearance on the North Portico of the U.S. Capitol in Washington on Sunday, Jan. 20, 1985 after the President was sworn in for his second term. (AP Photo/Barry Thumma)

Although the hardships of the Great Depression did not severely affect the Bushes, his parents tried to stress that good fortune should not be taken for granted, insisting on modesty at all times, along with concern for those going through hard times. Work mattered. Life, they insisted, was no country club affair.

© Neal Ulevich, ASSOCIATED PRESS U.S. Vice President George Bush, accompanied by Chinese Vice Premier Wan Li, reviews a Chinese armed forces honor guard during a ceremony to welcome him to Peking October 13, 1985.

Bush attended Phillips Academy, a famous boarding school in Andover, Mass., where he excelled academically and athletically. He was a favorite of his classmates, often chosen to captain the teams he was on and known to call out bullies who bedeviled the less popular students.

As he grew to adulthood, he slowly soaked up the history of generations of Walkers and Bushes and began to understand the expectations for those of his class and background — a demand for service to the public good largely divorced from personal gain. It made a deep impression on him.

© MARY URECH ROBERTS, Houston Chronicle 10/12/1987 – Vice President George HW Bush officially launched his 1988 presidential campaign in the main ballroom of the Hyatt Regency Hotel. The announcement party moved from the ballroom to the hotel’s massive lobby where the elevators were decorated with lights spelling out “Bush 88.” Mary Urech Roberts / Houston Chronicle

“Bush was a figure of an older, fading order of American power,” wrote Bush biographer Jon Meacham in “Dynasty and Power,” a 2015 authorized biography. “When his family and … friends looked at him, they saw a man who could have spent his life making and spending money, but who had chosen to obey the biblical injunction, drilled into him by his parents, that to whom much is given much is expected.”

© Scott Applewhite, ASSOCIATED PRESS Vice President George H.W. Bush sits with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, prior to a breakfast at the Soviet Embassy in Washington on Thursday, Dec. 10, 1987. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

Bush’s first great test came as his days at Andover were ending, graduating in the face of a world succumbing to a widening war. He might have been able to use connections for a service academy appointment or a plum job that did not place him in harm’s way. Like many of his friends and others of his class, including Joseph and John Kennedy, he chose the opposite path.

Bush enlisted in the U.S. Navy upon finishing high school in 1942 and hoped to become a pilot. He earned his wings and was commissioned an ensign before his 19th birthday. His wartime duty was spent in the Pacific flying a three-man Avenger torpedo bomber.

© Bruce Bennett, Houston Chronicle 03/08/1988 – Celebrating his Super Tuesday election night victory, Vice President George Bush holds up a “Bush ’88, Texas Victory” t-shirt at the Westin Oaks Hotel ballroom in Houston. The shirt was presented to him by GOP state co-chair, Tom Loeffler. His wife, Barbara, stands beside him. Bruce Bennett / Houston Post

Bush piloted 58 combat missions from the carrier USS San Jacinto, but one stood out. During a Sept. 2, 1944, attack on Japanese positions on Chichi-Jima, one of the Bonin Islands, his Avenger was badly hit by flak. He was able to complete the bombing run but ordered the other two crewmen to “hit the silk” as the plane headed toward the water. He did likewise and was able to haul himself into a life raft after popping up from the sea, dazed and out of breath. His crew mates were never found.

© Craig Hartley, Houston Chronicle 06/09/1988 – Vice President George Bush waves to delegates attending the Texas Republican Party convention at the George R. Brown Convention Center. Behind him are his wife, Barbara Bush, and Texas GOP Chairman George Strake. Craig Hartley / Houston Post

Bush was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, yet never considered himself a war hero despite the efforts of later political advertising. “They wrote it up as heroism,” Bush said late in his life of the paperwork leading to the decoration, “but it wasn’t — it was just doing your job.”

In January 1945, while on leave, Bush wed his pre-war fiancee, Barbara Pierce. The two had met at a dance when he was at Phillips and she at a tony boarding school in South Carolina. Her family, like his, came from old money, and among her ancestors were early New England settlers. A distant relative, Franklin Pierce, was the 14th American president.

© Ira Strickstein, Houston Chronicle 09/22/1988 – Pres. Ronald Reagan and Vice Pres. George Bush at the Brown Convention Center at Republican Victory ’88 fund-raiser for Bush’s campaign for US presidency. Ira Strickstein / Houston Post

After the war, Bush and his new wife moved to New Haven, Conn., where he would begin his college education at Yale, the alma mater of his father and four other relatives.

© Eric Gay, ASSOCIATED PRESS Vice President George Bush tosses a football back to members of the traveling press corps after arriving in Houston on Monday, Nov. 7, 1988. Bush, in the last full day of campaigning, returned to Houston where he will vote on Tuesday. (AP Photo/Eric Gay)

He graduated in under three years because of an accelerated program offered to veterans eager to make up for lost time. He again excelled at sports and captained the baseball team, for which he played first base. He was just as adept in the classroom, gaining Phi Beta Kappa distinction and an economics degree. Yet, as he acknowledged, what should have been idyllic college years had been altered by the war. The class of 1948 were serious men intent on getting out and getting going.

© Carlos Antonio Rios, Houston Chronicle CONTACT FILED: GEORGE BUSH. 11/09/1988 – Vice President George Bush press conference day after election for President of the United States. HOUCHRON CAPTION (11/05/2000): None (George Bush Mug) HOUCHRON CAPTION (11/05/2000): Then-President-elect George Bush in 1988 HOUSTON CHRONICLE SPECIAL SECTION/TEXAS MAGAZINE: 100 TALL TEXANS.

As graduation approached, Bush balked at an offer to join a prominent investment bank started by his maternal grandfather. To a friend he wrote that it bothered him to take advantage of “the benefits of my social position.”

© Ed Kolenovsky, ASSOCIATED PRESS Vice President George Bush and wife, Barbara, wave to supporters that turned out in Houston, Tex., to hear him announce he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for president of the United States, Oct. 12, 1987.

A close family friend encouraged him to think of the oil business, which would take him to Texas. Oil drilling was as foreign to him as tightrope walking or fashion design, but it appealed to his taste for risk and held the promise of great wealth.

In the summer of 1948, Bush loaded up his new Studebaker, a graduation gift, and pointed it southwest, ending up in Odessa several days later. Barbara and their new baby, George, flew down after he had found lodging in a weathered duplex, their first Texas home. Their new life began. The family friend had provided an entry-level sales position with an oilfield tool company, the bottom rung on the ladder. It should be noted this was no ordinary friend — Neil Mallon was the head of Dresser Industries, a leading oilfield equipment company.

© Carlos Rosales, Houston Chronicle Vice President George Bush, right, and Indiana Sen. Dan Quayle wave to the crowd after Bush announced Quayle would be his running mate following a riverboat cruise in New Orleans on Aug. 16, 1988.

By 1950, he, Barbara, and their two young children were living in Midland, where he had formed an oil company with a neighbor, John Overbey. Financial backing came from Bush’s father and some of his father’s friends and business contacts.

With no geologic or engineering background, Bush learned the business from the ground up, “walking fields, talking to people, and trying to make deals,” Overbey later recalled in an interview. Three years later, he and Overbey joined up with two brothers, Hugh and William Liedtke, to form Zapata Petroleum. An offshore subsidiary was formed a year later.

© Ira Strickstein, Houston Chronicle 08/27/1988 – Republican presidential candidate George Bush shows his Texas stripes, displaying a pair of cowboy boots emblazoned with the state flag during a Republican Victory 88 meeting at Houston’s Stouffer’s Hotel Saturday, Aug. 27, 1988.

Zapata raised more money and gambled on an interest in a field in Coke County that skeptics claimed was played out. One of the brothers, Bill Liedtke, said years later that the young company drilled 130 wells and never had a dry hole. As for politics, there wasn’t much time for it, though Bush did later mention his modest role as a Republican precinct worker. In one particular primary, he later recalled, perhaps apocryphally, only three GOP voters showed up: him, his wife, and a drunken Democrat who wandered into the wrong polling station.

© Richard Carson, © Houston Chronicle Photographer Richard J. Carson recorded the historical significance of Bush’s acceptance speech and the lighter side of the event 11/08/1988 when Barbara Bush puts her hand over her granddaughter’s yawn as George Bush gives a speech.

Bush enjoyed his time in Midland, learning a business, tending to a growing family and making friends who would prove important later. The closeness of the city’s business community was evident when the Bush family’s life was interrupted by tragedy. The second of the children, daughter Robin, was diagnosed with leukemia in 1953, before the disease became largely curable.

© AP ** FILE ** In this Nov. 9, 1988, President-elect George H. W. Bush holds his hands up to acknowledge the crowds applause, and ask them to allow him to continue his speech during his victory rally with grandson, George P. Bush, right, and son, George W. Bush, left, in Houston, Texas. Bush trounced Michael Dukakis 426-111 in the electoral vote, but the popular vote was closer, 53 percent to 46 percent.

His fledgling business career was all but put on hold for more than six months as he, Barbara and Robin made repeated trips to Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York. Barbara tried to approach their new circumstances with stoic resolve, to the point of booting visitors out of Robin’s hospital room if they cried. Her husband became increasingly emotional and often was the one who had to leave the room. Robin died later in 1953.

© King Chou Wong, Houston Chronicle 11/09/1988 – President-elect George Bush, his wife, Barbara, and his grandchildren, Jenna (left) and Barbara wave to well-wishers before they board a jet at Ellington Field the day after his election victory. At right can be seen a congratulatory sign prepared by the crew. King Chou Wong / Houston Post

“I hadn’t cried at all when Robin was alive, but after she died, I felt I could cry forever,” she recalled in a 1988 interview with Texas Monthly. “George had a much harder time when she was sick. He was just killing himself, while I was very strong. That’s the way a good marriage works. Had I cried a lot, he wouldn’t have. But then things reversed after she died. George seemed to accept it better.”

The Bushes lived in Midland for almost a decade. It was where he made his first real money — his own money — and where he established his image as a true, if transplanted, Texan, one who could down to a bowl of chili at lunch and a chicken-fried steak at dinner, snacking in between on pork rinds. Everyone in town knew George Bush — “Poppy,” his childhood nickname, had been jettisoned along with the Brooks Brothers suits — but isolated West Texas was not where he needed to be.

© J. SCOTT APPLEWHITE, ASSOCIATED PRESS Former President Ronald Reagan, left, his wife Nancy Reagan, new first lady Barbara Bush and her husband President George Bush, right, walk down the Capitol steps after the inaugural ceremony in Washington, D.C., Friday, Jan. 20, 1989. President Bush was sworn in as the nation’s 41st president. The Reagans are heading to an awaiting helicopter to take them to Andrews Air Force Base, Md., and onto California. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

A disagreement over the direction of the company led Bush to buy out the other investors in Zapata Offshore in 1959, and he soon moved the company to Houston.

During the early 1960s, Bush began to feel the political itch, or to be more precise, respond to an itch that had been there for years, and waded into a successful race for Harris County GOP Chairman to make sure it did not fall into the hands of perceived extremists in the party’s right wing, many of whom were members of the conspiracy-hawking John Birch Society.

© Hearst Newspapers Barbara Bush had a reputation as a grandmotherly figure when her husband took office in 1989, but she proved that grandmothers can be fashionable in this royal blue gown with velvet bodice, square neck and diagonal dropped waist designed by Arnold Scaasi.

Perhaps because his father had just left the U.S. Senate, Bush then brashly decided to take on incumbent U.S. Sen. Ralph Yarborough in 1964.

Though little known outside of Houston and Midland, Bush campaigned vigorously as a different sort of Republican, less in step with the northeastern wing of his father and closer to the politics of Barry Goldwater and George Wallace. He went full-tilt conservative, opposing, among other socially progressive initiatives, the pending Civil Rights Act.

Yarborough portrayed Bush as an extremist and won easily, gaining 56 percent of the vote as Lyndon Johnson swamped Goldwater in the presidential race.

© Barry Thumma, ASSOCIATED PRESS President George H.W. Bush turns and shakes hand with House Speaker Jim Wright of Texas after he announced in the White House briefing room in Washington, on Friday, March 24, 1989 that he is unveiling a Bipartisan Contra aid plan as the first plank of his emerging foreign policy. Center is Secretary of State James Baker and left is House Minority Leader Robert Michel of Ill.

After his defeat, Bush struggled to reconcile his moderate views with an election that had seen him embrace, however tentatively, an anti-progressive tone and a segregationist posture.

“This mean, humorless philosophy which says everybody should agree on absolutely everything is not good for the Republican Party or our state,” Bush wrote to a friend after the loss. “When the word moderate becomes a dirty word, we have some soul-searching to do.”

© Barry Thumma, AP President George H.W. Bush lets loose of a horseshoe during the dedication of the new horseshoe pit on the White House lawn Saturday April 1, 1989 in Washington. Other people are unidentified.

In November 1966, Bush ran for Congress and won, becoming the first Republican from Houston and the star of the growing Texas GOP. He ended up with a plum appointment to the Ways and Means committee — a party nod to the importance of Texas. His voting record was predictably conservative, though not as hard right as his previous rhetoric suggested, and he ended up voting for the Civil Rights Act, as a result receiving stacks of hate mail and some death threats.

Mike Tolson is a senior Chronicle reporter who specializes in long-term projects. He can be reached by e-mail at Mike.Tolson@chron.com.

Cold War in Asia – Lesson. 48 – Whole Crusade – President Dwight D. Eisenhower On 03 November, 1959, laid the cornerstone of the CIA Headquarters Building in Langley, Virginia.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower proclaims the “Call for Peace through Freedom” in December 1959

Whole Dude – Whole Spy: The Original Headquarters Building (OHB) reflects the vision of Allen Welsh Dulles, the 5th Director of CIA. CIA is the principle Intelligence and Counterintelligence agency of the US Government. It is organized as 1. The Intelligence Directorate, 2. The Directorate of Operations which includes espionage, 3. The Directorate of Science and Technology, and 4. The Directorate of Administration.

About the Original Headquarters Building Cornerstone

The Original Headquarters Building (OHB) reflects the vision of Allen Welsh Dulles, the 5th Director of CIA. CIA is the principle Intelligence and Counterintelligence agency of the US Government. It is organized as 1. The Intelligence Directorate, 2. The Directorate of Operations which includes espionage, 3. The Directorate of Science and Technology, and 4. The Directorate of Administration.

In May 1959, with the site under security surveillance and contractors wearing security badges, work began on the Original Headquarters Building. On November 3 of that year, President Eisenhower came to Langley to place the time capsule and to lay the cornerstone. But that November ceremony was largely symbolic. The box and cornerstone were later removed and held for safekeeping until they were permanently installed more than a year later. (The silver-engraved trowel the President used can be found in the CIA Museum Collection.)

When the press asked Dulles after the ceremony what was in the box, he smiled and said, “It’s a secret.” Despite the DCI’s joke, everything in the copper-covered steel box was unclassified. In addition to the items mentioned below, the National Security Medal, the Distinguished Intelligence Cross, the Distinguished Intelligence Medal, the Intelligence Star, and the Intelligence Medal of Merit were added to the box later.

Contents of the cornerstone box include:

Memorandum for President Franklin D. Roosevelt from Major General William J. Donovan, director of the Office of Strategic Services, dated November 18, 1944, regarding the establishment of a permanent centralized intelligence service; and Memorandum from President Roosevelt to General Donovan, dated April 5, 1945, directing that General Donovan discuss his plan with the appropriate officials of the Government.

President Harry S. Truman’s Executive Letter of January 22, 1946, establishing the National Intelligence Authority and the Central Intelligence Group.

Statement of General (then Lieutenant General) Hoyt S. Vandenberg, Director of Central Intelligence, before the Senate Committee on Armed Services, on April 29, 1947, in support of the sections of the proposed National Security Act of 1947 to establish the Central Intelligence Agency.

Text and Explanation of Statutes and Executive Orders relating specifically to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), including Enabling and Appropriations Acts for the construction of the new CIA building.

Reproduction of the CIA seal and its official description.

The official seal of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was approved by President Harry S. Truman on February 17, 1950, under Executive Order 10111.

Key Design Elements

American Bald Eagle (Crest): Symbolizes strength, alertness, and national vigilance.

Shield (Center): Features a 16-point red compass rose and represents intelligence as the nation’s primary line of defense.

16-Point Compass Rose: Represents the convergence of intelligence and data from all around the globe into a single central location.

Inscriptions: The blue circular field displays “Central Intelligence Agency” at the top and a red-lettered gold scroll reading “United States of America” at the bottom.

History of the US Central Intelligence Agency

Origin: The National Security Act of 1947 created the CIA without a seal, while the CIA Act of 1949 authorized an official seal for document legitimacy.

Design Process: After an internal employee design contest failed to produce a suitable option, the U.S. Army Heraldic Branch (now the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry) created the final design.

Iconic Display: A massive 16-foot-diameter inlaid granite version of the seal is embedded in the floor of the Original Headquarters Building lobby in Langley, Virginia.

“William J. Donovan and the National Security,” a speech by Allen W. Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence, to the Erie County Bar Association, Buffalo, New York, May 4, 1959.

An aerial photograph of the CIA building site.

Drawings of the CIA building as it would appear when completed.

Invitation to the Ceremony, the Program, a recording, and photographs of the Cornerstone Ceremony.

Microfilm copies of daily and weekly newspapers of 3 November 1959.

The Debrief: Behind the Artifact – Cornerstone

TRANSCRIPT

In 2021, we celebrate the 60th anniversary of CIA’s Original Headquarters Building.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower joined Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dulles here, to lay the cornerstone right where I’m standing. On November 3rd, 1959 President Dwight D. Eisenhower used this trowel to lay the cornerstone of our new headquarters building. Just 12 years old at the time, the CIA was one step closer to finally having a permanent headquarters.

CIA’s Original Headquarters Building was designed in the 1950s, the designers used the vision of Allen Dulles who really wanted officers to work in a college-like campus setting, but wanted us in a secluded and safe area as well, but the key was we needed to be by US policymakers. Construction was completed in 1961 and officers began moving in 1962.

In preparation for the move into the headquarters building, the CIA gave officers a book entitled “Your New Headquarters Building” which laid out all of the new things that they were going to encounter once inside. It gave an idea of what the facility was like and the services within it. The publication emphasized the up-to-date nature of the new campus.

Words such as “new” and “modern” and “latest” appear repeatedly throughout the booklet in phrases such as “modern air conditioning and ventilation system”, “2 modern self-service cafeterias”, and “an automatic dial switchboard of the latest design”.

The military occupation of Tibet poses the greatest danger to Peace, Freedom, Democracy, and Human Rights in the world. The problem will not go away and the real solution for the military occupation of Tibet is the Eviction of Military Occupier from the territories of Tibet.

Special Frontier Force at The White House: On April 16, 1991, the 14th Dalai Lama met with US President George H.W. Bush during his first visit to The White House. President George H.W. Bush served as the Director of the US CIA.

The US Intelligence Gathering Mission in India:

On behalf of Special Frontier Force (#SpecialFrontierForce), Establishment-22 (#Establishment22), and Vikas Regiment I ask my readers to give special attention to some of the aspects of US-Tibet relations. These are:

1. From 1911 to 1950, for about 39-years, Tibet was an independent, sovereign nation. However, Tibet chose a political policy called ‘Isolationism’ and limited its interactions with foreign powers. Tibet had diplomatic relations with a few of its immediate neighbors like India, Nepal, and China. For Tibet had no formal diplomatic relationships with the United States, their relations always existed under the shadow of US-India relations. It should not be of any surprise for both India, and Tibet face a common external enemy.

2. People’s Republic of China as a national entity came into existence on October 01, 1949 following the Communist October Revolution that seized political power in China after defeating the nationalists or Kuomintang who fled mainland China to establish Republic of China popularly known as Taiwan.

3. The security threat posed by People’s Republic of China is the driving force that still shapes the US-India-Tibet relations. After Communist China’s illegal invasion and military occupation of Tibet since 1950s, the history of the US-India-Tibet relations is shaped entirely with the sole purpose of resisting China’s military occupation of Tibet.

4. During the long course of 77-years, the US-India-Tibet relations are primarily based on the principles on which the United States declared its independence from its rule by Great Britain. In the words used by US President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the US-India-Tibet relations represent a “Crusade for Peace through Freedom.”

5. I am a witness to the history of US-India-Tibet relations on account of my affiliation with a military organization called Special Frontier Force (#SpecialFrontierForce) or Establishment 22 (#Establishment22) or Vikas Regiment which supports the External Intelligence Gathering Mission of the US Central Intelligence Agency outside the United States. I have no particular need to cite any government documents to support my statements. However, I have to acknowledge the vastly superior intelligence capabilities of People’s Republic of China which gave it a clear insight about the US-India-Tibet relations. China expressed its displeasure by attacking India along its Himalayan Frontier during October-November 1962. The US-India-Tibet relations survived despite firm opposition from Communist China.

#WHOLEVILLAIN - WHOLEVILLAIN - WHOLE VILLAIN - HISTORY OF THE US-TIBET RELATIONS : THE STATUE OF LIBERTY SYMBOLIZES THE VALUES THAT GUIDE AND SHAPE THE US FOREIGN POLICY . THE US - TIBET - INDIA RELATIONS AIM AT RESTORING FREEDOM IN OCCUPIED TIBET . THIS RELATIONSHIP WAS ESTABLISHED SOON AFTER COMMUNIST CHINA'S INVASION AND OCCUPATION OF TIBET IN 1950. — HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: THE STATUE OF LIBERTY SYMBOLIZES THE VALUES THAT GUIDE AND SHAPE THE US FOREIGN POLICY. THE US -TIBET-INDIA RELATIONS AIM AT RESTORING FREEDOM IN OCCUPIED TIBET. THIS RELATIONSHIP WAS ESTABLISHED SOON AFTER COMMUNIST CHINA’S INVASION AND OCCUPATION OF TIBET IN 1950.

#WHOLEVILLAIN - WHOLEVILLAIN - WHOLE VILLAIN - HISTORY OF THE US-TIBET RELATIONS : I ASK MY READERS TO REFLECT UPON THE VALUES THAT GUIDED THE UNITED STATES TO DECLARE ITS INDEPENDENCE . THE SAME VALUES SHAPED THE US FOREIGN POLICY WHEN IT COUNTERACTED THE THREAT POSED BY COMMUNISM . — HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: I ASK MY READERS TO REFLECT UPON THE VALUES THAT GUIDED THE UNITED STATES TO DECLARE ITS INDEPENDENCE. THE SAME VALUES SHAPED THE US FOREIGN POLICY WHEN IT COUNTERACTED THE THREAT POSED BY COMMUNISM.

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : CRUSADE FOR PEACE THROUGH FREEDOM . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: CRUSADE FOR PEACE THROUGH FREEDOM .**

The Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet:

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : BIRTH OF THE RED DRAGON . OCTOBER 01, 1949 . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: THE BIRTH OF THE RED DRAGON. OCTOBER 01, 1949.**

I ask my readers to explore the history of the US-India-Tibet relations formulated on the principles of Freedom and Democracy from 1949 by 33rd US President Harry S Truman (1949-1952). Dwight David Eisenhower, 34th President of the US (1953-1961) continued President Truman’s foreign policy of containing Communism. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President of the US (1961-1963) and Lyndon Baines Johnson, 36th President of the US (1963-1969) continued to checkmate Communist Cold War strategy. To gain a correct historical perspective, I have to mention that Richard Milhous Nixon served as Vice President (1953-1956, & 1957-1960) under President Eisenhower and was intimately involved in implementing President Eisenhower’s policy of containing Communism in Southeast Asia.

I am pleased to share some of these photo images that help me to recapitulate the historical ties between the United States, India, and Tibet. Because of the silence and secrecy imposed by Cold War Era, the connections between these three nations are often misunderstood.

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : FORMER CIA OFFICIALS KENNETH KNAUS AND JOHN GREANEY SHARED THEIR PERSONAL EXPERIENCES OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS . — HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: FORMER CIA OFFICIALS KENNETH KNAUS AND JOHN GREANEY SHARED THEIR PERSONAL EXPERIENCES OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS. The Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : BRUCE WALKER , FORMER OFFICIAL OF CIA . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: BRUCE WALKER , FORMER OFFICIAL OF CIA. The Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.**

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : OCTOBER 11, 1949 . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: OCTOBER 11, 1949. The Indian Prime Minister visit to the USA.**

#WHOLEVILLAIN - WHOLEVILLAIN - WHOLE VILLAIN - HISTORY OF THE US-TIBET RELATIONS . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: OCTOBER 11, 1949. The Indian Prime Minister’s visit to the USA.**

The History of The US-India-Tibet Relations: The US President Eisenhower with the US Secretary of State. The Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : DECEMBER 16, 1956 . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: DECEMBER 16, 1956. The Indian Prime Minister’s visit to the USA. Both India and the US desired for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.**

#WHOLEVILLAIN — **Nixon served as the US Vice President for two terms during the presidency of Eisenhower. He knows about the Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.**

#WHOLEVILLAIN - APRIL 1958 — The history of the US-India-Tibet Relations. APRIL 1958. Nixon served as the US Vice President for two terms during the presidency of Eisenhower. He knows about the Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.

#WHOLEVILLAIN 17 NOVEMBER 1954. — 17 NOVEMBER 1954. Vice President Nixon with the Vice President of India. Nixon served as the US Vice President for two terms during the presidency of Eisenhower. He knows about the Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : SEPTEMBER 1957 . PEKING . — HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: SEPTEMBER 1957. PEKING. Indian Vice President’s visit to Peking. Initially, both India and Tibet believed the assurances offered by Communist China and desired a peaceful resolution of Tibet’s Occupation.

History of the US-Tibet Relations-Kasturi-Sarvepalli-Eisenhower-and-Nixon-1960 — The history of the US-India-Tibet relations. 1960. Nixon served as the US Vice President for two terms during the presidency of Eisenhower. He knows the US policy of the Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : DECEMBER 09, 1959. — HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: DECEMBER 09, 1959. Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet. India was a free country and the call was for Freedom in Occupied Tibet. The US President’s visit to India.

#WHOLEVILLAIN - DECEMBER 10, 1959 — **History of the US-India-Tibet Relations – DECEMBER 10, 1959. Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet. The US President’s visit to India.**

#WHOLEVILLAIN - NIXON EISENHOWER JUSTICE WARREN — NIXON, EISENHOWER, AND JUSTICE WARREN. Nixon served as the US Vice President for two terms during the presidency of Eisenhower. He knows the US policy, Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : MARCH 31, 1959 . — The History of the US-India-Tibet Relations. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama arrived in India on March 31, 1959 seeking political asylum as Communist China persisted with its brutal occupation of Tibet.

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : LIFE IN EXILE . — The History of the US-India-Tibet Relations. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama arrived in India on March 31, 1959 seeking political asylum as Communist China persisted with its brutal occupation of Tibet.

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : SEPTEMBER 04, 1959 . — The History of the US-India-Tibet Relations. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama arrived in India on March 31, 1959 seeking political asylum as Communist China persisted with its brutal occupation of Tibet. SEPTEMBER 04, 1959, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and Ms. Indira Gandhi, daughter of the Indian Prime Minister. .

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS ARE ALWAYS A REFLECTION OF THE US-TIBET RELATIONS . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS ARE ALWAYS A REFLECTION OF THE US-TIBET RELATIONS. The Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.**

#WHOLEVILLAIN - WHOLEVILLAIN - WHOLE VILLAIN - HISTORY OF THE US-TIBET RELATIONS : THIS PHOTO IMAGE OF KENNETH KNAUS OF CIA WITH HIS HOLINESS THE 14TH DALAI LAMA SPEAKS OF HISTORY OF THE US-TIBET RELATIONS . — HISTORY OF THE US-TIBET RELATIONS: THIS PHOTO IMAGE OF KENNETH KNAUS OF CIA WITH HIS HOLINESS THE 14TH DALAI LAMA SPEAKS OF HISTORY OF THE US-TIBET RELATIONS. The Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.

#WHOLEVILLAIN 1960 — **1960. Nixon served as the US Vice President for two terms during the presidency of Eisenhower. He knows about the Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.**

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : APRIL 22, 1961. CAMP DAVID, MARYLAND . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: APRIL 22, 1961. CAMP DAVID, MARYLAND. The Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.**

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : SEPTEMBER 1961 . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: SEPTEMBER 1961. The Indian Prime Minister’s visit to the US, The Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.**

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : SEPTEMBER 07, 1961 . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: SEPTEMBER 07, 1961. The Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.**

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : NOVEMBER 07, 1961. — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: NOVEMBER 07, 1961. The Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.**

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : SEPTEMBER 09, 1961 . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: SEPTEMBER 09, 1961. The Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.**

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : CHINA-INDIA WAR OF OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1962 . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: CHINA-INDIA WAR OF OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1962. China retaliated against the US-India-Tibet policy of Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet.**

#WHOLEVILLAIN JUNE 03 1963 — The History of the US-India-Tibet Relations. The policy of Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet remains unchanged after the China-India War of 1962. JUNE 03, 1963, the Indian President’s visit to the United States.

HISTORY OF US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : JUNE 04, 1963. — The History of the US-India-Tibet Relations. The policy of Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet remains unchanged after the China-India War of 1962. JUNE 04, 1963, the Indian President’s visit to the United States.

HISTORY OF US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : JUNE 03/04, 1963 . — The History of the US-India-Tibet Relations. The policy of Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet remains unchanged after the China-India War of 1962. JUNE 03/04, 1963, the Indian President’s visit to the United States.

HISTORY OF US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS : 1964 . NEW DELHI . — HISTORY OF US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS: 1964. NEW DELHI. Indian Prime Minister with His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama. The US-India-Tibet policy of Crusade for Peace through Freedom in Occupied Tibet persisted after the 1962 China-India War.

The Living Tibetan Spirits:

HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS SINCE 1949 . THERE IS HOPE FOR FUTURE AND THERE IS HOPE FOR VICTORY IN THE CRUSADE FOR PEACE THROUGH FREEDOM . — **HISTORY OF THE US-INDIA-TIBET RELATIONS SINCE 1949. THERE IS HOPE FOR FUTURE AND THERE IS HOPE FOR VICTORY IN THE CRUSADE FOR PEACE THROUGH FREEDOM IN OCCUPIED TIBET .**

Rudra Narasimham. Rebbapragada,

Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.

Service Information:
Service Number: MS-8466/MR-03277K; Rank: Major; Branch: Army Medical Corps/Short Service Regular Commission/Direct Permanent Commission (1969-1984);
Medical Officer, South Column, Operation Eagle (1971-72),
Headquarters Establishment No. 22 C/O 56 APO (1971-74),
Directorate General of Security,
Office of Inspector General Special Frontier Force,
East Block V, Level IV, R. K. Puram,
New Delhi – 110 022

Cold War in Asia – Lesson. 44 – Whole Circus – Operation Free Tibet

The US Central Intelligence Agency – Operation Free Tibet:

Whole Dude – Whole Circus: The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22 can be traced back to 1957-58 when the CIA launched Operation ST CIRCUS. This Commemoration on September 10, 2010 was the first time that US had officially acknowledge the CIA operation with the Tibetans and it includes the Mustang (Nepal) Operation.

**Whole Dude – Whole Circus: The beginning of the Cold War in Asia in 1949 with the Communist takeover of mainland China.**

On behalf of Establishment 22, Vikas Regiment, Special Frontier Force, I am pleased to post this special tribute to John Foster Dulles who served as the US Secretary of State (1953 to 1959) under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

John Foster Dulles was the architect of major elements of US Foreign Policy in the Cold War era after World War II. — Whole Dude – Whole Circus: John Foster Dulles was the architect of major elements of US Foreign Policy in the Cold War Era after World War II. He was the architect of the policy to oppose Communist expansion and laid the foundation for the creation of a military alliance/pact between the United States, India, and Tibet to defend Freedom, and Democracy in the occupied Land of Tibet.

The Spirits of Special Frontier Force pay tribute to this US Secretary of State for providing military assistance to Tibetan people to resist the military occupation of their Land by People's Republic of China. — Whole Dude – Whole Circus: Establishment- 22, Vikas Regiment, Special Frontier Force pays tribute to this US Secretary of State for providing military assistance to Tibetan people to resist the military occupation of their Land by People’s Republic of China.

John Foster Dulles (b. February 25, 1888, Washington, D.C. – d. May 24, 1959, Washington,D.C.) was described by President Eisenhower in the following words: “He is one of the truly great men of our time.” Dulles was awarded the Medal of Freedom during May 1959 just prior to his death.

This Freedom Medal that was awarded to the US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles during May 1959 truly represents the aspirations of Tibetan people to find Freedom and Democracy in their occupied Land of Tibet. This Medal gives them the hope and encouragement to resist the military occupation by People's Republic of China. — Whole Dude – Whole Circus: This Freedom Medal that was awarded to the US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles during May 1959 truly represents the aspirations of Tibetan people to find Freedom and Democracy in their occupied Land of Tibet. This Medal gives them the hope and encouragement to resist the military occupation by People’s Republic of China.

Dulles belonged to a family that served the United States with great distinction and honor. His maternal grandfather, John Watson Foster served as Secretary of State under President Benjamin Harrison. His uncle, Robert Lansing was Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson. Dulles had specialized in international law. He was the US delegate to the San Francisco Conference that created the United Nations and he served as the US Representative to the United Nations from 1945-1949. He negotiated Japanese Peace Treaty 1951 formally ending World War II. He formulated a policy of collective security of the US and its allies through foreign economic and military aid. He advocated the development of nuclear weapons and became a leading figure in the Cold War. In 1954, he initiated the Manila Conference which resulted in the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). In 1955 he initiated the Baghdad Pact later named the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). His foreign policy was determined by his profound detestation of Communism. As an international lawyer, he strongly believed in the value of treaties. His passionate hostility to Communism was the testimony of his policy. Under his stewardship, go “to the brink” of War had become a necessary aspect of US diplomacy. When the Tibetans fought to oust the Chinese, he initiated the US Central Intelligence Agency’s Secret War in Tibet. His younger brother, Allen Welsh Dulles, 5th Director of CIA directed this military operation to establish the Tibetan Resistance Movement.

January 24, 1953.Central Intelligence Agency-Operation Free Tibet. Allen Welsh Dulles, the 5th Director of Central Intelligence Agency took the initiative to address the military threat posed by Communist China's expansion into Southeast Asia. — Whole Dude – Whole Circus: January 24, 1953.Central Intelligence Agency-Operation Free Tibet. Allen Welsh Dulles, the 5th Director of Central Intelligence Agency, the younger brother of John Foster Dulles took the initiative to address the problem of military threat posed by Communist China’s expansion into Southeast Asia.

Whole Dude – Whole Circus: The CIA covert operations inside Tibet led to the creation of a military organization called Establishment Number. 22, or Special Frontier Force which was formed in 1962 during the presidency of John F. Kennedy.

**Whole Dude – Whole Circus: SECRET WAR IN TIBET by Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, published by The University Press of Kansas provides a detailed account of the Struggle for Freedom in Tibet.**

Whole Dude – Whole Circus: The quest for Freedom in Tibet. A military training Camp known as Camp Hale was established in Colorado under the supervision of CIA officers Roger E. McCarthy and John Reagan.

**Whole Dude – Whole Circus: The quest for Freedom in Tibet. Special Service Award presented by all Officers D Sector, Establishment -22 on January 19, 1973.**

The geopolitical interests of the United States are best served by the defeat of the Chinese Communism and the achievement of Tibetan Self-Determination. Establishment -22, Vikas Regiment, Special Frontier Force acknowledges John Foster Dulles as the Man of Freedom, and the Champion of Liberty.

FREEDOM IN TIBET: THE WAR AGAINST COMMUNISM. John Foster Dulles and US President Dwight D Eisenhower continued the "TRUMAN DOCTRINE" to combat Communism using military alliances and pacts. — Whole Dude – Whole Circus: FREEDOM IN TIBET. THE WAR AGAINST COMMUNISM. John Foster Dulles and US President Dwight D Eisenhower continued the “TRUMAN DOCTRINE” to combat Communism using military alliances and pacts.

Cold War in Asia – Lesson. 43 – A special tribute to Spymaster John Alexander McCone

Whole Dude – Whole Champion

EXCOMM meeting at the White House Cabinet Room... — Whole Dude – Whole Champion: A special tribute to Spymaster John Alexander McCone, the 6th CIA Director who played a leading role during the Cuban Missile Crisis. EXCOMM meeting at the White House Cabinet Room during the Cuban Missile Crisis on October 29, 1962. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Excerpt: Establishment 22 is the child of CIA’s Secret War in Tibet and it will be correct to recognize CIA as the ‘Mastermind’ of this operation to defend Freedom, and Democracy in the occupied Land of Tibet. Special Frontier Force take this opportunity to pay a special tribute to its ‘Master’, John Alexander McCone (b. January 04, 1902 – d. February 14, 1991) who served as the Director of CIA from November 1961 to April 1965.

Special Frontier Force – The Great Spymaster:

Establishment No. 22 is a military establishment that represents a military pact/alliance between the United States, India, and the Tibetan Government -in-Exile. It came into existence during November 1962 and during 1966, this organization was named Special Frontier Force. Between the Central Intelligence Agency and the members of Special Frontier Force there has been a Master-Student relationship. Establishment – 22 is the child of CIA’s Secret War in Tibet and it will be correct to recognize CIA as the ‘Mastermind’ of this operation to defend Freedom, and Democracy in the occupied Land of Tibet. Special Frontier Force take this opportunity to pay a special tribute to its ‘Master’, John Alexander McCone (b. January 04, 1902 – d. February 14, 1991) who served as the Director of CIA from November 1961 to April 1965.

Whole Dude-Whole Master: This is a special tribute to Spymaster John Alexander McCone who served as CIA's 6th Director from November 1961 to April 1965. — **Whole Dude – Whole Champion: This is a special tribute to Spymaster John Alexander McCone who served as CIA’s 6th Director from November 1961 to April 1965.**

John A. McCone obtained a bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from University of California at Berkeley. He built his career in the steel, construction, shipping, shipbuilding, and aircraft production industries. He founded the Bechtel-McCone Steel Company and his role in shipbuilding, and military aircraft production had attracted the attention of President Harry S. Truman who had appointed him to the Air Policy Commission in 1947 to develop strategy for American military airpower. During 1948, he was appointed as the Special Deputy to the Secretary of Defense. In 1950, he was appointed as Undersecretary of the Air Force. President Dwight Eisenhower appointed him as the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission during 1958 and held that position until 1961.

Whole Dude-Whole Master: In this photo taken during 1958, John A. McCone, Chairman of the World Affairs Council is seen with General Lauris Norstad, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers in Europe. — Whole Dude – Whole Champion: In this photo taken during 1958, John A. McCone, Chairman of the World Affairs Council is seen with General Lauris Norstad, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers in Europe.

Whole Dude-Whole Master: U.S. delegates to the Fourth General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria 1960. Left to Right:- Ambassador John S. Graham, Vice Admiral Paul F. Foster, US Navy(Retd), the Permanent U.S. Representative to the IAEA, and John A. McCone, Chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. — Whole Dude – Whole Champion: U.S. delegates to the Fourth General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria 1960. Left to Right:- Ambassador John S. Graham, Vice Admiral Paul F. Foster, US Navy (Retd), the Permanent U.S. Representative to the IAEA, and John A. McCone, Chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.

During his tenure as the Chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, John McCone made very significant disclosures about Israel’s nuclear capabilities. After the disaster of the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, President Kennedy forced the resignation of the CIA director Allen Welsh Dulles and Richard Bissell, the Deputy Director for Plans and Operations who had a major role in making the plan for this CIA’s Black Operation. In a very surprising, and sudden move, President Kennedy called John McCone, a Republican to take charge of the Central Intelligence Agency disregarding the fact that McCone had no prior experience in Intelligence.

Whole Dude-Whole Master: President John F. Kennedy's selection of Spymaster during 1961. Left to Right:- Allen Welsh Dulles, 5th Director of CIA, Richard Bissell, Deputy Director of Plans/Operations, President John F. Kennedy, and the newly selected 6th Director of CIA, John A. McCone. — Whole Dude – Whole Champion: President John F. Kennedy’s selection of Spymaster during 1961. Left to Right:- Allen Welsh Dulles, 5th Director of CIA, Richard Bissell, Deputy Director of Plans/Operations, President John F. Kennedy, and the newly selected 6th Director of CIA, John A. McCone.

Whole Dude-Whole Master: September 27, 1961. President Kennedy with CIA Director Allen Dulles and his new pick, John A. McCone. — **Whole Dude – Whole Champion: September 27, 1961. President Kennedy with CIA Director Allen Dulles and his new pick, John A. McCone.**

Whole Dude-Whole Master: November 29, 1961. President John F. Kennedy with outgoing CIA Director Allen Dulles. — **Whole Dude – Whole Champion: November 29, 1961. President John F. Kennedy with outgoing CIA Director Allen Dulles.**

Whole Dude-Whole Master: November 29, 1961. President John F. Kennedy welcomes the 6th Director of CIA, John Alexander McCone. — **Whole Dude – Whole Master: November 29, 1961. President John F. Kennedy welcomes the 6th Director of CIA, John Alexander McCone.**

Whole Dude-Whole Master: John Alexander McCone gets the task of "rebuilding" CIA after the Bay of Pigs debacle. — **Whole Dude – Whole Champion: John Alexander McCone gets the task of “rebuilding” CIA after the Bay of Pigs debacle.**

Whole Dude-Whole Master: A new chapter in the history of CIA. John Alexander McCone became the "Government's principal foreign intelligence Officer" and he would work the heads of all departments and agencies, such as the State, Defense, the Attorney General, and the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, that have responsibilities in the foreign intelligence field. In this photo McCone is seen with Robert Kennedy, the Attorney General. The DCI would coordinate and direct the total intelligence community. — Whole Dude – Whole Champion: A new chapter in the history of CIA. John Alexander McCone became the “Government’s principal foreign intelligence Officer” and he would work the heads of all departments and agencies, such as the State, Defense, the Attorney General, and the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, that have responsibilities in the foreign intelligence field. In this photo McCone is seen with Robert Kennedy, the Attorney General. The DCI would coordinate and direct the total intelligence community.

John McCone played a leading role in strengthening the intelligence gathering abilities of CIA by launching a technological revolution. On August 05, 1963, he created the Directorate of Science and Technology.

Whole Dude-Whole Master: May 01, 1964. Presidential candidate, New York State Governor, Nelson a. Rockefeller gets Intelligence briefing. Left to Right:-John McCone, DIC; Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller; Robert S. McNamara, Defense Secretary; Dean Rusk, Secretary of State. Photo credit: Francis Miller/Time & Life. — Whole Dude – Whole Champion: May 01, 1964. Presidential candidate, New York State Governor, Nelson A. Rockefeller gets Intelligence briefing. Left to Right:John McCone, DIC; Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller; Robert S. McNamara, Defense Secretary; Dean Rusk, Secretary of State. Photo credit: Francis Miller/Time & Life.

McCone was responsible for a number of covert operations in Vietnam, Laos, Cuba, Ecuador, and Brazil. John McCone was present in the meeting held at The White House on November 19, 1962 to enter into an agreement/pact with India, and the Tibetan Government-in-Exile to formulate Establishment No. 22/Special Frontier Force to address the military threat posed by People’s Republic of China’s military occupation of Tibet. This operation that involves India and Tibet remains a secret. McCone was a key figure during the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. He predicted that the Soviet Union would place offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba. However, he had differences with President Lyndon B. Johnson and had resigned from his post during April 1965 and was replaced by Admiral William F. Raborn. President Ronald Reagan during 1987 presented John McCone with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

I say that John McCone was one of the best managers that CIA ever had. I call him a Whole Champion. What do you want to say?

**Whole Dude – Whole Champion: Spymaster John Alexander McCone created the Directorate of Science and Technology on August 05, 1963 and launched technological revolution in Intelligence**

**Gyalo Thondup, the elder brother of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama played a critical role in raising the Tibetan Force and in formulating the trilateral military alliance with India and the U.S.**

**Desmond FitzGerald was serving as the Far Eastern CIA Chief in November 1962 at the time of raising Establishment 22 and Special Frontier Force**

**Whole Master: A special tribute to Spymaster John Alexander McCone, the 6th CIA Director who played a leading role during the Cuban Missile Crisis.**

**Whole Master: Spymaster John Alexander McCone created the Directorate of Science and Technology on August 05, 1963 and launched technological revolution in Intelligence.**

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Cold War in Asia – Lesson. 40 – A Special Tribute to CIA Director Allen Welsh Dulles

A Special Tribute to CIA Director Allen Welsh Dulles

Whole Dude – Whole Agency

**In 1953, Allen Welsh Dulles was appointed Director of CIA by President Dwight D. Eisenhower (34th President of the US, 1953-1961).**

Special Frontier Force pays this special tribute to Allen Welsh Dulles (b. April 7, 1893, Watertown, NY – d. January 29, 1969, Washington, DC), US diplomat, intelligence expert who was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency during its period of growth. Dulles received M.A. from Princeton in 1916. His service to the nation started during the administration of Woodrow Thomas Wilson (28th President of the US 1913-1921). He served in various diplomatic posts until 1922, and was named chief of the State Department’s Near Eastern Division. He obtained Law degree in 1926, and served as counsellor to the US delegation in Peking. He returned to the US and joined the New York law firm in which his brother John Foster Dulles was a partner. During World War II, Dulles joined the office of Strategic Services (OSS). From October 1942 to May 1945, Dulles served as Chief of OSS office in Bern, Switzerland. He played a critical role in the surrender of German troops in northern Italy. He received the Medal of Merit and Medal of Freedom for his service during the War. In 1948, Dulles served as the Chairman of a three-man committee that surveyed the US intelligence system. After the Central Intelligence Agency was established in 1951, he served as deputy director under General Walter Bedell Smith. In 1953, Allen Welsh Dulles was appointed Director of CIA by President Dwight D. Eisenhower (34th President of the US, 1953-1961). He was the first Chairman of U.S. Intelligence Board. Dulles carried out a number of major operations, notably the overthrow of the governments of Mohammad Mossadeq in Iran in 1953, and Jacob Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954. He was reappointed by President John F. Kennedy. Unfortunately, he had to shoulder the blame for the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in April 1961. He was forced to resign to defend the reputation of the presidency. He was awarded the National Security Medal on November 28, 1961 (and the citation for granting this Medal is attached as a pdf file). President Lyndon B Johnson appointed him as one of seven commissioners of the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He authored several books, notably Germany’s Underground (1947), The Craft of Intelligence (1963), and The Secret Surrender (1963).

Whole Dude-Whole Agency: Allen Dulles reveals the secrets of World War II, but remained silent about the secret operation in Tibet which was supported by the US President, Indian Prime Minister, and His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, the spiritual and temporal leader of the autonomous State of Tibet. — Whole Dude-Whole Agency: Allen Dulles reveals the secrets of World War II, but remained silent about the secret operation in Tibet (1958-1964) which was supported by the US President, Indian Prime Minister, and His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, the spiritual and temporal leader of the autonomous State of Tibet.

Whole Dude-Whole Agency: During World War II, Allen Dulles served as the Chief of the OSS Office in Bern from October 1942 to May 1945. He played a role in the surrender of German troops in northern Italy. — Whole Dude – Whole Agency: During World War II, Allen Dulles served as the Chief of the OSS Office in Bern from October 1942 to May 1945. He played a role in the surrender of German troops in northern Italy.

Whole Dude-Whole Agency: Interesting account of the role of Office of Strategic Services in Europe during World War II. Fortunately, now we have interesting accounts of the CIA's Secret War in Tibet. The credit goes to the Director of the CIA. — Whole Dude – Whole Agency: Interesting account of the role of Office of Strategic Services in Europe during World War II. Fortunately, now we have interesting accounts of the CIA’s Secret War in Tibet. The credit goes to the Director of the CIA.

Whole Dude-Whole Agency: Allen Dulles described the 'Craft of Intelligence' but kept the CIA Operation in Tibet as a Secret. — **Whole Dude – Whole Agency: Allen Dulles described the ‘Craft of Intelligence’ but kept the CIA Operation in Tibet as a Secret.**

Whole Dude – Whole Agency: Allen Welsh Dulles rendered remarkable service to the nation and won the admiration of President John F. Kennedy even though he had to accept the blame for the failed mission in Cuba. I salute him for his support to defend Freedom and Democracy in Tibet. The CIA operation in Tibet had also failed during March 1959.

Whole Dude - Whole Agency: On November 28, 1961, Allen Welsh Dulles, the outgoing CIA Director received the National Security Medal from President John F. Kennedy. — **Whole Dude – Whole Agency: On November 28, 1961, Allen Welsh Dulles, the outgoing CIA Director received the National Security Medal from President John F. Kennedy.**

Whole Dude - Whole Agency: President Lyndon B. Johnson demonstrated his confidence in the former CIA Director Allen Welsh Dulles by appointing him to the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. It was indeed a great honor and speaks of the trust in personal integrity earned by Dulles as the CIA Director. — Whole Dude – Whole Agency: President Lyndon B. Johnson demonstrated his confidence in the former CIA Director Allen Welsh Dulles by appointing him to the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. It was indeed a great honor and speaks of the trust in personal integrity earned by Dulles as the CIA Director.

The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22: 1957 was a turning point. India recognized that its foreign policy of political neutralism was of no use and started depending on the United States to address the military threat posed by China’s occupation of Tibet. But, the effort was too modest and both India and the United States had grossly underestimated the strength of the People’s Liberation Army.

Both the US Government and the Central Intelligence Agency maintain their silence about the support given to the Tibetan Resistance Movement and the eventual creation of Establishment -22/Special Frontier Force, a military alliance/pact between the US, Tibet, and India to fight the military threat posed by Communist China when it occupied Tibet in 1950 and forced His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to lead a life in exile.

Whole Dude-Whole Agency: A special tribute to Allen Welsh Dulles, the Director of CIA who organized training of Tibetans at Camp Hale, Colorado(May 1959 to November 1964). — **Whole Dude – Whole Agency: A special tribute to Allen Welsh Dulles, the Director of CIA who organized training of Tibetans at Camp Hale, Colorado (May 1958 to November 1964).**

However, the US finally acknowledges the CIA operation in Tibet and India by installing a Commemoration Plaque at the Camp Hale, Colorado training site on September 10, 2010. The Director of CIA was not present at the ceremony to honor the memory of people who were involved in this covert operation.

It is my duty and privilege to pay this special tribute to Allen Welsh Dulles in due recognition of the services he had rendered to defend Freedom, Democracy, and Justice in the occupied Land of Tibet.

Whole Dude-Whole Agency-Allen Welsh Dulles-National Security Medal Citation

Cold War in Asia – Lesson. 39 – A Special Tribute to Spymaster Richard McGarrah Helms, a Cold War Era Hero

Whole Dude – Whole Spy:

English: DCI Richard Helms, in the White House... — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: The Spymaster of Special Frontier Force. The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Richard Helms, in the White House Cabinet Room. His famous quote: “God did not give prescience to human beings.” (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Special Frontier Force pays a respectful tribute to Richard McGarrah Helms (b. March 30, 1913 – d. October 23, 2002, Washington D.C.), the Chief Spymaster of the Central Intelligence Agency from June 1966 to February 1973.

Whole Dude - Whole Spy : Richard M Helms during the year 1980, in this White House ceremony received an award from President Ronald Reagan for "Exceptionally Meritorious Service." — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: Richard M Helms during the year 1980, in this White House ceremony received an award from President Ronald Reagan for “Exceptionally Meritorious Service.” It may be noted that George Herbert Walker Bush who was the Vice President at that time had also served as the Director of CIA (1976-1977)during the presidency of Gerald Ford.

Richard M Helms – The Intelligence Professional:

Whole Dude - Whole Spy: Richard Helms was appointed as the eighth Director of CIA on June 30, 1966. In a function held in the East Room, White House, President Lyndon B. Johnson is seen speaking to Dennis Helms, son of the newly sworn in CIA Director. — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: Richard Helms was appointed as the eighth Director of CIA on June 30, 1966. In a function held in the East Room, White House, President Lyndon B. Johnson is seen speaking to Dennis Helms, son of the newly sworn in CIA Director.

Whole Dude - Whole Spy: This World War II era letter from Richard Helms to his young son Daniel reveals the long history of meritorious service rendered by Helms since the time he served in the wartime Office of Strategic Services. — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: This World War II era letter from Richard Helms to his young son Dennis reveals the long history of meritorious service rendered by Helms since the time he served in the wartime Office of Strategic Services. This letter is most interestingly written on Adolf Hitler’s private stationery.

Richard Helms was the chief architect of the legislation, National Security Act of September 1947 that created the Central Intelligence Agency replacing the wartime Office of Strategic Services. CIA came into existence during the presidency of Harry S Truman, 33rd President of the US (1949-1952). The National Security Council that is chaired by the President was formed in 1949, CIA was established in 1951.

The entrance to the Central Intelligence Agenc... — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: The entrance to the Central Intelligence Agency Headquarters. In a world of sovereign nations, information is a prime element of national power. Intelligence is best defined as evaluated information, is the vital and pivotal foundation for national decisions. The Director of CIA is Adviser to the National Security Council which is chaired by the President. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Richard Helms was commissioned into US Naval Reserve during 1942 and served as Lieutenant Commander. He served with Office of Strategic Services and its successors from 1943 to 1947. He held various appointments within the CIA. He was the Deputy Director of Plans from 1962 to 1965. He was the Deputy Director of the CIA from April 28, 1965 to June 1966. Intelligence in service to Liberty found an unsurpassed Champion in Richard Helms who served two presidents, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard M. Nixon.

Whole Dude - Whole Spy: June 30, 1966 The White House. Richard Helms replaced CIA Director William F. Raborn who served from 1965 to 1966. The 5th Director of CIA, Allen Welsh Dulles attended this swearing in ceremony. — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: June 30, 1966 The White House. Richard Helms replaced CIA Director William F. Raborn who served from 1965 to 1966. The 5th Director of CIA, Allen Welsh Dulles attended this swearing-in ceremony.

Allen Welsh Dulles, the 5th Director of CIA told US Congress, “The CIA should be directed by a relatively small but elite corps of men with a passion for anonymity and a willingness to stick at that particular job.” Helms truly depicts the qualities demanded by Allen Welsh Dulles. Helms said, “Intelligence was not merely a job but rather a calling.” He asked his employees to “Make Intelligence a profession, not just an occupation.”

Whole Dude - Whole Spy: During the presidency of Richard Nixon, the CIA Director was placed under tremendous pressure to accomplish the political agenda of the President without real concern for national interests. — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: During the presidency of Richard Nixon, the CIA Director was placed under tremendous pressure to accomplish the political agenda of the President without real concern for national interests.

Whole Dude-Whole Spy: The National Security Council briefing by CIA Director Richard Helms. It must be noted that Dr. Henry Kissinger had used his position to undermine the importance of Central Intelligence Agency. Kissinger had also undermined the role of the Secretary of State before he became the Secretary of State. Kissinger's foreign policy initiatives are not based upon analysis of Intelligence. — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: The National Security Council briefing by CIA Director Richard Helms. It must be noted that Dr. Henry Kissinger used his position to undermine the importance of Central Intelligence Agency. Kissinger also undermined the role of the Secretary of State before he became the Secretary of State. Kissinger’s foreign policy initiatives are not based upon analysis of Intelligence.

Between 1950 and 1973, the CIA had also carried on extensive mind-control experiments at universities, prisons, and hospitals which included the use of LSD and other mind-altering drugs on unwitting test subjects. However, there is a huge concern about CIA tactics to prevent Salvador Allende from winning the 1970 elections in Chile and later when CIA worked to topple him from power. CIA had tried to assassinate several foreign leaders, including Fidel Castro of Cuba. But, the CIA had not acted on its own and was only trying to serve the political bosses of their times.

Whole Dude-Whole Spy: Richard Helms got ensnared in US Congress's investigation because a successor, William Colby released a trove of documents, nicknamed "The Family Jewels" detailing the misdeeds of the Agency. Helms testified in Congressional hearings. — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: Richard Helms got ensnared in US Congress’s investigation because a successor, William Colby released a trove of documents, nicknamed “The Family Jewels” detailing the misdeeds of the Agency. Helms testified in Congressional hearings.

Whole Dude - Whole Spy: Apart from the Congressional hearings, Richard Helms had faced news media during April 1975 and spoke to reporters who had very little understanding of Agency's great performance in other countries. — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: Apart from the Congressional hearings, Richard Helms had faced news media during April 1975 and spoke to reporters who had very little understanding of Agency’s great performance in other countries.

Whole Dude-Whole Spy: Damage was done to the personal reputation of Richard Helms and he was painted as a dangerous CIA Director while he tried his best to serve the President and the country without any political bias. — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: Damage was done to the personal reputation of Richard Helms and he was painted as a dangerous CIA Director while he tried his best to serve the President and the country without any political bias.

Whole Dude - Whole Spy: The CIA celebrated its 50th Anniversary during 1997 and the former Director Helms was most warmly received and was acknowledged for his great contribution to the Organization in a variety of capacities. — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: The CIA celebrated its 50th Anniversary during 1997 and the former Director Helms was most warmly received and was acknowledged for his great contribution to the Organization in a variety of capacities.

It may be noted that there is not much awareness about CIA’s covert operations inside countries like Tibet. I sincerely appreciate the dedication of CIA officers who had served in Southeast Asia to defend freedom, and democracy in the occupied Land of Tibet.

Whole Dude-Whole Spy: The CIA covert operations inside Tibet led to the creation of a military organization called Establishment Number. 22, or Special Frontier Force which was formed in 1962 during the presidency of John F. Kennedy. — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: The CIA covert operations inside Tibet led to the creation of a military organization called Establishment Number. 22, or Special Frontier Force which was formed in 1962 during the presidency of John F. Kennedy.

I would like to recognize Richard M. Helms as a Cold War Era Hero who did his best to support and encourage the cause of political freedom, liberty, and democracy in the world in very difficult times.

Whole Dude-Whole Spy: The Spirits of Special Frontier Force recognizes CIA Director Richard Helms as a Cold War era Hero. — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: The Spirits of Special Frontier Force recognizes CIA Director Richard Helms as a Cold War Era Hero. Helms was skeptical about the likely success of large-scale covert actions meant to manipulate political and economic events abroad. CIA should not try to bite more than what it can chew.

**Whole Dude – Whole Spy: Special Service Award presented by all Officers D Sector, Establishment – 22 on 19 January 1973.**

I say Richard Helms is a great Spymaster who had ever served the Central Intelligence Agency and what do you want to say?

English: Official work by the Central Intellig... — Whole Dude – Whole Spy: The Central Intelligence Agency must become the Champion of Freedom and Democracy in the rest of the world. In its entire history of existence, the CIA’s work in Tibet truly reflects the ideals of Human Rights, Peace and Liberty.

Cold War in Asia – Lesson. 10 – The Problem of Espionage exposes Cold War Era Secret Diplomacy

Special Frontier Force – The Problem of Espionage:

To obtain knowledge of the enemy’s intentions intelligence systems have been in use from ancient times. The concept of intelligence is not new. The military treatise “Ping-Fa”(The Art of War) written c. 400 BC by the Chinese philosopher Sun-Tzu mentions the use of secret agents and the importance of good intelligence. The intelligence service of the People’s Republic of China is known as the Social Affairs Department. The term espionage describes the process of obtaining information using spies, secret agents, and involves the use of illegal monitoring devices. At Establishment No. 22 or Special Frontier Force the evidence for espionage conducted by the People’s Republic of China is revealed by the photo images obtained by China’s spies and secret agents. After an investigation, the Department of Security of Central Tibetan Administration had dismissed from Service its top military leader/Political Leader/Dapon Radug (or Ratuk) Ngawang during 1976. Another Senior Political Leader Jamba Kalden had voluntarily retired from Service during 1977 after admitting that he had failed to stop or prevent the acts of espionage. It is very interesting to mention that Dapon Ratuk Ngawang had actually escorted His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama on his way to India after the failed National Uprising Day (March 10, 1959 ) in Lhasa, Tibet. Ratuk Ngawang, is currently 85-years old (in 2013, the original date of this article), is not formally charged for any crime or illegal activity by the Government of India or Tibetan Government-in-Exile. After his retirement, he was permitted to live in India in the Capital City of New Delhi and he draws a modest amount of pension for the years he spent in Service. I had worked with him at Establishment No. 22/Special Frontier Force from September 1971 to December 1974. His wife was in charge of the camp where we trained the female paratroopers of SFF. She released some of the prohibited, illegal photo images captured by the enemy agents sheltered by Ratuk Ngawang. I am fully convinced that he supported espionage activity at my military organization.

Special Frontier Force – The Problem of Espionage.January 21 is Squirrel Appreciation Day. My reflections on “Chakrata Karma” with the help of a Squirrel Story. During January 1974, there was an attempt on my life at the Military Hospital Wing, Chakrata. This type of Charcoal burner was placed in my duty room in an attempt to poison me. I suspect the involvement of Political Leader Ratuk Ngawang and his wife who could have used a Tibetan female nurse to place this burner in the small duty room.

Special Frontier Force - The Problem of Espionage: Chinese Intelligence correctly guessed that the 14th Dalai Lama had escaped from Lhasa to seek asylum in India after the failed Day of National Uprising in Tibet. Peking(Beijing) had announced that the 14th Dalai Lama had arrived in India, a day before New Delhi could make a formal announcement. The Chinese intelligence always remained ahead of the United States, India, and Tibet. — Special Frontier Force-The Problem of Espionage: Chinese Intelligence correctly guessed that the 14th Dalai Lama had escaped from Lhasa to seek asylum in India after the failed Day of National Uprising in Tibet. Peking(Beijing) had announced that the 14th Dalai Lama had arrived in India, a day before New Delhi could make a formal announcement. Chinese intelligence always remained ahead of the United States, India, and Tibet.

Special Frontier Force - The Problem of Espionage: 54 years ago, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama had arrived in India on March 31, 1959. A Guard of Honor was presented by the Assam Rifles after he crossed into India's North East Frontier Agency(Arunachal Pradesh) at Chutangmu/Khenzimani in TAWANG sector. The Chinese intelligence pursued him constantly monitoring his movements and activities all these years. — Special Frontier Force-The Problem of Espionage: 54 years ago, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama had arrived in India on March 31, 1959. A Guard of Honor was presented by the Assam Rifles after he crossed into India’s North East Frontier Agency(Arunachal Pradesh) at Chutangmu/Khenzimani in TAWANG sector. The Chinese intelligence pursued him constantly monitoring his movements and activities all these years.

Special Frontier Force-The Problem of Espionage: Dapon/Political Leader Radug Ngawang had served at Establishment No. 22 or Special Frontier Force after arriving in India along with His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama. The Tibetan Government-in-Exile had simply dismissed him from Service and had spared him from punitive retaliatory action even after knowing that he had harbored Communist spy or spies. His Holiness had treated him with mercy and compassion in due recognition of his past performance before falling prey to Chinese influence. — Special Frontier Force-The Problem of Espionage: Dapon/Political Leader Radug Ngawang served in Establishment No. 22 or Special Frontier Force after arriving in India along with His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama. The Tibetan Government-in-Exile had simply dismissed him from Service and had spared him from punitive retaliatory action even after knowing that he had harbored Communist spy or spies. His Holiness treated him with mercy and compassion in due recognition of his past performance before falling prey to Chinese influence.

Special Frontier Force-The Problem of Espionage: This is the photo image of Ratuk or Radug Ngawang at 84-years of age. While giving interviews to Indian news media and other writers, Ngawang had shared photo images that were illegally taken at Establishment No. 22 or Special Frontier Force where such photography is strictly forbidden. I have no hesitation to identify him as a Communist Agent who had supported espionage activity.

The term ‘intelligence’ is used to describe government operations that involve evaluation of information concerning the strength, activities, and probable course of action of its opponents. Espionage involves the gathering of ‘intelligence’ information which is further used in evaluation to design a political or a military course of action to deter the enemy. Radug Ngawang had exposed his participation in espionage by releasing the following photo images that were taken at Establishment No. 22/Special Frontier Force during 1971-1975 prior to his dismissal from Service in 1976. He clearly understands that the possession of these images is illegal and he is fully aware of the fact that the people shown in the images had no clue that they were being secretly photographed and did not know that the photo images will be released without official permission..

Special Frontier Force-Operation Eagle-Battle Plan — Special Frontier Force-The Problem of Espionage-Photo provided by Dapon/Political Leader Ratuk Ngawang. In this illegally taken photo image, Gyalo Thondup, the 14th Dalai Lama’s elder brother is seen addressing the Tibetan men who serve in Establishment No. 22/Special Frontier Force and had encouraged them to join the War of Liberation of Bangladesh 1971. From right to left the persons seated is 1. Brigadier T S Oberoi, Commandant Establishment No. 22, 2. Mr. R. N. Kao, the Secretary, Directorate General of Security and RAW(Research and Analysis Wing), and 3. Major General Sujan Singh Uban, the Inspector General Special Frontier Force. None of us were aware that this photo was taken. Photography was strictly forbidden.

Exile-Tibet-Establishment 22 — Special Frontier Force-The Problem of Espionage: This is an illegal photo image shared by Political Leader Ratuk Ngawang who is at far left. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama (right), Major General Sujan Singh Uban, the Inspector General Special Frontier Force (second from right), and Senior Political Leader Jamba Kalden (third from right). A Chinese spy (later discovered in the robes of a Buddhist monk) secretly took this photo on June 03, 1972 when His Holiness visited Establishment No. 22 for the very first time after its inception in November 1962. These Political Leaders lost their jobs because of the problem of espionage.

Spirits of Special Frontier Force-A Chinese Spy in the Camp — Special Frontier Force-The Problem of Espionage: Political Leader Ratuk Ngawang is seen standing at right looking towards the photographer. This illegal photo image was shared by Ratuk Ngawang and it helps me to identify him as a Communist Agent who had harbored Chinese spy/spies at Establishment No. 22. Other people, Major General Sujan Singh Uban Inspector General Special Frontier Force (second from right), Mr. R. N. Kao Secretary Directorate General of Security-Research and Analysis Wing-RAW (third from right), and Brigadier T S Oberoi Commandant Establishment No. 22 (far left). I served with these people including Ratuk Ngawang from September 1971 to December 1974 and I can very easily confirm that this photo is the evidence of the problem of espionage.

The Spirits of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No.22 — Special Frontier Force-The Problem of Espionage: For the first time in the history of our military pact and alliance with Tibet, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, the Head of Tibetan Government-in-exile had accepted our invitation to visit Establishment No. 22. This was entirely a private visit and it was kept as a ‘top secret’. Photography during this visit on June 03, 1972 was strictly forbidden. However, Political Leader Ratuk Ngawang had a copy of this photo and he had shared the same with a news reporter who had interviewed him at his house in New Delhi several years after his dismissal from Service during 1976. Senior Political Leader Jamba Kalden had become a victim of this espionage and had to retire from Service for he had failed to prevent this crime.

Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22 - The Problem of Espionage - Illegal photo image taken on June 03, 1972. — Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22 – The Problem of Espionage – Illegal photo image was taken on June 03, 1972. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama maintained a safe distance from the activities of Establishment No. 22/Special Frontier Force. However, during 1971-72 he had to make an exception as he had granted his permission to train his men by allowing their participation in the Liberation War of Bangladesh 1971. I participated in this military action known as ‘Operation Eagle’. In an attempt to stall this military operation, Dr. Henry Alfred Kissinger, the US Secretary of State had personally urged China’s Prime Minister Zhou Enlai to attack India across the Himalayan frontier(North East Frontier Agency-NEFA-Arunachal Pradesh). China did not comply with that request as China gave a high priority to secure the defeat of the US Army in Vietnam.

Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – The Problem of Espionage – Illegal photo image was taken during Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s visit to recognize the female paratroopers of SFF. This was a historical moment and yet it was not expected to release this photo image.

Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – The Problem of Espionage – Illegal photo image was taken during Secretary R N Kao’s visit to recognize the female paratroopers of SFF. This was a historical moment and yet it was not expected to release this photo image.

While I served in Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22 from September 1971 to December 1974, I interacted with Political leader Ratuk Ngawang on numerous occasions during our routine training activities. I never had the opportunity to medically examine him or interview him at my Medical Inspection Room/Hospital Wing of Establishment No. 22. I am not surprised to know about his dismissal from Service during 1976 after the Tibetan Government-in-Exile had decided not to frame any charges against him. I have no doubt in my mind that he is not fit to be a member of the Tibetan Resistance Movement. He lost his desire to resist the Enemy.

Rudra N. Rebbapragada, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,

Organization: The Spirits of Special Frontier Force.

Establishment No. 22 – Operation Eagle: This badge represents a military alliance/pact between India, Tibet, and the United States of America. Its first combat mission was in the Chittagong Hill Tracts which unfolded on 03 November 1971. It was named Operation Eagle. It accomplished its mission of securing peace in the region that is now knownas Republic of Bangladesh.

Whole Dude – Whole Director

Excerpt: It may be noted that there is not much awareness about CIA’s covert operations inside countries like Tibet. I sincerely appreciate the dedication of CIA officers who had served in Southeast Asia to defend freedom, and democracy in the occupied Land of Tibet.

Whole Dude – Whole Director:

Richard M Helms – The Intelligence Professional:

Whole Dude – Whole Director: TIBET AWARENESS – PROJECT CIRCUS. The quest for Freedom in Tibet. A military training Camp known as Camp Hale was established in Colorado under the supervision of CIA officers Roger E. McCarthy and John Reagan.

Whole Dude – Whole Director: The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22 can be traced back to 1957-58 when the CIA launched Operation ST CIRCUS. This Commemoration on September 10, 2010 was the first time that US had officially acknowledge the CIA operation with the Tibetans and it includes the Mustang(Nepal) Operation.

**Whole Dude – Whole Director: Special Service Award presented by all Officers D Sector, Establishment – 22 on 19 January 1973.**

I say Richard Helms is the greatest Spymaster who had ever served the Central Intelligence Agency and what do you want to say?